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Contents
前言
Preface
一、中美经贸关系的本质是互利共赢
I. China-US Economic and Trade Relations Are Mutually Beneficial and Win-Win in Nature
二、中方认真履行中美第一阶段经贸协议
II. The Chinese Side Has Scrupulously Honored the Phase One Economic and Trade Agreement
三、美方违反中美第一阶段经贸协议有关义务
III. The US Side Has Failed to Meet Its Obligations Under the Phase One Economic and Trade Agreement
四、中国践行自由贸易理念，认真遵守世界贸易组织规则
IV. China Upholds the Principle of Free Trade and Strictly Complies with WTO Rules
五、单边主义、保护主义损害双边经贸关系发展
V. Unilateralism and Protectionism Undermine China-US Economic and Trade Relations
六、中美可以通过平等对话、互利合作解决经贸分歧
VI. China and the US Can Resolve Differences in Economic and Trade Areas Through Equal-Footed Dialogue and Mutually Beneficial Cooperation
结束语
Conclusion
前言
Preface
中国是世界上最大的发展中国家，也是对世界经济增长年均贡献率最高的国家。美国是世界上最大的发达国家，经济体量全球第一。中美经贸关系既对两国意义重大，也对全球经济稳定和发展有着重要影响。
As the world’s largest developing country, China is also the largest contributor to annual global economic growth. As the largest developed country, the United States boasts the largest economy in the world. The China-US economic and trade relations hold profound significance for both countries and exert a substantial influence on global stability and development.
中美两国建交46年以来，双边经贸关系持续发展。中美贸易额从1979年的不足25亿美元跃升至2024年的近6883亿美元。中美经贸合作领域不断拓宽、水平不断提高，为两国经济社会发展、人民福祉提升作出重要贡献。
Over the 46 years since the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and the US, bilateral trade and economic ties have developed steadily. The volume of trade between the two countries has surged from less than US$2.5 billion in 1979 to nearly US$688.3 billion in 2024. The China-US economic and trade cooperation has continued to expand and improve, making significant contribution to the economic and social development, and wellbeing of the peoples of both countries.
但是，近年来美单边主义、保护主义抬头，严重干扰中美正常经贸合作。2018年中美经贸摩擦以来，美方对超过5000亿美元中国输美产品加征高额关税，持续出台对华遏制打压政策。中方不得不采取有力应对措施，坚决捍卫国家利益。同时，中方始终坚持通过对话协商解决争议的基本立场，与美方开展多轮经贸磋商，努力稳定双边经贸关系。
However, in recent years, the rise of unilateralism and protectionism in the US has significantly impeded the course of normal economic and trade cooperation between the two countries. Since the beginning of trade friction between China and the US in 2018, the US side has imposed tariffs on Chinese exports worth more than US$500 billion. Furthermore, it has continuously implemented policies aimed at containing and suppressing China. The Chinese side has to take forceful countermeasures to defend its national interests. At the same time, committed to resolving disputes through dialogue and consultation, the Chinese side has engaged in multiple rounds of economic and trade consultations with the US side to stabilize bilateral economic and trade relations.
2020年1月15日，中美签署《中华人民共和国政府和美利坚合众国政府经济贸易协议》（即中美第一阶段经贸协议）。协议生效后，中方秉持契约精神，努力克服突如其来的疫情冲击及随之而来的供应链受阻、全球经济衰退等多重不利因素影响，推动落实协议。美方多次发布声明，肯定中方落实协议成效。反观美方，持续加严出口管制、加码制裁中国企业，数次违反协议义务。
On January 15, 2020, China and the US signed the Economic and Trade Agreement Between the Government of the People’s Republic of China and the Government of the United States of America (also known as the Phase One Economic and Trade Agreement). Following its entry into force, the Chinese side upheld the spirit of contract and endeavored to overcome multiple adverse factors, including the unexpected impact of the pandemic, subsequent supply chain disruptions, and global economic recession, to ensure implementation of the Agreement. The US side issued several statements affirming the effectiveness of the Chinese side’s efforts. In contrast, the US side has continuously tightened export control, escalated sanctions against Chinese enterprises, and repeatedly violated its obligations under the Agreement.
美方近期先后发布“美国第一”贸易、投资政策备忘录和“美国第一”贸易政策报告执行摘要，对中国产品全面加征额外关税，包括以芬太尼等问题为由对中国加征关税、征收“对等关税”并进一步加征50%关税，还针对中国海事、物流和造船业提出征收港口费等301调查限制措施。这些以关税等为威胁、要挟的限制措施是错上加错，再次暴露了美方典型的单边主义、霸凌主义本质，既违背市场经济规律，更与多边主义背道而驰，将对中美经贸关系产生严重影响。中方已根据国际法基本原则和法律法规，采取必要反制措施。
Recently, the US side issued the America First Trade Policy Memorandum, the America First Investment Policy Memorandum and the Report on the America First Trade Policy Executive Summary, imposed comprehensive additional tariffs on Chinese products, including tariffs citing the fentanyl issue as the pretext, announced “reciprocal tariffs”, levied an additional 50 percent on existing tariffs, and proposed Section 301 investigation restrictions, such as charging port fees, targeting China’s maritime, logistics, and shipbuilding industries. These restrictive measures have escalated the problem, and again reveal the isolationist and coercive nature of US conduct. They are in conflict with the principles of the market economy, run counter to multilateralism, and will have serious repercussions for China-US economic and trade relations. In accordance with the fundamental principles of international law and relevant laws and regulations, the Chinese side has taken necessary countermeasures.
美国对贸易伙伴采取的关税等经贸限制措施，使原有成熟的全球供应链产业链被人为切断，以市场为导向的自由贸易规则被打破，各国经济发展受到严重干扰，伤害包括美国在内的各国人民福祉，伤害经济全球化。
The US imposition of tariffs and other restrictive trade measures on its trading partners has artificially disrupted established global supply and industrial chains, undermined market-oriented free trade rules, severely hindered the economic development of various countries, harmed the wellbeing of both the American people and those of other countries, and negatively impacted economic globalization.
中方始终认为，中美经贸关系的本质是互利共赢。作为发展阶段、经济制度不同的两个大国，中美双方在经贸合作中出现分歧和摩擦是正常的，关键要尊重彼此核心利益和重大关切，通过对话协商找到妥善解决问题的办法。
The Chinese side has always maintained that China-US economic and trade relations are mutually beneficial and win-win in nature. As two major countries at different stages of development with distinct economic systems, it is natural for China and the US to have differences and frictions in their economic and trade cooperation. It is crucial to respect each other’s core interests and major concerns, and find proper solutions to resolve the issues through dialogue and consultation.
为澄清中美经贸关系事实，阐明中方对相关问题的政策立场，中国政府特发布此白皮书。
The Chinese government is issuing this white paper to clarify the facts about China-US economic and trade relations, and elaborate the position of the Chinese side on relevant issues.
一、中美经贸关系的本质是互利共赢
I. China-US Economic and Trade Relations Are Mutually Beneficial and Win-Win in Nature
中美建交以来，双边贸易投资合作成果丰硕，实现了优势互补、互利共赢。中美两国间拥有广泛共同利益和广阔合作空间，维护中美经贸关系稳定发展，符合两国和两国人民的根本利益，也有利于全球经济发展。事实证明，中美合则两利、斗则俱伤，中美经贸合作是互利共赢的必然选择。
Since the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and the US, the two sides have achieved fruitful outcomes in bilateral trade and investment cooperation, realizing complementarity and mutual benefits. China and the US share extensive common interests and vast potential for cooperation. Maintaining the stable development of China-US economic and trade relations is in the fundamental interest of both nations and peoples, which is also conducive to global economic development. The fact shows that cooperation between China and the US benefits both sides, while confrontation harms both. Cooperation is essential to mutual benefits and win-win outcomes.
（一）中美是重要的货物贸易伙伴
1. China and the US Are Important Partners of Trade in Goods
双边货物贸易快速增长。根据联合国统计数据，2024年中美双边货物贸易额达6882.8亿美元，是1979年建交时的275倍，是2001年中国加入世界贸易组织时的8倍多。目前，美国是中国第一大货物出口目的地国和第二大进口来源国，2024年中国对美国出口、自美国进口分别占当年中国出口和进口总额的14.7%和6.3%；中国是美国第三大出口目的地国和第二大进口来源国，2024年美国对华出口、自华进口分别占美国出口和进口总额的7.0%和13.8%。
China-US two-way trade in goods has grown rapidly. Statistics from the United Nations (UN) show that in 2024, the volume of trade in goods between China and the US reached US$688.28 billion, which was 275 times the volume of the trade in 1979, when diplomatic relations were established between the two countries, and more than eight times the volume of the trade in 2001, when China joined the World Trade Organization (WTO). Currently, the US is China’s largest goods export destination and the second-largest source of imports. In 2024, China’s exports to the US and imports from the US accounted for 14.7 percent and 6.3 percent of China’s total exports and imports for the year. China is the US’s third-largest export destination and second-largest source of imports. In 2024, US exports to China and imports from China accounted for 7.0 percent and 13.8 percent of the US total exports and imports for the year respectively.
美国对华出口增速明显快于其对全球出口。中国加入世界贸易组织以来，美国对华出口快速增长，中国成为美国重要的出口市场。根据联合国统计数据，2024年美国对华货物出口额1435.5亿美元，较2001年的191.8亿美元增长648.4%，远远高于同期美国对全球183.1%的出口增幅（图1）。
US exports to China have grown much faster than its exports to the rest of the world. Since China’s entry into the WTO, US exports to China have grown rapidly, making China an important export market for the US. According to UN statistics, in 2024, US goods exports to China reached US$143.55 billion, representing a 648.4 percent increase from US$19.18 billion in 2001, which far exceeded its overall export growth of 183.1 percent during the same period (Figure 1).
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