五、合力推进减贫事业
V. Concerted Efforts in Poverty Reduction文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/400.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/400.html
减贫是一项系统性工程，需要一系列政策机制的支撑保障和全社会的积极参与。2012年以来，中国政府继续加大扶贫减贫投入力度，不断改革创新扶贫减贫工作机制，引导鼓励社会各方面参与支持脱贫攻坚，进一步健全完善民主监督机制，切实提高减贫实效。文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/400.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/400.html
Poverty reduction is a systematic project entailing a set of supporting policies and mechanisms as well as full participation of the entire society. Since 2012 the Chinese government has kept up funding for poverty alleviation and reduction, implemented reforms and innovations to the working mechanism, encouraged all sectors of society to participate in poverty alleviation efforts, and improved the democratic supervision mechanism to ensure the effectiveness of poverty reduction.文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/400.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/400.html
财政扶贫投入力度不断加大。2012年以来，中国政府积极调整财政支出结构，持续加大投入力度，完善财政扶贫政策体系。2011－2015年，中央财政累计安排专项扶贫资金1898.4亿元，年均增长14.5%，并安排专项彩票公益金50.25亿元，支持贫困革命老区推进扶贫开发。积极创新财政扶贫体制机制，加强财政扶贫资金管理。发挥财政投入的杠杆作用，通过市场化机制撬动金融资本支持易地扶贫搬迁工程。文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/400.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/400.html
Government funding for poverty alleviation keeps increasing. Since 2012 the government has proactively adjusted its fiscal expenditure structure to increase funding for poverty reduction and worked to improve the fiscal policy system for poverty alleviation funding. From 2011 to 2015, the government assigned special poverty alleviation funds amounting to RMB189.84 billion, with an average annual growth rate of 14.5 percent; it also assigned RMB5.03 billion from public lottery welfare funds to support anti-poverty development in disadvantaged former revolutionary base areas. Moreover, the government has created innovative fiscal systems and mechanisms for poverty alleviation, strengthened management of government funds for poverty alleviation, and through government funding and the market system leveraged financial capital in support of population relocation projects for poverty alleviation.文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/400.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/400.html
图表：中央财政专项扶贫资金历年投入情况（2010—2016年）
Chart: Central government’s special Fund for poverty alleviation from 2010 to 2016
金融扶贫方式创新发展。精准对接脱贫攻坚融资需求与贫困地区发展规划，满足特色产业扶贫、易地扶贫搬迁、贫困人口就业就学的金融需求。创新发展扶贫小额信贷，为建档立卡贫困户提供“5万以下、3年以内、免担保免抵押、基准利率放贷、财政扶贫资金贴息、县建风险补偿金”的扶贫小额信贷产品，支持贫困户发展产业，增加收入，截至2015年年底，已向贫困户发放1200亿元。大力推进贫困地区普惠金融发展，完善农村支付服务环境，推进支付服务进村入户。完善精准扶贫金融支持保障措施，设立扶贫再贷款，实行比支农再贷款更优惠的利率，发挥多种货币政策工具作用，引导金融资源向贫困地区、贫困人口倾斜配置。探索保险扶贫的路径。
Poverty alleviation funding methods have been innovated. The government has taken targeted funding measures to meet both specific financing needs for poverty alleviation and the specific requirements of development programs in impoverished areas. It has also worked to meet the financial needs of poverty alleviation through developing local industries with special characteristics, relocating people from impoverished areas, and providing employment and schooling for the impoverished population. To support the poor in developing their businesses and increasing incomes, the government has developed innovative methods of microfinance that provide registered poor households with collateral-free small loans, up to RMB50,000 on a three-year term, at benchmark interest rates, with interest rates subsidy from government poverty alleviation funds and risk compensation from county-level funds. Poor households had received small loans of RMB120 billion by the end of 2015. China has endeavored to promote inclusive finance in impoverished areas and improve the payment service systems in rural areas to reach out to villages and households. The government has improved targeted financial measures for poverty alleviation, set up a poverty alleviation relending program, which offers loans to the poor at even lower interest rates than those of the agricultural relending program, leveraged multiple financial policy tools, and directed more financial resources to the impoverished areas and people. The government has also explored methods to alleviate poverty through insurance.
扶贫开发用地政策进一步完善。调整完善土地利用总体规划,充分考虑扶贫开发及易地扶贫搬迁需要，统筹安排建设用地规模、结构和布局，优先安排脱贫攻坚用地。出台更加灵活的国土资源管理政策。按照应保尽保要求，加大对扶贫开发及易地扶贫搬迁地区城乡建设用地增减挂钩指标支持，符合条件的节余指标可在省域范围内流转使用。增减挂钩收益按照工业反哺农业、城市支持农村的要求，及时全部返还贫困地区。对中西部少数民族地区和集中连片特困地区利用荒山、荒沟、荒丘、荒滩发展休闲农业，建设用地指标给予倾斜。
Land use policy toward development for poverty alleviation has been further improved. The state has adjusted and improved overall land use planning, taking into full account the need for development-oriented poverty alleviation and the need for population relocation as a method of poverty alleviation, and has taken a holistic approach to planning the scale, structure and distribution of land used for construction, giving priority to land used for poverty alleviation. More flexible policies toward the administration of land resources have been adopted. To ensure all needs relating to poverty alleviation are covered, in the process of development-oriented poverty alleviation and population relocation the government has reinforced support for linking the increase in land quota for urban construction with the decrease in land quota for rural construction, allowing any valid surplus quota to circulate within each province. According to the principle of industry nurturing agriculture and cities supporting rural areas, the benefits from the linking have been promptly returned to impoverished areas. The state has given policy support in terms of construction land quotas to areas in western and central China inhabited by ethnic minorities, and to contiguous impoverished areas with serious difficulties, in order to use unproductive hills, valleys, mounds and wasteland to develop agritourism.
定点扶贫政策有效落实。320个中央单位均承担定点扶贫任务，共帮扶592个国家扶贫开发工作重点县。健全牵头联系机制，明确中央9个单位为定点扶贫牵头部门。68家中央企业在定点扶贫的108个革命老区贫困县开展“百县万村”活动，帮助解决1万多个贫困村的水电路问题。“十二五”期间，中央单位共向592个重点县选派挂职干部1670人次，投入帮扶资金（含物资折款）118.6亿元，帮助引进各类资金695.8亿元，组织劳务输出31万人次。中国人民解放军和武警部队先后建立扶贫联系点2.6万多个，对全国35个贫困县、401个贫困乡镇、3618个贫困村进行定点帮扶。
Targeted poverty alleviation policy has been effectively implemented. A total of 320 units of the central government and the Party have taken responsibility for helping to lift their targeted areas out of poverty, and 592 counties that are key targets in the state poverty alleviation development program have received help from units with which they are paired. The Party and government has improved the leading unit contact mechanism and designated nine units as the leading units responsible for contacts in poverty alleviation pair work. A total of 68 central government-owned enterprises have carried out a campaign in the 108 counties in the disadvantaged former revolutionary base areas with which they are paired, helping more than 10,000 poor villages address water, electricity, road and other infrastructure problems. During the 12th Five-Year Plan period (2011-2015), the Party and government units appointed a total of 1,670 personnel to temporary posts working on poverty alleviation in the aforementioned 592 key counties, sent RMB11.86 billion in poverty alleviation funds and materials into these counties, helped them absorb investments totaling RMB69.58 billion, and organized the export of 310,000 workers from these counties. The People’s Liberation Army and the Chinese People’s Armed Police Force have set up over 26,000 contact outposts in 401 townships of 35 counties with which they are paired, and helped 3,618 poor villages there.
东西部扶贫协助深入开展。东部9个省（直辖市）和9个城市对口支持西部10个省（自治区、直辖市）207个重点县。北京、上海、天津、辽宁、山东5省市建立了对口支援西部地区资金稳定增长机制，每年以8%－10%的幅度增加帮扶资金投入。“十二五”期间，东部省市共向西部贫困地区提供财政援助资金56.9亿元，动员社会力量捐款3.8亿元，引导企业实际投资1.2万亿元；东部派往西部挂职扶贫的党政干部684人次，西部到东部挂职1150人次；为西部地区开展劳动力输出培训77.8万人次，输出劳务240.3万人次。
The eastern region intensifies its assistance in the alleviation of poverty in the western region. Nine provinces (municipalities directly under the central government) and nine cities in eastern China have given support to 207 key counties in ten provinces and equivalent units in western China. Beijing, Shanghai, Tianjin, Liaoning and Shandong have established a mechanism of steadily increasing assistance funds to their target areas in western China, at an annual rate of 8 percent to 10 percent. During the 12th Five-Year Plan period, eastern provinces provided disadvantaged western areas with assistance funds of RMB5.69 billion, donations of RMB380 million from all sectors of society, and investments of RMB1.2 trillion from enterprises. A total of 684 Party and government officials from the east were assigned to temporary posts related to poverty alleviation in the west while 1,150 personnel from the west were assigned to temporary posts in the east; eastern provinces conducted training for 778,000 people from the west on exporting labor services and helped the west export 2.403 million workers.
民营企业、社会组织、公民个人广泛参与扶贫。2014年，国家将每年的10月17日设立为“扶贫日”，在扶贫日前后组织开展系列活动，2014年和2015年共募集资金约150亿元。相继开展全国社会扶贫先进集体和先进个人评选及“中国消除贫困奖”评选表彰活动。启动民营企业“万企帮万村”精准扶贫行动，万达集团、恒大集团等民营企业率先开展包县扶贫行动，苏宁、京东等企业积极参与电商扶贫工作。中国扶贫基金会等社会组织募集大量资金用于精准扶贫项目。成立中国扶贫志愿服务促进会，建设社会扶贫网，着力打造社会扶贫参与平台。
Private enterprises, social organizations and individuals participate in poverty alleviation. In 2014 the state set October 17 as the annual Day for the Eradication of Poverty and has since carried out relevant activities to mark the date, raising funds amounting to RMB15 billion in 2014 and 2015. Campaigns to nominate advanced collectives and individuals for Social Poverty Alleviation Awards and announce the China Poverty Eradication Award have been implemented. The “10,000 enterprises assisting 10,000 villages” campaign was launched, in which private enterprises help targeted poor villages, with Wanda, Evergrande, and some other private enterprises taking the lead in pairing up with poor counties to engage in poverty alleviation actions, and Suning and Jingdong and other E-commerce enterprises becoming actively involved in poverty alleviation. The China Foundation for Poverty Alleviation and other social organizations have raised large amounts of funds for targeted poverty alleviation. The China Association for the Promotion of Poverty Alleviation Volunteer Services and the website of China Social Participation in Poverty Alleviation and Development were founded, aimed at building platforms for the entire society to participate in poverty alleviation.
扶贫工作机制健全完善。实行中央统筹、省（区、市）负总责、市（地）县抓落实的领导责任制，分工明确、责任清晰、任务到人、考核到位。各级党委和政府层层签订脱贫攻坚责任书，将脱贫攻坚任务完成情况作为考核贫困县党政领导的重要指标。建立年度脱贫攻坚报告和督查制度，实施省市县乡村逐级督查问责机制，对落实不力的部门和地区严格追责。完善干部驻村帮扶机制，全国选派机关优秀干部到村任第一书记18.8万人，驻村工作队12.8万个，驻村干部53万人，覆盖所有的贫困村。建立贫困退出机制，制定严格、规范、透明的贫困退出标准、程序和核查办法，贫困村、贫困县以贫困发生率为主要衡量标准，中部地区下降到2%以下、西部地区下降到3%以下才能够退出。
Poverty alleviation working mechanism has been improved. China has adopted a leadership responsibility system with the Central Authorities making integrated planning, governments of provinces and equivalent units taking overall responsibilities, and governments of cities (prefectures) and counties responsible for implementation. The system is characterized by clear roles and responsibilities specific to each individual, and an effective performance review system is in place. Party committees and governments at every level have signed letters of commitment on poverty alleviation, and performance in poverty alleviation has been included as a major criterion in the assessment of leaders in impoverished counties. The state has implemented an annual report and supervision system on poverty alleviation and a level-by-level inspection and accountability mechanism, strictly investigating any ineffective performance of departments and areas at all levels from province, city, county, township to village, and enforcing accountability. The mechanism of stationing officials in villages to work on poverty alleviation has been improved, and 188,000 outstanding officials have been selected from all over the country and sent to serve as first secretaries of Party committees of poor villages. In total 128,000 work teams and 530,000 personnel are involved, covering all poor villages across the country. The state has adopted a poverty exit mechanism that applies strict, standardized and transparent criteria, procedures and verification methods to deregister from the poverty alleviation list all households, villages, and counties that have been lifted out of poverty. The incidence of poverty is the main criterion for this deregistration process, with a threshold set at 2 percent for the central region and 3 percent for the western region.
扶贫民主监督机制不断完善。建立全国扶贫信息网络系统，通过农户申请、民主评议、公示公告、逐级审核的方式，对每个贫困村、贫困户建档立卡，确保群众的知情权和参与权。坚持民主决策、科学决策，充分尊重贫困群众发展意愿，贫困群众参与项目决策、实施、管理和监督全过程。项目资金安排和建设情况向社会公开，实现阳光化运行、常态化公开。委托有关科研机构和社会组织等独立的第三方,对贫困人口识别准确率、贫困人口退出准确率、因村因户帮扶工作群众满意度等指标进行评估。支持各民主党派中央开展脱贫攻坚民主监督工作，8个民主党派中央分别对口脱贫任务重的8个中西部省区，重点就贫困人口精准识别、精准脱贫等情况开展民主监督。加大扶贫领域执纪监督、审计监督力度，开展扶贫领域职务犯罪预防和集中整治专项工作。完善信息披露机制，设立“12317”扶贫监督举报电话，充分发挥社会监督作用。
Democratic supervision mechanism has been continuously enhanced. A nationwide information network for poverty alleviation has been set up and each poor household and poor village has been identified and registered through a process of application, appraisal, announcement to the public, and level-by-level approval, to ensure the public’s right to know and to participate. The state has applied democratic and scientific decision making, given full respect to the development interests of people in need, and invited them to participate in decision-making concerning poverty alleviation, and the implementation, management and supervision of programs. The government publicizes funding arrangements and program updates to ensure transparent operation and institutionalize access to information as a regular practice. The state has entrusted relevant scientific institutions, social organizations and other independent third parties to assess the accuracy of processes to identify and to deregister the poor population, to measure the satisfaction of those receiving assistance tailored to the conditions of their own household or village, and other indexes. Other political parties have been encouraged to exercise supervision over poverty alleviation work. The central committees of China’s eight non-CPC parties have been paired up with the eight poorest provinces and equivalent units in central and western China, their main role being to supervise the activities for identifying the poor, and lifting them out of poverty. The state has strengthened supervision over disciplined execution and auditing in poverty alleviation, and launched a special campaign to prevent and address abuses of power in this field. The government has improved the information disclosure mechanism, and set up the hotline “12317” to allow the reporting of misconduct in poverty alleviation work, giving full play to the role of the public in supervision.
