一、减贫促进了中国人权事业发展
I. China’s Poverty Reduction Program Has Promoted the Development of Human Rights文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/400.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/400.html
贫困的广泛存在严重妨碍人权的充分实现和享有。减缓和消除贫困，是人权保障的重要内容。多年来，中国政府坚持消除贫困、改善民生、逐步实现共同富裕，持续开展以农村扶贫开发为中心的减贫行动，努力实现脱贫致富。中国减贫行动涉及的范围十分广泛，既包括农村农业基础设施建设，提高贫困人口收入水平，也包括提供社会保障和卫生、教育、文化等公共服务。这些扶贫措施在全面保障贫困人口的经济、社会、文化权利的同时，也为进一步保障其他人权创造了条件。文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/400.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/400.html
Poverty is so widespread that it has seriously hindered the fulfillment and enjoyment of human rights; reducing and eliminating poverty is therefore a major element of human rights protection.文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/400.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/400.html
Over the recent decades, the Chinese government has persevered in its attempts to eliminate poverty, improve people’s well-being, and gradually realize common prosperity. It has made continuous development- oriented poverty-reduction efforts in rural areas to help those who are striving to escape from poverty and improve the quality of their lives.文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/400.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/400.html
China’s poverty reduction actions are broad in extent; they include building rural and agricultural infrastructure, helping increase the incomes of impoverished population, and providing public services such as social security and health care, education and cultural services. While comprehensively safeguarding the economic, social and cultural rights of those living in poverty, these measures have created conditions for the protection of other human rights.文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/400.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/400.html
自20世纪70年代末实行改革开放以来，中国政府不断加大扶贫力度，成立专门扶贫工作机构，确定重点扶持地区和群体，安排专项资金，制定适合现实国情的贫困标准和专门的优惠政策，确定了开发式扶贫方针。中国政府在全国范围内开展了有计划有组织的大规模开发式扶贫，先后实施了《国家八七扶贫攻坚计划（1994－2000年）》《中国农村扶贫开发纲要（2001－2010年）》《中国农村扶贫开发纲要（2011－2020年）》等中长期扶贫规划，减贫成为国家战略的重要组成部分。
Since the initiation of reform and opening up in the late 1970s, the Chinese government has worked without fail to alleviate poverty – establishing special poverty-relief institutions, determining targeted areas and population, allocating specialized funds, formulating poverty standards and special preferential policies adapted to China’s national conditions, and steering its policy of poverty alleviation through development.
The government has carried out large-scale development-oriented poverty eradication programs across the country in a planned and organized way, and implemented a series of medium- and long-term projects which include the Seven-Year Program for Lifting 80 Million People Out of Poverty (1994-2000), the Outline for Development-Oriented Poverty Alleviation for China’s Rural Areas (2001-2010) and the Outline for Development-Oriented Poverty Alleviation for China’s Rural Areas (2011-2020). Poverty reduction has become an important component of China’s national strategy.
党的十八大以来，党中央把扶贫开发摆到治国理政的重要位置，提升到事关全面建成小康社会、实现第一个百年奋斗目标的新高度，纳入“五位一体”总体布局和“四个全面”战略布局进行决策部署。党的十八届五中全会提出了贫困人口全部脱贫、贫困县全部摘帽的目标任务。中央召开扶贫开发工作会议，中共中央、国务院印发关于打赢脱贫攻坚战的决定，对“十三五”脱贫攻坚作出全面部署。“十三五”规划将中央脱贫攻坚决策部署变为国家意志，变为可操作的规划，第一次把脱贫攻坚作为五年规划纲要的重要内容，第一次把贫困人口脱贫作为五年规划的约束性指标，第一次由省区市党政一把手向中央签署《脱贫攻坚责任书》，并层层立下军令状。
Since the 18th National Congress of CPC, the Central Committee has given top priority to development-oriented poverty reduction in its philosophy of governance, deeming it vital in its efforts to complete the process of building a moderately prosperous society in all respects by the centenary of the CPC (founded in 1921), which is known to be one of China’s “Two Centenary Goals.” (see note) To this end, poverty reduction has been incorporated into China’s overall approach to building socialism with Chinese characteristics, that is, to promote coordinated progress in economic, political, cultural, social and ecological areas and strategy of “Four Comprehensives” (comprehensively build a moderately prosperous society, comprehensively deepen reform, comprehensively implement the rule of law, and comprehensively strengthen Party discipline).
[Note: The Two Centenary Goals were put forth by the CPC at its 18th National Congress for building socialism with Chinese characteristics. The other goal is to build China into a modern socialist country that is prosperous, strong, democratic, culturally advanced, and harmonious by the centenary of the People’s Republic of China (founded in 1949).]
At the Fifth Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee held in October 2015, the CPC further specified the task of eliminating rural poverty and rehabilitating all impoverished counties by 2020. The subsequent central work conference on development-oriented poverty reduction, held the following November, and the decision on winning the fight against poverty issued by the CPC Central Committee and the State Council in December, made comprehensive plans on poverty elimination for the 13th Five-Year Plan period (2016-2020).
China’s 13th Five-Year Plan for Economic and Social Development has codified the central leadership’s poverty-reduction decision into the state will that is operable in practice. For the first time, poverty reduction has been made an important part of one of China’s five-year plans, and helping the poor population shake off poverty has been listed an obligatory index in such a document. Also for the first time, the heads of Party committees and governments of relevant provinces and autonomous regions have signed to the Central Authorities letters of commitment on poverty elimination, and likewise similar documents have been signed by leaders at lower levels.
中国的减贫行动是中国人权事业进步的最显著标志。改革开放30多年来，7亿多贫困人口摆脱贫困，农村贫困人口减少到2015年的5575万人，贫困发生率下降到5.7%，基础设施明显改善，基本公共服务保障水平持续提高，扶贫机制创新迈出重大步伐，有力促进了贫困人口基本权利的实现，为全面建成小康社会打下了坚实基础。联合国《2015年千年发展目标报告》显示，中国极端贫困人口比例从1990年的61%，下降到2002年的30%以下，率先实现比例减半，2014年又下降到4.2%，中国对全球减贫的贡献率超过70%。中国成为世界上减贫人口最多的国家，也是世界上率先完成联合国千年发展目标的国家，为全球减贫事业作出了重大贡献，得到了国际社会的广泛赞誉。这个成就，足以载入人类社会发展史册，也足以向世界证明中国共产党领导和中国特色社会主义制度的优越性。
Poverty reduction is the most telling evidence of China’s progress in human rights. Over the past 30 years or more since the launch of reform and opening up, more than 700 million Chinese people have been raised from poverty. The number of rural poor had fallen to 55.75 million by 2015, with the incidence of poverty dropping to 5.7 percent. Notable improvement has been made to infrastructure and basic public services, and poverty-reduction mechanisms have been innovated, thus contributing to the guarantee of the basic rights of the impoverished population. This has laid a solid foundation for achieving a moderately prosperous society in all respects.
The UN Millennium Development Goals Report 2015 shows that the proportion of people living in extreme poverty in China fell by half from 61 percent in 1990 to below 30 percent in 2002, and on down to 4.2 percent in 2014. The number of citizens China has raised from poverty accounts for 70 percent of the world’s total. With the most people lifted out of poverty, China has led other countries to realize the UN Millennium Development Goal and made an enormous contribution to poverty reduction worldwide. Its endeavors have been widely hailed by the international community and its achievements will go down in history. Such achievements forcefully demonstrate the brilliant leadership of the CPC and the advantages of socialism with Chinese characteristics.
图表：按现行农村贫困标准衡量的农村贫困状况
Chart: Poverty levels in China’s rural areas according to the current rural poverty standard
中国致力于消除本国贫困的同时，积极支持和帮助广大发展中国家消除贫困。新中国成立60多年来，中国共向166个国家和国际组织提供了近4000亿元人民币援助，派遣60多万援助人员，先后7次宣布无条件免除重债国和最不发达国家对华到期政府无息贷款债务，向69个国家提供医疗援助，为120多个发展中国家落实千年发展目标提供帮助。
While combating poverty at home, China also actively helps other developing countries to address their poverty problems. Over more than six decades since the founding of the People’s Republic of China in 1949, China has provided nearly RMB400 billion to 166 countries and international organizations, sent more than 600,000 aid workers, given medical assistance to 69 countries, and aided more than 120 developing countries in realizing the Millennium Goals. On seven occasions China has unconditionally canceled interest-free loans to heavily indebted countries and least developed countries.
经过多年探索实践，中国积累了通过减贫促进人权事业发展的成功经验，走出一条中国特色扶贫开发道路。
After years of trials and experimentation, China has accumulated a wealth of experience in promoting human rights through development-oriented poverty reduction, and established a new model of development-oriented poverty alleviation with Chinese characteristics.
——坚持立足基本国情，充分发挥制度优势。中国有13亿多人口，是世界上最大的发展中国家。发展是中国共产党执政兴国的第一要务，是解决中国所有问题的关键。中国发挥政治优势和制度优势，通过“党的领导、政府主导、社会参与”的工作机制，形成跨地区、跨部门、跨行业、全社会共同参与多元主体的社会扶贫体系。
– Proceeding from the prevailing national conditions and exploiting its institutional advantages. China is the world’s largest developing country with more than 1.3 billion people. Development is the paramount task of the CPC in governing and rejuvenating China, which is essential to addressing the country’s existing problems. By exploiting its political and institutional advantages, China has formed a trans-regional, trans-departmental, and trans-industrial poverty reduction process to which all social sectors contribute through the mechanism of “Party leadership, government guidance and social participation.”
——坚持加快发展经济，扎实推进减贫事业。将减贫作为发展经济的一项重要内容，以发展经济促进减贫，发挥扶贫开发与经济社会发展相互促进作用，把扶贫开发作为经济社会发展规划的主要内容，推动减贫和人权保障领域各项工作统筹兼顾、协调发展，实现扶贫减贫规划、国家经济社会发展规划与国家人权行动计划有机联动。
– Accelerating economic development and promoting poverty reduction. Taking poverty reduction as a major element of economic development, China promotes poverty reduction alongside economic growth, combines development-oriented poverty alleviation and socio-economic development, treats poverty alleviation through development as the main focus of the economic and social development plan, coordinates the development of poverty reduction and human rights protection, and achieves effective interaction between plans for poverty reduction and elimination, national economic and social development, and national human rights action.
——坚持多种形式减贫，注重提高实际效果。把发展作为解决贫困的根本途径，坚持开发式扶贫方针，注重扶贫先扶智，增强贫困人口自我发展能力，阻断贫困代际传递。坚持普惠政策和特惠政策相结合，在加大对农村、农业、农民普惠政策支持的基础上，对贫困人口实施特惠政策。把精准扶贫、精准脱贫作为基本方略，分类施策，重在精准，做到应扶尽扶、应保尽保。
– Adhering to multi-form poverty reduction, and focusing on effect. Development is the fundamental approach to poverty eradication. China addresses poverty reduction by enhancing the skills of the impoverished population and improving their capacity for self-development, and acts to prevent the transfer of poverty across generations. The government adds preferential policies to its general welfare policy, devising preferential policies for the impoverished population on the basis of the general welfare policy for the rural areas, agriculture and farmers. It takes targeted poverty reduction and elimination as the basic strategy, with differentiated and targeted measures, and provides aid and guarantees for all those who qualify.
——坚持社会公平公正，努力实现成果共享和共同富裕。以保障和改善民生为重点，创新制度安排，促进社会公平正义。建立以权利公平、机会公平、规则公平为主要内容的社会公平保障体系，用法治保证人民平等参与、平等发展权利，使全体人民共享改革发展成果，实现共同富裕。
– Prioritizing social fairness and justice, and striving to bring benefits and common prosperity to all. Focusing on ensuring and improving public well-being, China encourages institutional and organizational innovation, and promotes social fairness and justice. It is establishing a social fairness guarantee system applying to rights, opportunities and rules, protecting the people’s right to equal participation and equal development with the rule of law, and bringing the benefits of reform and development as well as common prosperity to the whole population.
