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Covid-19 Prevention, Control and Origins Tracing: China’s Actions and Stance文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/16083.html
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Contents
前言
Preface
一、为新冠病毒溯源贡献中国智慧
I. Contributing Chinese Wisdom to the Study of the Origins of SARS-CoV-2
二、为全球抗疫贡献中国力量
II. China’s Contribution to the Global Fight Against Covid-19
三、美国在新冠疫情大流行中劣迹斑斑
III. The Mismanaged Response of the US to the Covid-19 Pandemic
结束语
Conclusion
前言
Preface
新冠疫情是近百年来人类遭遇传播速度最快、影响范围最广的全球大流行病，也是1918年大流感以来防控难度最大的一次重大突发公共卫生事件。疫情暴发以来，中国把人民生命安全和身体健康放在第一位，采取全面科学有效的防控措施，14亿多人民同心抗疫、坚韧奉献，构筑起坚固防线，先后经受全球多波疫情流行冲击，举全国之力创造了人类文明史上人口大国成功走出疫情大流行的奇迹。面对新冠疫情，中国秉持人类命运共同体、人类卫生健康共同体理念，始终坚持公开、透明、负责任原则，第一时间毫无保留地同世界卫生组织及有关国家分享疫情信息，分享有效的疫情防控、诊疗方案和技术经验，提供疫苗和防护物资，竭尽所能为国际社会提供帮助，为全球团结抗疫贡献了中国智慧、中国方案、中国力量。
The Covid-19 pandemic caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) stands as the fastest-spreading and most extensive global health crisis that humanity has faced in a century. It was also the most challenging public health emergency to contain and manage since the 1918 flu pandemic. From the onset of the pandemic, China prioritized lives and health above all else, and implemented comprehensive, science-based and effective containment measures. With over 1.4 billion people uniting as one and displaying extraordinary tenacity and dedication, a formidable defense line was erected against the virus. This collective effort of the whole nation enabled China to withstand multiple waves of outbreaks and emerge victorious from the crisis – a historic feat for a populous nation like China.
In the face of the challenge, China championed the cause of a global community of shared future and a community of health for all, and demonstrated a commitment to openness, transparency and responsibility at every stage. The country lost no time in sharing, fully and without reservation, epidemic updates, prevention strategies, diagnostic and clinical treatment protocols, and technical expertise, as well as vaccines and protective materials, with the World Health Organization (WHO) and countries worldwide. By contributing its insights, solutions and strengths to the collaborative global fight against the pandemic, it made every effort to provide support to the international community.
作为负责任大国，在新冠疫情发生后，中国在溯源这个科学问题上一直秉持科学态度，积极与世界卫生组织沟通合作。中国率先主动邀请世界卫生组织选派国际专家组两次来华合作开展联合溯源研究。专家组囊括了相关领域权威专家，以高度敬业、高度勤奋、高度专业的态度进行调研、访谈，收集与分析大量数据，最终形成并向全世界发布的联合研究报告，以其严谨、科学的结论得到国际社会和科学界的广泛认可。
As a major country that shoulders its responsibilities, China has always applied a science-based approach to the task of tracing the virus origins, actively engaging with the WHO in communication and cooperation from the start of the outbreak. At the invitation of China, the WHO sent two international expert missions to the country to carry out a joint study into the origins of the virus. These missions were staffed by authoritative experts across relevant disciplines who conducted site visits, interviews, and extensive data collection and analysis with the utmost dedication, diligence and professionalism. Their findings were compiled into a joint study report that was released globally. With its rigorous and scientifically sound conclusions, the report earned endorsements from both the international community and the scientific community.
为系统介绍中国新冠病毒溯源和国际抗疫合作有关工作及成效贡献，倡导科学溯源和国际合作，揭批美国抗疫不力的事实，特发布此白皮书。
The Chinese government is releasing this white paper to present a systematic overview of China’s key achievements in tracing the origins of SARS-CoV-2, to attest to its contribution to international cooperation in the response to the global pandemic, to advance scientific endeavors and foster global collaboration in this critical domain, and to expose the mismanaged pandemic response in the United States.
一、为新冠病毒溯源贡献中国智慧
I. Contributing Chinese Wisdom to the Study of the Origins of SARS-CoV-2
（一）中国积极主动开展新冠病毒溯源研究
1. China’s Efforts in Tracing the Origins of the Virus
自疫情暴发以来，中国持续投入大量资源支持本国科学家与国际同行一起开展新冠病毒溯源研究，并且始终以开放透明的态度履行国际责任。中国率先开展临床流行病学、分子流行病学、环境流行病学、动物宿主追踪等关键领域的溯源研究，与世界卫生组织密切合作，并于2020年、2021年两次邀请世界卫生组织专家来华开展联合溯源研究，始终以高度的责任感全力配合世界卫生组织关于新冠病毒的联合溯源研究。
Since the outbreak of the pandemic, China has consistently dedicated substantial resources to collaborative studies into the origins of the virus, involving both Chinese and international scientists. Upholding its international responsibilities with openness and transparency, the country spearheaded research initiatives in critical fields such as clinical epidemiology, molecular epidemiology, environmental epidemiology, and the identification of animal hosts. Demonstrating a strong sense of global responsibility, China closely collaborated with the WHO on the study of the virus origins, and in 2020 and 2021, invited WHO expert missions to China to carry out a joint study into this field.
2020年7月至8月，中国专家与世界卫生组织专家进行了来华开展新冠病毒溯源合作研究的预备性磋商，达成《世界卫生组织召集的全球新冠病毒溯源研究中国部分工作任务书》。2020年10月至12月期间，中国科学家同世界卫生组织国际团队举行了4次视频会议，交流了全球新冠病毒溯源研究最新进展和联合溯源工作方法。
In July and August 2020, Chinese experts held preparatory consultations with their WHO counterparts concerning cooperation in scientific research on virus origins tracing in China, and together outlined the “WHO-convened Global Study of Origins of SARS-CoV-2: China Part – Terms of Reference”. From October to December 2020, Chinese scientists held four virtual meetings with a WHO-assembled team of international experts to share updates on global SARS-CoV-2 origins research and to align methodologies for the joint study.
2021年1月至2月，17名中国专家与来自世界卫生组织、世界动物卫生组织（国际兽疫局）及其他国家的17名国际专家组成国际联合专家组，在中国武汉进行了为期28天的现场联合研究。2月9日联合专家组召开新闻发布会，发布全球新冠病毒溯源研究中国部分工作的主要研究成果。
In January and February 2021, a 28-day joint study was conducted in Wuhan, China, by a team of 17 Chinese experts and 17 international experts from the WHO, the World Organisation for Animal Health (Office International des Epizooties) and several countries. On February 9, the joint team held a press conference to announce key findings from their study.
2021年3月30日，世界卫生组织召开成员国信息通报会和新闻发布会，正式通报全球新冠病毒溯源研究中国部分工作有关情况，并在世界卫生组织官网正式发布《世卫组织召集的SARS-CoV-2全球溯源研究：中国部分——世卫组织－中国联合研究报告》。
On March 30, 2021, the WHO organized a member state information session and press conference to present the findings about the origins of the virus and published the “WHO-convened Global Study of Origins of SARS-CoV-2: China Part – Joint WHO-China Study” on its website.
自2021年至今，世界卫生组织新启动组建了新型病原体起源国际科学咨询小组（SAGO）。其间，中国按照《世卫组织召集的SARS-CoV-2全球溯源研究：中国部分——世卫组织－中国联合研究报告》中的下一阶段研究计划，持续统筹资源，在流行病学、分子流行病学、动物与环境乃至实验室检查等方向开展了全面深入调查研究和分析，相关进展和结论已由中方科学家通过与世界卫生组织和SAGO报告交流或通过在国际国内学术期刊上发表文章等方式，与国际科学界和同行进行了分享。
From 2021 onward, the WHO started to build a Scientific Advisory Group for the Origins of Novel Pathogens (SAGO). Meanwhile, China has allocated resources to advance comprehensive and in-depth research and analysis in epidemiology, molecular epidemiology, animal and environmental studies, and laboratory audit, as outlined in Phase 2 of the “Joint WHO-China Study”. Chinese scientists have shared progress and findings with the international scientific community and other professionals through reports to the WHO and SAGO or papers published on Chinese and international academic journals.
截至目前，尚无任何证据与《世卫组织召集的SARS-CoV-2全球溯源研究：中国部分——世卫组织－中国联合研究报告》结论相悖。可以认为，在中国开展的新冠病毒溯源研究已经结束。
To date, no findings have contradicted the conclusions of the “Joint WHO-China Study”. It is fair to say that the study on the origins of SARS-CoV-2 conducted in China has ended.
世卫组织召集的SARS-CoV-2全球溯源研究中国部分取得丰富研究成果，整个过程中的科学发现和工作范式为在其他国家开展更广范围的溯源工作提供了基础和指导。
The WHO-convened global study of origins of SARS-CoV-2: China part has produced extensive research results. Its methodology and scientific findings have laid the foundations and provided guidance for similar efforts in other countries.
病毒溯源问题是科学问题，不应将其政治化和污名化，应鼓励多国科研机构和专家学者分享证据，开展系统研究。尤为重要的是，应防止类似新发传染病发生大流行，再次危及人类健康和安全。
Tracing the origins of SARS-CoV-2 is a scientific endeavor that must not be politicized or exploited as a means of stigmatization by any country. The global community should encourage research institutions and professionals of all countries to share evidence and conduct systematic studies. Above all, pandemic prevention should be a priority, as similar outbreaks in the future could pose another catastrophic threat to human health and security.
（二）中国公开透明发布新冠病毒溯源进展
2. China’s Open and Transparent Updates on Its Findings Regarding the Origins of the Virus
2020年，中国科学院等多个团队对新冠病毒共祖时间反推分析显示，中国武汉的疫情较可能出现在2019年11月中旬到12月初之间，与首例报告病例的发病时间12月8日高度吻合。
In 2020, a study on the time to the most recent common ancestor of SARS-CoV-2, conducted by scientists from the Chinese Academy of Sciences and collaborating teams, indicated that the outbreak in Wuhan likely occurred between mid-November and early December 2019. This timeline aligns closely with the onset date of the first reported Covid-19 case – December 8 of that year.
2021年的联合研究结束后，中国科学家再次对7.6万份医疗机构筛查记录以及174例早期病例进行时空分布分析，进一步证实2019年10月至12月初武汉未出现异常呼吸道疾病聚集现象。
After the joint WHO-China study concluded in 2021, Chinese scientists made another spatiotemporal distribution analysis of 76,000 screening records from medical institutions and 174 early confirmed cases. The analysis revealed no evidence of unusual clusters of respiratory illnesses in Wuhan between October and early December 2019.
2022年，中国科学家针对武汉从2019年9月1日至12月31日期间43850份献血样本开展血清学和流行病学分析，未发现新冠病毒特异性抗体，表明2019年12月之前武汉当地没有新冠疫情。
In a 2022 serological and epidemiological study, Chinese scientists detected no specific antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in 43,850 blood donation samples collected in Wuhan between September 1 and December 31, 2019. These findings provided evidence that the virus was not present in Wuhan prior to December 2019.
中国国内多个研究团队对全国蝙蝠、穿山甲、野鸟、野猪、貉等野生动物以及养殖的家畜家禽样本共计8万余份开展了系统的检测，样本采集时间跨度自2017年至2021年，未发现新冠病毒在中国境内的野生动物和家畜家禽中传播。2020年初，中国医学科学院团队针对武汉及其周边地区蝙蝠种群筛查，未检出与新冠病毒相关的基因序列，基本排除新冠病毒起源于武汉周边野生动物的可能性。
A number of research teams in China conducted systematic testing on more than 80,000 samples collected from bats, pangolins, wild birds, wild boars, raccoon dogs, and other wildlife, as well as livestock and poultry across the country. Sample collection spanned from 2017 to 2021, and the analyses detected no evidence of SARS-CoV-2 circulation in these animal populations. Additionally, in early 2020, scientists from the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences screened bat species in Wuhan and its surrounding areas and found no virus genetically related to SARS-CoV-2. These findings effectively ruled out the possibility that this virus originated from local wildlife in the Wuhan vicinity.
2023年，中国疾控中心发表论文，显示疫情初期对华南海鲜市场采集的457份动物样本的新冠病毒核酸检测均为阴性，923份环境样本检测结果显示74份样本为新冠病毒核酸阳性，对分离的3株病毒开展测序，结果显示其基因组与早期病例基因组同源性为99.9%－100%，提示为感染新冠病毒的患者排毒造成。
In 2023, a paper published by the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention showed that all 457 animal samples collected from the Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market in the early stage of the epidemic tested negative for SARS-CoV-2, while 74 out of 923 environmental samples from the market were positive. Genomic sequencing of three isolated viral strains revealed 99.9-100 percent genetic identity with early Covid-19 cases, indicating that viral shedding by infected individuals was the likely source of contamination in the market environment.
2020－2022年间武汉以外多地发生的聚集性疫情的溯源结果提示境外冷链物流传入的可能性。2020年6月和7月先后在北京市新发地、大连市发生新冠疫情。值得注意的是，在此之前北京市连续56天没有本土疫情，大连市连续111天没有本土疫情，且该轮疫情北京早期病例主要集中在新发地市场水产区域的售卖人员，大连早期病例主要集中在海鲜公司的水产品加工车间工人。多项溯源调查证据提示，病毒源头均指向境外其他国家和地区，通过冷链运输带入中国。
Source tracing of outbreaks in clusters in locations other than Wuhan between 2020 and 2022 revealed the likelihood of introduction from overseas through cold-chain transportation. In June and July 2020, new outbreaks emerged in Beijing’s Xinfadi Agricultural Products Wholesale Market and Dalian, Liaoning Province. It is worth noting that prior to these outbreaks, no new cases had been confirmed in Beijing and Dalian for 56 and 111 consecutive days, respectively. In addition, Beijing’s early cases were primarily concentrated among stallholders from the aquatic products section in Xinfadi market, while those in Dalian involved aquatic product processing workers in a seafood company. Several tracing investigations indicated that the virus originated from other countries and regions and subsequently entered China via cold-chain transportation.
2020年9月24日，青岛市发现两名装卸工人感染新冠病毒。两例病例无旅行史，亦无与其他病例的接触史，唯一能建立流行病学联系的是他们均在2020年9月19日从事过同一批进口冷冻食品的装卸工作。从该批冷冻食品外包装的多份样本检出新冠病毒核酸阳性，并通过全基因测序分析证实该批冷链食品外包装污染的新冠病毒为两例病例感染的病毒来源，且冷链外包装上分离培养出新冠病毒。这是国际上首次在冷链食品外包装上分离到新冠活病毒，由此证明冷链运输是新冠病毒的传播途径之一。
On September 24, 2020, two stevedores in Qingdao, Shandong Province were diagnosed with Covid-19. The two cases had no travel history or contact with other confirmed cases. The only epidemiological link was their involvement in handling the same batch of imported frozen food products on September 19, 2020. Several samples from the outer packaging of the frozen food products tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acids. Whole genome sequencing confirmed that the virus detected on the packaging was the source of infection for the two cases, and viable virus from the packaging was successfully isolated and cultured. This marked the world’s first successful isolation of viable SARS-CoV-2 from cold-chain food packaging, demonstrating cold-chain transportation as a transmission pathway for SARS-CoV-2.
回顾在疫情初期武汉早期病例主要发生在华南海鲜市场水产品销售区域的情况，2019年末发生在华南海鲜市场的新冠疫情存在着通过冷链由境外引入的可能性。
Given that the early confirmed cases in Wuhan were concentrated in the aquatic products section of Huanan market, there is a possibility that the outbreak in the market at the end of 2019 was introduced to China from abroad via cold-chain transportation.
上述系列研究成果在《世卫组织召集的SARS-CoV-2全球溯源研究：中国部分——世卫组织－中国联合研究报告》和《柳叶刀》《自然》《细胞》《国家科学评论》《科学报告》《病毒进化》等国际期刊陆续发表，以坚实的实验数据支持了新冠病毒在中国引入人类的四种途径的可能性评估结论，即：人兽共患病直接溢出是“可能到比较可能”的途径，通过中间宿主引入是“比较可能到非常可能”的，通过冷链引入是“可能”的，通过实验室引入是“极不可能”的。这种全程公开、持续协作的立场，彰显了中国对科学精神的坚守和对人类卫生健康共同体的责任。
These findings were published in the “Joint WHO-China Study” and international journals including The Lancet, Nature, Cell, National Science Review, Scientific Reports, and Virus Evolution. With solid laboratory data supporting the likelihood of four possible introduction pathways, the study concluded:
- Direct zoonotic spillover is considered to be a possible-to-likely pathway;
- Introduction through an intermediate host is considered to be a likely to very likely pathway;
- Introduction through cold/food chain products is considered a possible pathway;
- Introduction through a laboratory incident was considered to be an extremely unlikely pathway.
China’s fully open and collaborative stance demonstrates its commitment to scientific principles and integrity, and its responsibility for building a community of health for all.
中国以最大诚意参与新冠病毒溯源，是因为坚信真相不在预设的指控中，而在数据的缜密验证里。通过系统开展流行病学、分子溯源、动物宿主排查与冷链输入研究，排除了武汉作为新冠病毒自然起源地的可能性，并为全球科学界提供了关键的实证数据与研究范式。
China has actively participated in global virus origins-tracing efforts with the greatest sincerity, as it firmly upholds that the truth does not lie in premature accusations but in meticulous data-based verification. Through systematic epidemiological investigations, molecular tracing, animal host screening, and studies on cold-chain transmission, the possibility of Wuhan being the natural origin of SARS-CoV-2 was scientifically ruled out. These efforts have provided the global scientific community with critical empirical evidence and established a research paradigm for future studies.
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