四、重点降碳路径全面落地见效
IV. Effective Implementation of Major Pathways to Carbon Emission Reduction文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/16283.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/16283.html
节能是从源头减少碳排放的重要抓手，循环经济对碳减排具有重要促进作用，生态系统碳汇是实现减排固碳的重要途径。中国深入实施节能降碳增效行动、循环经济助力降碳行动、碳汇能力巩固提升行动，取得积极成效。文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/16283.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/16283.html
Energy conservation is key to reducing carbon emissions at source; the circular economy plays a crucial role in facilitating their reduction; and improving the carbon sink capacity of ecosystems is a vital path for emission reduction and carbon sequestration. China has yielded positive outcomes in its actions for saving energy, reducing carbon dioxide emissions, and improving efficiency; for facilitating further emission reductions through the circular economy; and for consolidating and improving carbon sink capacity.文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/16283.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/16283.html
（一）节能降碳增效行动深入推进文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/16283.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/16283.html
- Advancing Energy Saving, Carbon Reduction, and Efficiency Improvement Actions
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/16283.html
中国始终坚持节能优先方针，推动能源消费革命，着力建设能源节约型社会。扣除原料用能和非化石能源消费量后，“十四五”前四年中国单位国内生产总值能耗累计下降11.6%。文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/16283.html
China is committed to prioritizing energy conservation by transforming its energy consumption patterns to build an energy-saving society, as evidenced by a total of 11.6 percent decrease in energy consumption per unit of GDP in the first four years of the 14th Five-Year Plan period after deducting energy used as raw materials and non-fossil energy consumption.
节能管理能力明显提升。中国持续完善节能法律法规标准政策，形成了一套成熟有效的节能管理体系。建立完善固定资产投资项目节能审查等制度体系，2020年以来组织对2万余家企业开展工业节能监察，1.2万余家企业和园区开展工业节能降碳诊断。明确重点行业、重点企业节能管理要求，推动重点用能单位实施精细化节能管理。积极推进合同能源管理等市场化机制，提升企业节能增效内生动力，目前节能服务产业总产值超过5000亿元，2024年合同能源管理新增投资超1700亿元。
Significant improvement in energy conservation management. China continues to improve its laws, regulations, and standards on energy saving as it works towards forming a mature and efficient management system. It has established and improved the framework of energy-saving checks on fixed-asset investment projects. Since 2020, it has conducted supervision on industrial energy conservation at over 20,000 enterprises and performed diagnosis on industrial energy conservation and carbon reduction at over 12,000 enterprises and industrial parks. Clear requirements have been set for energy conservation management of key industries and enterprises, and meticulous and targeted energy-saving management of major energy consumers has been strengthened. Additionally, the country has applied market-oriented mechanisms such as energy performance contracting to motivate businesses. Currently, the total turnover of the energy conservation service industry has exceeded RMB500 billion, with new investment in energy performance contracting surpassing RMB170 billion in 2024.
节能降碳重点工程全面实施。中国在重点行业开展节能降碳改造，提升用能精细化管理水平，挖掘系统性节能降碳潜力。实施园区节能降碳工程，推动能源系统优化和梯级利用，累计培育国家绿色工业园区491家，单位工业增加值能耗为中国平均水平的2/3。
Full implementation of key projects for saving energy and reducing carbon emissions. China is implementing energy-saving and carbon-reducing transformations in key industries to upgrade energy consumption management and unlock the potential for systematically conserving energy and reducing carbon emissions. The implementation of energy conservation and carbon reduction projects in industrial parks has enabled upgrades and cascade utilization of the energy system. Currently there are 491 national-level green industrial parks in China; their energy consumption per unit of industrial added value has dropped to two-thirds of China’s average level.
重点设备节能增效取得突破。中国加快推广应用先进高效节能设备。通过实施大规模设备更新行动，2024年重点领域设备更新超过2000万台（套），形成节能量约2500万吨标准煤。以电机、风机、泵、压缩机、变压器、换热器、工业锅炉等设备为重点，全面提升能效标准。截至2024年底，能效标识覆盖5大用能领域44类用能产品，基本实现重点用能产品设备全覆盖。
Breakthroughs in energy saving and efficiency improvement of key equipment. China is scaling up the deployment and application of advanced and high-efficiency energy-saving equipment. Through large-scale equipment renewal, over 20 million units (sets) of equipment in key sectors were upgraded in 2024, saving energy equivalent to 25 million tonnes of standard coal. Energy efficiency standards have been comprehensively upgraded for products with a focus on electric motors, industrial fans, pumps, compressors, transformers, heat exchangers, boilers, among others. By the end of 2024, the energy efficiency labeling system had covered all key energy-using products and equipment across 44 categories in five major energy-consuming sectors.
（二）循环经济助力降碳成效明显
- Significantly Reducing Carbon Emissions Through the Circular Economy
中国大力发展循环经济，全面提高资源利用效率，充分发挥减少资源消耗和减少碳排放的协同效应。
China continues to develop its circular economy to make more efficient use of resources, coordinating reductions in both resource consumption and carbon emissions.
废弃物回收管理体系日益健全。中国根据废弃物不同来源精准施策，持续推进废弃物回收管理体系建设，实现废弃物精细管理和有效回收。工业领域，完善一般工业固体废弃物管理台账制度，推进工业固体废弃物分类收集、分类贮存。农业领域，建立健全畜禽粪污、秸秆等农业废弃物收集处理体系，并加强废旧农用物资回收。居民生活领域，构建“点、站、中心”三级回收体系，增强废旧物资规范化回收能力。截至2024年底，建成废旧物资回收网点约15万个，各类大型分拣中心约1800个。
Optimization of waste recycling management system. China has introduced targeted policies and measures on the management of waste from various sources and continued to develop its waste recycling system to realize precise management and effective recycling. In the industrial sector, measures have been taken to better oversee the production and disposal of general industrial solid waste, and further progress has been made in the category-specific collection and storage of industrial waste. In the agricultural sector, a mechanism to collect and dispose of agricultural waste such as livestock and poultry waste and crop straw has been established and streamlined, and the recycling of used agricultural items has seen significant improvement. In people’s daily life, a three-tier recycling network comprising collection points, stations, and centers has been developed to standardize the recycling of waste and used items. By the end of 2024, there were approximately 150,000 collection points and about 1,800 large-scale sorting centers of various types nationwide.
废弃物资源化利用水平稳步提升。中国根据废弃物不同利用方式分类施策，推动再生资源规范化、规模化、清洁化利用。强化大宗固废综合利用，深入开展100个大宗固废综合利用示范项目建设。2024年，煤矸石、粉煤灰、尾矿等七种大宗固废综合利用率达59%，较2020年提高3个百分点。鼓励再生资源精深加工，加强资源再生产品推广应用。2024年，废钢铁、废有色金属、废纸、废橡胶、废玻璃等主要再生资源年利用量超4亿吨；报废机动车、废旧家电规范回收拆解量分别达到846万辆、63万吨，同比大幅增长64%、20%。大力发展再制造产业，2024年中国再制造产业产值超过2000亿元。
Steady improvement in waste utilization. China has applied tailored policies for different forms of waste to facilitate the standardized, large-scale and clean use of renewable resources. To date, some 100 recycling centers have been built across the country for the comprehensive utilization of bulk solid waste. In 2024, comprehensive utilization rate of the seven types of bulk solid waste, including coal gangue, coal ash, and mine tailings, reached 59 percent, an increase of 3 percentage points compared with 2020. The processing of renewable resources and the promotion and application of their products continue to be encouraged and strengthened throughout the country. In 2024, more than 400 million tonnes of major renewable resources were reused, including waste iron and steel, non-ferrous metals, paper, rubber, and glass. A total of 8.46 million scrap vehicles and 630,000 tonnes of waste household appliances were recycled in a standardized manner, representing year-on-year increases of 64 percent and 20 percent, respectively. China also provides strong support for its remanufacturing industry, which achieved an output value exceeding RMB200 billion in 2024 alone.
（三）自然生态固碳增汇效能提升
- Improving Natural Ecosystems’ Carbon Sink Capacity
中国坚持系统观念，推进山水林田湖草沙一体化保护和系统治理，生态系统碳汇能力持续增强，在世界范围内率先实现土地退化“零增长”、荒漠化土地和沙化土地面积“双减少”，近20年来为全球贡献了约四分之一的新增绿化面积。
By staying committed to systems thinking, China ensures integrated conservation and management of mountains, waters, forests, farmlands, grasslands, and deserts, which helps to boost the carbon sink capacity of ecosystems. It is the first country to realize zero net land degradation, and its desertified and sandified areas are both shrinking, contributing to approximately one-fourth of the world’s newly added green areas over the past two decades.
生态系统固碳格局不断优化。中国严格保护自然生态空间，着力减少人类活动对自然空间的占用。建立全国统一、责权清晰、科学高效的国土空间规划体系，划定耕地和永久基本农田、生态保护红线、城镇开发边界“三条控制线”及各类海域保护线。构建以国家公园为主体、以自然保护区为基础、以各类自然公园为补充的自然保护地体系。设立第一批5个国家公园，建立各级各类自然保护地约万处，占陆域国土面积约18%，生态系统稳定性和服务功能不断提升。
Optimized pattern of carbon sequestration through ecosystems. China takes rigorous measures to protect the space of natural ecosystems and reduce the occupation of these areas by human activities. It has established a nationwide unified territorial space planning system that is science-based, efficient, and built upon clearly defined powers and responsibilities. This system draws three red lines for arable land and permanent basic cropland, eco-environmental protection, and boundaries for urban development, and setting protection lines for all types of sea areas. The protected areas system includes mainly national parks, supported by nature reserves and supplemented by natural parks. As part of China’s ecosystem-protection efforts, the first five national parks have been built, along with approximately 10,000 protected areas of various levels and types, covering some 18 percent of the country’s land area. These actions have enhanced the stability and service functions of ecosystems.
人工促进生态系统碳汇能力持续增强。中国深入推进全国重要生态系统保护和修复重大工程建设，大力推进国土绿化行动，持续扩大林草资源总量，发挥森林碳库重要功能，是全球森林资源增长最多和人工造林面积最大的国家。2024年，森林覆盖率达25.09%，森林蓄积量达209.88亿立方米，草原综合植被盖度达50.52%，目前林草年碳汇量超过12亿吨二氧化碳当量。统筹水资源、水环境、水生态开展河湖生态治理，推动海洋生态综合治理。截至2024年底，中国湿地面积稳定在8亿亩以上，居亚洲第一、世界第四。
Steady increase in the carbon sink capacity of ecosystems facilitated by human interventions. A number of major projects for protecting and restoring key ecosystems have been launched across China, including greening programs to increase the country’s total volume of forest and grassland and leverage the critical function of forest carbon sinks. Today, China has achieved the highest growth in forest coverage in the world, and boasts the largest area of man-made forests. In 2024, forests covered 25.09 percent of China’s territory, with a forest stock of over 20.9 billion cu m, while grassland vegetation coverage reached 50.52 percent. China’s forests and grasslands now absorb and store over 1.2 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent annually. The country is also focusing on improving aquatic environments, water resources, and aquatic ecosystems by strengthening comprehensive ecological governance of rivers, lakes and oceans. By the end of 2024, its wetland area totaled over 53.3 million hectares, ranking first in Asia and fourth globally.
农业减排固碳稳步推进。中国发展绿色低碳循环农业，2024年农作物秸秆、畜禽粪污综合利用率分别约88%、80%。支持农光互补、“光伏+设施农业”等低碳农业模式发展，积极推广高效施肥技术，倡导有机肥替代化肥，合理控制种植业温室气体排放。深入推进农机节能减排，因地制宜发展复式、高效农机装备和新能源农机装备，加快淘汰能耗高、排放高、安全性能低的老旧农机。实施国家黑土地保护工程，加强退化耕地治理，落实保护性耕作，提升农田土壤碳汇能力和种植适应性。积极发展大水面生态渔业，增加渔业碳汇潜力。
Steady progress of carbon reduction and sequestration in agriculture. China pursues green, low-carbon and circular agriculture. In 2024, the comprehensive utilization rates of crop straw and livestock and poultry waste were around 88 percent and 80 percent, respectively. It supports the development of low-carbon agricultural models, including agrivoltaic farming and “photovoltaics + facility agriculture”, and promotes efficient fertilization techniques and the replacement of chemical fertilizers with organic ones, aiming to control greenhouse gas emissions from crop production at a reasonable level. The country has also advanced energy conservation and carbon reduction in agricultural machinery through tailored actions to develop compound, efficient, and new energy-powered equipment while phasing out outdated equipment with high energy consumption, high emissions, and low safety performance. The conservation project of chernozem soil remains ongoing, efforts to restore degraded arable land have been intensified, protection-oriented farming continues to be practiced, the carbon sink capacity of farmland soil has been improved, and planting adaptability has been enhanced nationwide. Additionally, ecological fisheries are being developed in large water bodies to cultivate the industry’s carbon sink potential.
