二、能源绿色低碳转型取得显著成效
II. Notable Progress in Green and Low-Carbon Energy Transition文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/16283.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/16283.html
能源是人类文明进步的基础和动力，事关国计民生和国家安全稳定。能源活动是碳排放的最主要来源，能源绿色低碳转型是实现碳达峰碳中和的关键。中国立足基本国情和发展阶段，在保障能源安全的前提下，大力实施可再生能源替代，推进新型能源体系和新型电力系统建设，为实现“双碳”目标提供有力支撑。文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/16283.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/16283.html
Energy is the force that drives the progress of human civilization. It affects both daily life and national security and stability. Energy consumption is the major source of carbon emissions, while green and low-carbon energy transition is the key to realizing the goals of achieving peak carbon dioxide emissions and carbon neutrality. Proceeding from its basic reality and development stage and conditional on ensuring energy security, China has taken vigorous measures to substitute renewables for fossil fuels and promoted a new energy and power system. This provides strong support for achieving the dual carbon goals.文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/16283.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/16283.html
（一）非化石能源实现跃升发展文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/16283.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/16283.html
- The Surging Development of Non-Fossil Energy
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/16283.html
中国坚持先立后破，把大力发展非化石能源放在突出位置，实现了全球规模最大、速度最快的新能源发展，推进非化石能源消费比重由2020年的16.0%增至2024年的19.8%，年均提高近1个百分点。文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/16283.html
China is committed to the principle of establishing the new before decommissioning the old. Great prominence has been given to non-fossil energy. As a result, China has achieved new energy development on the largest scale and at the fastest speed in the world. The percentage of non-fossil energy consumption increased from 16.0 percent in 2020 to 19.8 percent in 2024.
推动风电、光伏发电跨越式发展。中国坚持集中式与分布式并举，加快推进以沙漠、戈壁、荒漠地区为重点的大型风电光伏发电基地建设，推动海上风电规范有序建设，积极推广城镇、农村屋顶光伏，鼓励发展乡村分散式风电。截至2025年8月底，风电、光伏发电装机规模突破16.9亿千瓦，达到2020年的3倍以上，贡献了2020年以来约80%的新增电力装机，风光发电量占比以年均提高2.2个百分点的速度稳步攀上新台阶。
Vigorously developing wind and photovoltaic power. China emphasizes both centralized and distributed power generation. It is actively promoting the construction of large-scale wind and photovoltaic power bases on infertile and rocky terrain and in deserts, steadily developing offshore wind farms, actively promoting rooftop photovoltaic power generation in urban and rural areas, and encouraging distributed wind power generation in rural areas. By the end of August 2025, the installed capacity of wind and photovoltaic power had surpassed 1,690 GW, triple that of 2020 and accounting for about 80 percent of the newly installed power generation capacity since 2020. The percentage of wind and photovoltaic power is steadily increasing at an average annual rate of 2.2 percentage points.
因地制宜开发水能。水电是中国西部地区重要的清洁能源和灵活电源。中国坚持科学统筹水电开发和生态保护，以水风光一体化为重点推进水电开发建设。以西南地区主要河流为重点，积极稳妥推进流域重大水电工程开发建设，有力有序开发建设抽水蓄能电站。截至2025年8月底，常规水电装机容量约3.8亿千瓦、抽水蓄能装机容量6236.5万千瓦。
Developing hydropower as conditions permit. Hydropower is an important source of clean energy and provides a flexible supply of electricity in western China. Sound measures have been taken to coordinate hydropower development and eco-environmental conservation and integrate the development of wind, photovoltaic and hydropower. China is making active yet prudent efforts to construct critical hydropower projects on major rivers in the southwest, and to develop and build pumped-storage hydroelectric plants. By the end of August 2025, the regular installed hydropower capacity in China stood at around 380 GW, and that of pumped-storage hydropower stations at about 62.37 GW.
积极安全有序发展核电。核电是优质高效的清洁能源。中国始终坚持在确保安全的前提下有序发展核电，推动核能在清洁供暖、工业供热、海水淡化等领域的利用。截至2025年8月底，中国运行、在建、核准待建核电机组共112台、装机容量1.25亿千瓦，居世界第一。实行最严格的安全标准和最严格的监管，核电安全运行业绩稳居世界前列。
Pursuing robust, safe and orderly development of nuclear power. Nuclear power is an efficient and high-quality clean energy source. China is committed to developing nuclear power with the absolute requirement that safety is guaranteed, and to promoting the use of nuclear energy in clean heating, industrial heating, and seawater desalination. By the end of August 2025, China had 112 nuclear power units in operation, under construction, or approved for construction, with a combined installed capacity of 125 GW, ranking first globally. The strictest safety standards and regulations have made China a world leader in the safe operation of nuclear power.
加快发展绿色氢能、生物质能、地热能、海洋能。中国坚持创新驱动，推进氢能“制储输用”全链条发展，加快培育新产品、新业态、新模式。截至2024年底，绿色氢能产能超15万吨/年，居世界第一。因地制宜推进生物质能多元化开发利用，稳步发展农林生物质发电、沼气发电和城镇生活垃圾焚烧发电，因地制宜推广生物质能清洁取暖，有序推广应用生物燃料乙醇、生物柴油等清洁液体燃料。截至2025年8月底，生物质发电装机容量达4688万千瓦，是2020年的1.6倍。建成一批地热能集中供暖项目，探索潮流能、波浪能等海洋能发电示范，海洋能规模化利用取得积极进展。
Boosting the development of green hydrogen, biomass, geothermal and ocean energy. China is committed to the strategy of innovation-driven development. It actively promotes the whole-chain development of hydrogen in production, storage, transport and application, and is accelerating the cultivation of new products, new business forms, and new models. By the end of 2024, China led the world in the annual production capacity of green hydrogen energy – over 150,000 tonnes. China has diversified the exploration and utilization of biomass energy in accordance with local conditions. It is steadily advancing electricity generation from agricultural and forestry biomass, biogas, and urban domestic waste incineration. It is also promoting the use of biomass energy for clean heating, and the application of clean liquid fuels, such as bioethanol and biodiesel. By the end of August 2025, the installed capacity of biomass power generation had reached 46.88 GW, a 60 percent increase over 2020. In addition, China has built a series of centralized heating projects powered by geothermal energy. It is also reinforcing pilot demonstrations on harnessing ocean power such as tidal and wave energy. Progress has been made in the large-scale utilization of ocean energy.
（二）化石能源清洁高效利用加快推进
- Accelerating Clean and Efficient Utilization of Fossil Energy
中国持续提升化石能源清洁高效利用水平，合理控制化石能源消费，化石能源消费比重由2020年的84.0%降至2024年的80.2%。
China has continued to improve the clean and efficient utilization of fossil energy and rationally control its consumption. The proportion of fossil energy consumed dropped from 84.0 percent in 2020 to 80.2 percent in 2024.
大力推进煤炭清洁高效利用和减量替代。中国立足以煤为主的资源禀赋，统筹推进煤炭稳定供应和低碳转型发展，加大“绿色矿山”“智能矿山”建设力度，持续降低煤炭开采过程碳排放。大力实施煤电机组节能降碳改造，持续推动煤电行业淘汰落后产能，十年来累计完成淘汰煤电落后产能超过1亿千瓦。加大重点行业领域煤炭减量替代力度，提升工业领域清洁能源应用比重和电气化水平，稳妥有序推进散煤替代，煤炭占能源消费总量比重由2020年的56.7%降至2024年的53.2%。
Promoting clean and efficient use of coal, reducing its consumption, and replacing it with alternative energy resources. Based on its energy and resource endowment with coal as the mainstay, China is making coordinated progress in the stable supply of coal and low-carbon transition. It has intensified its efforts to develop eco-friendly and intelligent mines, and to reduce carbon emissions in the mining process. Measures have been taken to realize the energy-saving and low-carbon transformation of coal-fired power units and phase out outdated production capacity in the coal-fired power industry. Over the past decade, more than 100 GW of outdated production capacity has been phased out. China has also intensified its effort to reduce coal consumption and replace it with alternative energy resources in key industries and sectors. It is increasing the proportion of clean energy and the rate of electrification in the industrial sector, and replacing bulk coal with clean energy in a steady and orderly manner. The proportion of coal in China’s total energy consumption dropped from 56.7 percent in 2020 to 53.2 percent in 2024.
持续推进油气开发利用绿色转型。全面实施油气绿色生产行动，推动绿色油气田建设，推进石油炼化产业转型升级，实现生产环节节能降碳。加大先进生物液体燃料、可持续航空燃料等对传统燃油替代力度。实施成品油质量升级专项行动，实现从国Ⅲ到国Ⅵ的“三连升”，用不到10年的时间走完了发达国家近30年的成品油质量升级之路，有效减少了汽车尾气污染物排放。
Advancing the green transition of oil and gas exploitation and utilization. China has fully implemented green production of oil and gas across the country. It is promoting the construction of green oil and gas fields and advancing the transformation and upgrading of crude oil refining and petrochemical industry, thereby realizing energy savings and reducing carbon emissions in the production process. It has accelerated replacement of traditional fuels with advanced biomass liquid fuels and sustainable aviation fuels. It has launched campaigns to upgrade the quality of refined oil products. In less than 10 years, the quality of refined oil has been upgraded by three levels, from Level III to Level VI, which took developed countries almost 30 years. As a result, vehicle exhaust emissions have been effectively reduced.
（三）电力系统综合调节能力持续提升
- Greater Regulation Capacity of the Power System
随着新能源大规模发展，中国大力提升电力系统安全运行和抵御风险能力，加快建设清洁低碳、安全充裕、经济高效、供需协同、灵活智能的新型电力系统，推动源网荷储（电源、电网、负荷、储能）一体化发展，实现了可再生能源大规模开发和利用。
With the large-scale development of new energy, China has substantially improved the reliability and resilience of its power system. It is now accelerating the construction of a new-type power system that is clean and low-carbon, secure and sufficient, economic and efficient, flexible and intelligent, and well-coordinated between supply and demand. It is integrating the development of power source-grid-load-storage, achieving large-scale development and application of renewable energy.
增强电源协调优化运行能力。中国充分发挥煤电灵活调节能力，全面实施煤电机组灵活性改造，50%以上煤电机组具备深度调峰能力。因地制宜建设天然气调峰电站，科学布局抽水蓄能、光热发电，加快新型储能技术规模化应用。不断优化电源侧多能互补调度运行方式，充分挖掘调峰潜力，电力系统安全运行和综合调节能力持续提升。
Improving the coordination and operation capacity of power sources. China takes full advantage of the flexibility of coal power, and is upgrading coal-fired power units to achieve flexible load regulation. More than 50 percent of coal-fired power units in China are now equipped with deep peak-shaving technologies. China is also building peak-shaving natural gas power stations, pumped-storage hydroelectric plants, and solar power plants adapted to local conditions, and increasing large-scale use of new power storage technologies. In addition, it is steadily achieving dispatch optimization through multi-energy complementarity on the power supply side and fully tapping the potential for peak-shaving. As a result, the safe operation and comprehensive regulation capabilities of the power system have greatly improved.
强化电网互补互济。中国创新电网结构形态和运行模式，提升电网智能化水平，推动电网主动适应大规模集中式新能源和量大面广的分布式能源发展。完善电网主网架结构，夯实电力系统稳定的物理基础，形成有效互联互济的六大区域电网格局，跨省跨区电力资源配置能力持续提升。2024年，分别完成跨区、跨省输送电量9247亿千瓦时、2万亿千瓦时，较2020年分别增长50%、30%。加快配电网改造升级，着力提高配电网接纳新能源电力水平。积极发展以消纳新能源为主的智能微电网，实现与大电网兼容互补。
Strengthening complementarity and mutual assistance between power grids. China has implemented innovations to the structure, form, and operation mode of power grids, made them smarter, and adapted them to large-scale centralized new energy resources and distributed energy with vast volume and wide coverage. It has consolidated the physical foundations of a stable power system by improving the main framework of the power grid. An interconnected and mutually complementary power grid system covering six regions has been set up, substantially increasing the power allocation capacity across provinces and regions. In 2024, the amount of electricity transmitted across regions and provinces reached 924.7 TWh and 2,000 TWh respectively, up by 50 percent and 30 percent compared with 2020. The power distribution network has been upgraded to increase the capacity to accommodate new energy power. China is also actively developing smart microgrids, mainly for absorbing new energy to achieve compatibility and complementarity with the main power grids.
大力提升电力负荷弹性。中国系统整合需求侧响应资源，引导用户优化储用电模式，高比例释放居民、一般工商业用电负荷的弹性，针对工业用电负荷占比高的特点，引导大工业负荷参与辅助服务市场，提升电力需求侧响应能力，有效提高电力系统灵活性。到2025年，推动电力需求侧响应能力达到最大用电负荷的3%－5%，其中华东、华中、南方等地区达到最大用电负荷的5%左右。
Promoting electricity load flexibility. China systematically integrates the resources of demand response, guides users to optimize their electricity storage and consumption mode, and releases a high proportion of electricity load flexibility for residents and general industry and commerce. Considering the high proportion of industrial electricity load, China encourages enterprises with high electricity loads to participate in the ancillary service market, increasing the demand response capacity and making the power system more flexible. The goal is to have the demand response capability account for 3 to 5 percent of the maximum electricity load by 2025, with that in eastern, central, and southern China reaching 5 percent.
加强新型储能建设。储能是构建新型电力系统的重要基础。中国促进储能与电力系统各环节融合发展。积极发展“新能源+储能”、源网荷储一体化和多能互补，以关键电网节点或偏远地区为重点，合理布局新型储能，鼓励电动汽车、不间断电源等参与系统调峰调频。推动锂离子电池、液流电池、压缩空气储能、重力储能、飞轮储能等技术多元化应用。截至2024年底，新型储能装机达到7376万千瓦/1.68亿千瓦时，是2020年的20倍，装机规模占全球总装机比例超过40%。
Strengthening new types of energy storage. Energy storage is an important foundation for a new-type power system. China is integrating energy storage in all the stages of the power system. It is developing “new energy + energy storage”, and integrating power source-grid-load-storage, as well as multi-energy complementarity. With a focus on key grid nodes or remote areas, it is establishing rational new energy storage configurations. It also encourages electric vehicles and uninterruptible power supplies to participate in system peak shaving and frequency regulation, and promotes the diversified application of technologies, including lithium-ion batteries, flow batteries, compressed air energy storage, gravity energy storage, and flywheel energy storage. By the end of 2024, the installed capacity of new energy storage had reached 73.76 GW/168 GWh. This is 20 times the capacity in 2020, and represents more than 40 percent of the global total.
