三、维护特定群体权利
III. Safeguarding the Rights of Specific Groups文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/400.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/400.html
妇女、儿童、老年人、残疾人、少数民族等特定群体中的贫困人口是扶贫工作的重点对象。2012年以来，中国政府加大优先扶持政策力度，切实保障这些群体的社会保障权、健康权、受教育权等各项权利。文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/400.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/400.html
The poor population in such specific groups as women, children, the elderly, the disabled and ethnic minorities are the focus of poverty reduction. Since 2012, the Chinese government has increased support for these groups in policy priorities to ensure their rights to social security, health, education and other services are effectively protected.文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/400.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/400.html
贫困妇女权利保障水平不断提升。国家落实《中国妇女发展纲要（2011－2020年）》，制定实施保障贫困妇女权益的政策措施。加强贫困地区妇女教育培训，培训中西部农村妇女200多万人。实施妇女小额贷款担保项目及财政贴息政策，促进城乡妇女创业就业。开展农村妇女“两癌”检查项目，每年为全国1000万适龄农村妇女进行免费宫颈癌检查，为120万适龄农村妇女进行免费乳腺癌检查，已覆盖532个贫困县。2011－2015年，中央彩票公益金投入4亿元，积极开展“贫困母亲两癌救助”。实施“母亲安居工程”“母亲健康快车”等公益项目，帮助贫困单亲母亲、患病贫困妇女改善生存和发展状况。建立完善新型社会救助体系，加大对贫困妇女的保障力度。2015年，全国获得低保及特困人员救助供养的居民达7121.5万人，其中女性约2609.4万人，所占比重为36.6%，基本实现了应保尽保。文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/400.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/400.html
Protection of impoverished women’s rights has been enhanced. The government has carried out the Program for the Development of Chinese Women (2011-2020), formulating and implementing policies and measures to protect poor women’s rights and interests. It has strengthened education and training for women in poor areas, training more than 2 million women in rural areas of central and western regions of China. The government has implemented the small-loan guarantee program and a financial interest discount policy for women to encourage urban and rural women to find employment or start businesses. The government conducts a campaign of free breast and cervical cancer screening (“two cancers screening”) for rural women every year which covers 532 impoverished counties, offering free breast cancer screening for 10 million rural women and cervical cancer screening for 1.2 million rural women. From 2011 to 2015, the central lottery public welfare fund provided RMB400 million in carrying out such public welfare projects as “treating poor mothers with breast and cervical cancers,” “affordable housing for mothers,” and “mothers’ health express,” through which it had helped poor single mothers and poor women who were sick to achieve better lives and better prospects for development. The government has established and improved a new social relief system to enhance the protection of poor women. In 2015, 71.22 million people around China received subsistence allowances and relief and assistance to support those in extreme poverty. Among these, 26.094 million were women, accounting for 36.6 percent of the total. In this way, those who qualified all received assistance and help.文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/400.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/400.html
贫困儿童权利保障力度不断加大。国家制定并落实《中国儿童发展纲要（2011－2020年）》《国家贫困地区儿童发展规划（2014－2020年）》，健全完善留守儿童关爱服务体系、困境儿童分类保障和救助保护机制。落实《国务院关于加强农村留守儿童关爱保护工作的意见》，推进城乡社区“儿童之家”和“儿童快乐家园”建设，各地以儿童之家和儿童快乐家园为依托开展关爱服务活动15.8万项，受益农村留守儿童人数达1312.9万人次。落实《国务院关于加强困境儿童保障工作的意见》，各地出台困境儿童分类管理办法，根据不同儿童群体需求特点，分类型设置标准，分标准实施保障，加强困境儿童保障水平。落实《国务院关于孤儿保障工作的意见》，全面建立全国孤儿基本生活保障制度和艾滋病病毒感染儿童生活保障制度，中央财政每年安排20亿元，保障50多万名孤独和艾滋病病毒感染儿童的基本生活，并对他们的医疗、教育、康复及成年后就业、住房等做了制度性安排。实施“全国孤儿手术康复明天计划”，累计投入资金8.6亿元，为9万多名孤儿、弃婴和贫困儿童免费实施手术矫治和康复。贯彻《国务院办公厅关于加强流浪未成年人救助保护工作的意见》，开展“接送流浪孩子回家”和“流浪孩子回校园”专项行动，基本杜绝胁迫、诱骗、利用未成年人乞讨现象。广泛开展适度普惠型儿童福利保障制度和未成年人社会保护试点工作，推动构建未成年人救助保护制度，推动建立县、乡、村三级儿童福利和保护工作网络。自2011年起，全国超过1/2的县实施了农村义务教育学生营养改善计划，按照每生每天4元标准为贫困地区提供营养膳食补助，中央财政累计投入670亿元，惠及3360万农村学生。自2012年起，实施贫困地区儿童营养改善项目，为6－24月龄婴幼儿免费提供营养包，提高监护人科学喂养知识普及程度和家庭教育水平，促进贫困地区婴幼儿健康发育成长。2015年，该项目由中央财政专项补助经费5亿元，覆盖21个省（区、市）14个国家集中连片特困地区的341个县，共211万名儿童受益。
Protection of poor children’s rights has been enhanced. The government has formulated and carried out the Program for the Development of Chinese Children (2011-2020) and the National Program for the Development of Children in Poor Areas (2014-2020), improving the system of care services for “left-behind” children (see note) and the mechanism of classified services for children living in difficult circumstances, providing them with rescue and protection.
[Note: Children who remain at home while their parents travel as migrant workers to pursue employment.]
The government has implemented the Opinions of the State Council on Strengthening Care and Protection of Rural Left-Behind Children. In this process, it has advanced the building of “children’s homes” and “children’s happy homes” in urban and rural communities, based on which 158,000 care service actions have been carried out around China, benefiting 13.13 million “left-behind” children. The government has carried out the Opinions of the State Council on Strengthening Care and Protection of Children in Difficulty. During the process, local governments have introduced measures of classified management of children in difficulty, under which, based on the needs and characteristics of different groups, standards are set by category and measures are enforced based on these standards to increase the level of guarantee for children living in difficulty.
The government has implemented the Opinions of the State Council on Strengthening Care and Protection of Orphans, on the basis of which a nationwide subsistence allowance system for orphans and a living allowance system for HIV-affected children have been established. To this end, the central government allocates RMB2 billion every year, ensuring the basic life needs of more than 500,000 orphans and HIV-infected children and making institutional arrangements concerning their medical care, education, and rehabilitation, and their employment, housing and other needs when they grow up.
The government has launched the National Tomorrow Program on Surgery and Rehabilitation for Orphans with Disabilities, with an accumulated fund of RMB860 million, offering free surgery and rehabilitation services to 90,000 orphans, abandoned babies, and poor children.
The government has implemented the Opinions of the General Office of the State Council on Strengthening Rescue and Protection of Homeless Minors, launching special campaigns to “send street children home” and “help street children back to school,” while striving to ensure that no minors are used for begging or forced or tricked into begging. It has also extensively introduced an appropriate and all-inclusive welfare and service system for children and carried out experimental work on encouraging social protection of minors, and promoted the establishment of a system for rescuing and protecting minors and a children’s welfare and protection network at the county, township and village levels. Since 2011, more than half of China’s counties have implemented a program of nutrition improvement for rural students receiving compulsory education, offering a nutritious meal allowance of RMB4 per day per student in impoverished areas; the central government has input a total of RMB67 billion benefiting 33.6 million rural students. Since 2012 the government has carried out a nutrition improvement program for children in poor areas, providing free nutrition packages to infants aged six to 24 months, and popularizing knowledge on healthy feeding among guardians and improving their family education; by this method it has promoted healthy growth and development of infants and young children in poor areas. In 2015, the central government allocated specialized subsidies of RMB500 million to this program, benefiting 2.11 million children in 341 counties in 14 contiguous impoverished areas in 21 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government.
老年人权利保障体系不断完善。国家积极推动养老保险制度改革，加强农村养老服务建设，建立健全养老服务补贴制度。2009年开展新型农村社会养老保险试点，2011年开展城镇居民社会养老保险试点，2014年在全国范围内建立了统一的城乡居民养老保险制度。2015年，中央和地方政府支付补贴资金2044亿元，保障和改善亿万城乡老年居民的基本生活。截至2015年年底，全国参保人数达5.05亿，待遇领取人数达1.48亿，其中95%是农村居民；全国共有农村敬老院27248所，床位249.3万张，日间照料服务设施已覆盖50%以上的农村社区；全国20个省（区、市）建立经济困难老人养老服务补贴制度，17个省（区、市）建立失能老人护理补贴制度。
System for protecting the rights of the elderly has been improved. The government has actively promoted the reform of the old-age insurance system, strengthened old-age services in rural areas, and established and improved a subsidy system for old-age services. In 2009 it started pilot work on new rural social old-age insurance; in 2011 it started pilot work on social old-age insurance for urban residents; in 2014 it established a unified old-age insurance system for urban and rural residents nationwide. In 2015, the central and local governments provided RMB204.4 billion to guarantee and improve the basic life needs of hundreds of millions of elderly urban and rural residents. By the end of 2015, the number of insured around China had reached 505 million, 148 million people had received insurance payments, 95 percent being rural residents; there were 27,248 homes for the elderly with 2.49 million beds in rural areas; day-care services covered more than 50 percent of rural communities; and a system of old-age service subsidies for the elderly in financial difficulties had been established in 20 provinces and equivalent units, while a system of nursing subsidies for disabled elderly had been set up in 17 provinces and equivalent units.
残疾人权利保障事业扎实推进。2012年，国务院办公厅印发《农村残疾人扶贫开发纲要（2011－2020年）》，明确将贫困残疾人列为重点扶贫群体。2015年，国务院印发《关于加快推进残疾人小康进程的意见》，围绕残疾人基本民生保障、就业创业增收、基本公共服务三大重点领域，提出了一系列重要举措。2015年，《国务院关于全面建立困难残疾人生活补贴和重度残疾人护理补贴制度的意见》正式实施，第一次在国家层面建立残疾人福利补贴制度。通过专项调查，实名获取2660多万持证残疾人和70多万个社区为残疾人提供公共服务状况的基本信息，为向残疾人精准服务提供了可靠的数据支撑。2012年以来，中央安排37.4亿元康复扶贫贴息贷款，扶持21.9万贫困残疾人；累计为145.2万残疾人提供职业培训，城镇新增123.9万残疾人就业，2015年开通全国残疾人网络就业服务平台；国家补助完成117.5万户农村贫困残疾人危房改造，317万农村贫困残疾人得到实用技术培训，496.2万农村贫困残疾人脱贫，因残致贫现象得到有效缓解。截至2015年年底，共有1088.5万城乡残疾人纳入最低生活保障范围，近2230万残疾人参加城乡居民社会养老保险，302.3万残疾人参加城镇居民基本医疗保险。
Better rights for persons with disabilities. In 2012, the General Office of the State Council issued the Outline of Development-oriented Poverty Reduction for Rural Persons with Disabilities (2011-2020), emphasizing that poor disabled people are key targets of poverty alleviation. In 2015 the State Council issued the Opinions on Accelerating the Process of Persons with Disabilities Toward a Comparatively Well-Off Life, outlining a series of important measures in three key fields for persons with disabilities: (1) basic livelihood; (2) employment, entrepreneurship and income growth; and (3) basic public services. In 2015 the Opinions of the State Council on Establishing a Full Scale System of Living Subsidies for Disabled Persons with Financial Difficulties and Nursing Subsidies for Persons with Serious Disabilities came into effect. It was the first national system of welfare and subsidy for persons with disabilities. Through targeted surveys, the government has obtained basic information on more than 26.6 million named and identified disabled persons with certificates and more than 700,000 communities providing public services for the disabled, thus managing to provide accurate services for persons with disabilities based on reliable data support.
Since 2012, the central government has arranged RMB3.74 billion of discount loans for rehabilitation and poverty alleviation of 219,000 poor persons with disabilities. It has provided vocational training for 1.45 million persons with disabilities, and as a result 1.24 million urban residents with disabilities have found employment. In 2015, a national platform of online employment services for persons with disabilities was launched. With government subsides, 1.18 million households of poor rural persons with disabilities have seen their homes renovated, 3.17 million poor rural persons with disabilities have received practical technical training, and 4.96 million poor rural persons with disabilities have been lifted out of poverty. As a result of these initiatives, poverty resulting from disability has been effectively reduced.
As of the end of 2015, a total of 10.89 million urban and rural residents with disabilities had been covered by subsistence allowances, nearly 22.3 million persons with disabilities were covered by social old-age insurance for urban and rural residents, and 3.02 million persons with disabilities were covered by basic medical insurance for urban residents.
少数民族脱贫步伐加快。国家制定一系列特殊扶持政策，加快推进少数民族和民族地区脱贫攻坚。《中国农村扶贫开发纲要（2011－2020年）》确定的14个集中连片特困地区中，分布在民族自治地方的有11个；592个国家扶贫开发工作重点县中，分布在民族自治地方的有263个；扶贫开发整村推进“十二五”规划确定的3万个贫困村中，分布在民族自治地方的有13158个。2012－2015年，中央财政安排少数民族发展资金145.9亿元，专项支持推进兴边富民行动、扶持人口较少民族发展以及开展少数民族特色村寨和少数民族传统手工艺品的保护与发展。国家安排中央预算内投资55亿元，用于帮助边境地区和人口较少民族聚居区的基础设施建设、群众生产生活条件改善和社会事业发展。“十二五”期间，内蒙古、广西、西藏、宁夏、新疆5个自治区和少数民族分布集中的贵州、云南、青海3省的贫困人口从2011年的3917万下降到1813万，减少2104万人，减少幅度为53.7%；贫困发生率从27.2%下降到12.4%，下降了14.8个百分点。
Poverty eradication for ethnic minority groups has been accelerated. The government has developed a series of special support policies to accelerate poverty eradication for ethnic minority groups and regions inhabited by ethnic minorities. The Outline for Development-oriented Poverty Reduction for China’s Rural Areas (2011-2020) maps out 14 contiguous impoverished areas, 11 of which are in ethnic autonomous areas, and 592 key counties for national development-oriented poverty alleviation work, 263 of which are in ethnic autonomous areas. Of the 30,000 poor villages mapped out in the 12th Five-Year Plan for whole-village development-oriented poverty alleviation, 13,158 are in ethnic autonomous areas. From 2012 to 2015, the central government allocated development funds of RMB14.59 billion for ethnic minority groups to advance a special campaign of developing border areas and improving local people’s lives, to support development of ethnic minority groups with a small population, and to protect and develop ethnic minority villages with special features and traditional handicrafts. The central government has worked out a budget to inject RMB5.5 billion to support border areas and areas inhabited by ethnic minority groups with a small population in infrastructure construction, in improving local working and living conditions, and in developing social programs. During the 12th Five-Year Plan period, the impoverished population of the five autonomous regions (Inner Mongolia, Guangxi, Tibet, Ningxia, and Xinjiang) and the three provinces with concentrated ethnic minority groups (Guizhou, Yunnan and Qinghai) had dropped from 39.17 million in 2011 to 18.13 million, a decrease of 21.04 million, down 53.7 percent. The poverty incidence declined from 27.2 percent to 12.4 percent, down by 14.8 percentage points.
图表：人口较少民族聚居区基础设施得到改善
Chart: Infrastructure improvement in areas inhabited by ethnic minority groups with a small population
