二、保障贫困人口生存权
II. Ensuring Impoverished People’s Right to Life文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/400.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/400.html
中国政府创新扶贫模式，实施精准扶贫、精准脱贫基本方略。近年来，通过建档立卡摸清底数，分析致贫原因和发展需求，分类指导，精准施策，落实扶贫对象精准、项目安排精准、资金使用精准、措施到户精准、因村派人精准、脱贫成效精准的要求，切实提高扶贫实效，加快贫困人口精准脱贫，保障贫困人口生存权。文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/400.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/400.html
It is one of the basic policies of the Chinese government to innovatively improve its methods in reducing and eradicating poverty, and takes targeted measures to that end. Recently, through data tracking on the conditions of the impoverished population, the government analyzes the causes of their problems, and offer guidance on their development needs. Targeted measures are implemented in terms of funding, projects, and recipients. Every impoverished household is guaranteed help, every village has designated officials to carry out poverty eradication measures, and goals are met within the defined standards. In the fight against poverty, China has enhanced poverty eradication effects, accelerated the speed of poverty eradication, and ensured impoverished people’s right to life.文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/400.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/400.html
特色产业脱贫得到扶持。国家相继出台一系列特色产业发展规划、政策，为贫困地区提供发展机会。制定实施关于加强农业行业扶贫工作的指导意见和《全国林业扶贫攻坚规划（2013－2020年）》，明确将大力发展特色农牧业作为农业行业扶贫重点工作。编制《农业行业扶贫开发规划（2011－2020年）》，制定《特色产业增收工作实施方案》《全国优势特色经济林发展布局规划（2013－2020年）》，对各集中连片特困地区特色农林牧业进行科学布局，明确发展重点。发布《特色农产品区域布局规划（2013－2020年）》，将贫困地区96个特色品种纳入规划范围，引导多方力量加大投入。“十二五”（2011－2015年）期间，向连片特困地区投入农业基本建设资金和财政专项资金1220亿元，安排林业基本建设资金和财政专项资金1160多亿元。在特色产业带动下，贫困地区发展条件不断改善，农民收入水平不断增加。文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/400.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/400.html
Support has been given to poverty eradication through developing industries with local features. The state has issued a series of development plans and policies regarding industries with local features to provide growth opportunities for impoverished areas. These include the Guiding Opinions on Strengthening Poverty Alleviation Work in the Agricultural Industry and Poverty Alleviation Plan in the Forestry Sector (2013-2020), which focuses on developing agriculture and animal husbandry with local features. Poverty Alleviation Through Development Plan of the Agricultural Industry (2011-2020); Measures for Increasing the Income of Industries with Local Features and Development Plan for Economic Forests (2013-2020), which lay out a good plan for the development of agriculture, forestry, and animal husbandry in contiguous poverty-stricken areas, with key areas specified; and Regional Layout of Agricultural Products with Local Features (2013-2020), which covers 96 agricultural products with local characteristics in impoverished areas for unified planning, with increased investment from various sources. During the Twelfth Five-Year Plan period (2011-2015), RMB122 billion was spent on agricultural infrastructure and specialized funds, and RMB116 billion on forestry infrastructure and specialized funds in contiguous poverty-stricken areas. Driven by the industries with local characteristics, poverty-stricken areas are seeing greater momentum in their development, with growing incomes for farmers.文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/400.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/400.html
易地搬迁脱贫稳步实施。2012年以来，国家累计安排中央预算内投资404亿元，撬动各类投资近1412亿元，搬迁贫困人口591万人，地方各级统筹中央和省级财政专项扶贫资金380亿元，搬迁580多万贫困人口，有效拓展贫困地区发展空间。通过科学规划、合理选址，加强安置区基础设施和社会公共服务设施建设，大幅改善生产生活条件，搬迁群众生产生活水平显著提升。通过帮助发展种植业和养殖业，引导外出务工，直接增加劳务收入，搬迁群众脱贫致富步伐明显加快。2016年，中国政府启动实施了新一轮易地扶贫搬迁方案，增加中央预算内投资规模，提高政府补助标准，引入开发性、政策性金融资金，大幅拓宽融资渠道，并加大易地扶贫搬迁群众后续脱贫扶持力度，确保搬迁一户、脱贫一户。
Poverty alleviation through resettling impoverished population has been steadily carried out. Since 2012 the state has allocated RMB40.4 billion from the central government to leverage a total investment of RMB141.2 billion of all kinds, resettling 5.91 million impoverished people. The central and provincial coffers as well as local governments at various levels have provided RMB38 billion for poverty reduction, resettled 5.8 million poor people. These concerted efforts have effectively brought more development opportunities to poverty-stricken areas. Through scientific planning and careful site selection, infrastructure and community services have been strengthened in resettlement areas, significantly improving the living and working conditions of the relocated population. By developing farm production and animal farming, and guiding workers to travel to seek employment elsewhere, China has seen increases in the income of resettled farmers and migrant workers, with faster progress in eradicating poverty and achieving prosperity. In 2016 the Chinese government has initiated a new round of resettlement programs for its impoverished population, with increased funds from central government, and further raised subsidy standards. It has introduced policy-based funds for development, expanded funding sources, and strengthened follow-up support to relocated people, ensuring that each resettled household is lifted out of poverty.
生态保护脱贫持续推进。在贫困地区积极推进天然林资源保护、退耕还林、退牧还草、京津风沙源治理、石漠化综合治理和生物多样性保护等重大生态工程，加快贫困地区生态保护和修复步伐，改善当地生态环境，不断拓展贫困人口生存空间，为当地优势特色产业发展、贫困人口就业增收以及保障发展环境创造了良好的条件。建立完善生态补偿机制，积极推进贫困地区的生态补偿工作，进一步提高森林生态效益补偿标准，完善草原生态保护奖励机制，推动贫困地区传统牧业向现代牧业转变。拓宽贫困人口增收渠道，鼓励重点工程区范围内的贫困户投工投劳，提高了贫困人口的受益水平。改善贫困人口生存条件，加大贫困县生态环境综合治理力度，强化木本粮油、特色林果、木竹原料林、林下经济、草食畜牧业、生态旅游业等发展，切实改善贫困人口生活条件。
Poverty eradication through ecological conservation is making progress. In poverty-stricken areas, the state promotes the protection of natural forest resources, returning farmlands to forests and grazing land to grasslands, controlling the sources of sandstorms affecting the Beijing-Tianjin area, controlling stony desertification, and protecting biological diversity. All these efforts have contributed to protecting the ecology in impoverished areas and restoring the environment, to improving local ecology, to providing more opportunities for the impoverished population, to boosting the industries with local characteristics, and to increasing the employment and income of local residents and protecting the resources required for their development. China has established a mechanism for ecological compensation, and is actively promoting the program in poverty-stricken areas. It has further raised the standards of compensating the ecological benefits of forests, improving the reward mechanism for grassland ecological protection, and promoting the modernization of animal husbandry in poverty-stricken areas. Measures have been taken to expand the income channels of the impoverished population, and to encourage voluntary work by those living in the key projects areas, thereby bringing them benefits. China strives to improve living conditions of impoverished population. Efforts have been made to improve the ecological environment of impoverished counties, and to promote the development of woody grain and oil, specialty fruits, timber and bamboo forests, forest-dependent industries, herbivorous animal husbandry, and eco-tourism, effectively improving the lives of the impoverished population.
教育脱贫力度不断加大。“十二五”期间，中国把教育扶贫作为脱贫攻坚的重要内容，深入推进义务教育均衡发展，着力缩小城乡教育差距，全面改善贫困地区的办学条件，实施学前教育三年行动计划、乡村教师生活补助计划，实施中等职业学校免学费、补助生活费政策及面向贫困地区定向招生专项计划，切实保障贫困人口受教育权利。2012－2015年，中央财政累计投入资金831亿元改造义务教育薄弱学校，投入约140亿元建设边远艰苦地区农村学校教师周转宿舍24.4万套，可入住教师30万人。连续实施学前教育三年行动计划，全国学前三年毛入园率由2011年的62.3%提高到2015年的75%，中西部地区在园幼儿数由2011年的2153万增加到2015年的2789万，增长了30%。2014年11月，有关部门联合印发《关于统一城乡中小学教职工编制标准的通知》，将县镇、农村中小学教职工编制标准统一到城市标准，并向农村边远贫困地区倾斜。2013－2015年，中央财政累计投入资金约44亿元，支持连片特困地区对乡村教师发放生活补助，惠及约600个县的100多万名乡村教师。2012－2015年，中央财政共下达中等职业学校免学费补助资金417亿元，对公办中等职业学校全日制在校生中所有农村（含县镇）学生、城市涉农专业和家庭经济困难学生免除学费（艺术类相关专业除外）。对在职业教育行政管理部门依法批准、符合国家标准的民办中等职业学校就读的符合免学费政策条件的学生，按照当地同类型同专业公办中等职业学校免除学费标准给予补助。对全日制一、二年级在校涉农专业学生和非涉农专业家庭经济困难学生发放国家助学金，2012－2014年标准为每生每年1500元，从2015年春季学期起标准提高到每生每年2000元，覆盖近40%的学生。实施面向贫困地区定向招生专项计划，面向832个贫困县4年累计录取学生18.3万人，贫困地区农村学生上重点高校人数连续三年（2013－2015年）增长10%以上。
Increased efforts have been made to alleviate poverty through education. During the Twelfth Five-Year Plan period, China prioritized education in its effort to eradicate poverty. The measures included: continuing to promote the balanced development of compulsory education, closing the gap in education between urban and rural areas, improving education infrastructure in impoverished areas, implementing the Action Plan for Three-Year Preschool Education, offering cost-of-living subsidies to teachers in rural areas, and enrolling students from poverty-stricken areas, exempting their tuition fees at secondary vocational schools, and allotting living subsidies to the students. All this was targeted at ensuring impoverished people’s access to education.
In 2012-2015, the central government injected RMB83.1 billion into poor compulsory education schools, and RMB14 billion to build 244,000 dormitory units for 300,000 teachers in remote rural areas. The state carried out a three-year action plan to promote preschool education, increasing the nation’s three-year preschool gross enrollment rate from 62.3 percent in 2011 to 75 percent in 2015. In central and western China, the number of children enrolled in kindergartens rose from 21.53 million in 2011 to 27.89 million in 2015, up 30 percent. Following the release of the Notice on Unifying the Establishment of the Faculty and Staff of Elementary and Secondary Schools in Urban and Rural Areas, issued in November 2014, the teaching and administrative staff of elementary and secondary schools in villages, counties, and towns began to enjoy the same standards of establishment as urban schools, with favorable treatment for those in remote poor rural areas. In 2013-2015, the central government allotted RMB4.4 billion for cost-of-living subsidies for rural teachers in contiguous poverty-stricken areas, benefiting over one million teachers in 600 counties. In 2012-2015, the central government provided RMB41.7 billion in tuition subsidies to secondary vocational schools, and granted exemptions from tuition fees to rural students (including those from counties and towns) and urban students with agriculture-related majors or with financial difficulties (except those majoring in arts) at full-time public secondary vocational schools. Students who were eligible for tuitions exemption at private secondary vocational schools certified by administrative organs were guaranteed the same tuition exemptions as students of the same major at local public secondary vocational schools. The state offers grants to first- and second-year students with agriculture-related majors or with financial difficulties at full-time schools, and the standard has been raised from RMB1,500 per student per year in 2012-2014 to RMB2,000 since the spring semester of 2015, covering 40 percent of students. A directional enrollment program was carried out in poverty-stricken areas, enrolling 183,000 students in 832 impoverished counties from 2012 to 2015. In 2013-2015, the annual growth rate of rural students from poor areas enrolled in key universities was kept above 10 percent.
图表：中央财政教育扶贫投入情况
Chart: Spending of the central government on poverty alleviation through education
医疗保障脱贫全面落实。中国政府不断加大健康扶贫工作力度，减轻农村贫困人口医疗费用负担，增强贫困地区医疗卫生服务能力，提高贫困地区群众健康水平，努力防止因病致贫、因病返贫，贫困人口健康权利得到切实保障。新型农村合作医疗制度逐步完善，覆盖97%以上的农村居民。2016年，新农合人均补助标准提高到420元，政策范围内门诊和住院费用报销比例分别达到50%和75%左右。全面实施城乡居民大病保险，覆盖超过10亿参保居民，报销比例不低于50%。全面建立疾病应急救助制度，开展重特大疾病医疗救助，全民医保制度防大病、兜底线的能力进一步增强，农村居民看病负担大大减轻。2012年以来，中央专项投资共安排794亿元支持贫困地区11万个卫生机构基础设施建设，改善贫困地区卫生服务条件。实施农村订单定向免费医学生培养、全科医生特设岗位计划等项目。深入实施城乡医院对口支援，组织全国三级医院对口帮扶贫困地区县级医院。2015年，基本公共卫生服务12大类45项得到全面落实，人均经费从2011年的15元提高到40元。实施农村妇女增补叶酸预防神经管缺陷、贫困地区儿童营养改善等项目，加强疾病预防控制和健康促进，贫困地区群众健康状况逐步改善。2016年，国家卫计委、国务院扶贫办等15个部门联合实施健康扶贫工程，为农村贫困人口与全国人民一道迈入全面小康社会提供健康保障。
Poverty alleviation through medical security has been implemented. The Chinese government continues to strengthen its poverty alleviation effort through promoting medical security, reducing the medical costs of the impoverished population in rural areas, strengthening medical and health services in poverty-stricken areas, and improving the health of people in these areas, so that they are not reduced to or returned to poverty because of illness. All this has ensured the right to health. Improvement has been made in the New Rural Cooperative Medical System (NRCMS), which covers over 97 percent of rural residents. In 2016, the NRCMS offers a per capita subsidy of RMB420, and reimbursement ratios of outpatient and inpatient costs reached 50 percent and 75 percent. Serious illness insurance for urban and rural residents has been fully implemented, covering more than one billion residents with a reimbursement ratio of no lower than 50 percent. A medical emergency relief system has been established to help people suffering from serious illnesses, and universal medical care has been further improved to cover major illnesses, significantly reducing the medical costs of rural residents. Since 2012, the central government has allocated RMB79.4 billion to support infrastructure construction at 110,000 health service units in poverty-stricken areas. Programs have been carried out to offer free medical education to rural students who will return to serve in their areas, to send general practitioners to clinics in rural areas, to pair up hospitals in urban and rural areas to enable medical assistance, and to organize state-level hospitals to help and support county-level hospitals in poverty-stricken areas. In 2015, 45 items in the 12 categories of basic public health services were implemented, with per capita subsidy rising from RMB15 in 2011 to RMB40. Programs have been carried out to ensure that women in rural areas have access to folic acid supplements in order to prevent neural tube defects, and to improve child nutrition in poverty-stricken areas, in an effort to strengthen disease prevention and control and promote good health. Thanks to these efforts the health of the impoverished population has gradually improved. In 2016, the National Health and Family Planning Commission, the State Council Leading Group of Poverty Alleviation and Development, and 13 other departments jointly launched a poverty alleviation project through health promotion, so as to ensure that the impoverished rural population will welcome the arrival of a moderately prosperous society with the rest of the nation.
图表：2012—2016年新农合人均补助标准
Chart: NRCMS per capita subsidy
农村兜底脱贫逐步实行。国家制定农村低保制度与扶贫开发政策相衔接实施方案，各地紧紧围绕贫困人口脱贫目标，完善政策措施，健全工作机制，努力实现农村低保制度政策性兜底保障，不断提高贫困人口社会保障水平。对于符合农村低保条件的建档立卡家庭，按规定程序纳入低保范围，根据家庭人均收入与当地低保标准的差额发给低保金。对于符合扶贫条件的农村低保家庭，按规定程序纳入建档立卡范围，根据不同致贫原因予以精确帮扶。对于脱贫后再返贫的家庭，分别纳入临时救助、医疗救助、农村低保等社会救助制度和建档立卡帮扶政策范围。2015年，全国保障农村低保对象共4903.6万人，农村低保标准从2011年的平均每人每月143元提高到265元；农村特困人口集中和分散供养年人均标准分别达到6026元和4490元，比2012年同期分别增长48.4%和49.3%。
Programs are being implemented to lift all rural residents out of poverty. The state has released a plan to align the subsistence allowances system with development-oriented poverty alleviation policies in rural areas. Focusing on the goals of poverty eradication, all localities are improving their policies, measures, and working mechanisms to offer subsistence allowances to the most impoverished rural residents, striving to increase the standards of social security for the impoverished population. Registered rural families eligible for subsistence allowances are included in the subsistence allowance system in accordance with established procedures, and they receive the allowances based on the gap between their per capita household income and local subsistence allowance standards. Rural families covered by the subsistence allowances and eligible for poverty reduction programs are registered in accordance with established procedures, and receive help and support based on the different causes of their poverty. Families which were lifted out of poverty but have returned to poverty are included in temporary relief, medical relief, rural subsistence allowances and other social relief systems, and are registered for help and support. In 2015, the number of recipients of rural subsistence allowances was 49.04 million, with the standard raised from RMB143 per person per month in 2011 to RMB265. Per capita expenditure on supporting rural population in dire poverty in nursing homes and at their own homes reached RMB6,026 and RMB4,490, growing by 48.4 percent and 49.3 percent compared with the 2012 levels.
资产收益扶贫探索实行。对于难以通过增强自我发展能力实现脱贫的贫困人口，近年来一些地方积极探索资产收益扶贫，在不改变资金用途的情况下，将财政专项扶贫资金和其他涉农资金投入贫困地区基础设施建设和产业发展形成的资产，拿出部分量化折股配置给丧失或部分丧失劳动能力的贫困户，帮助其增加财产性收入。各地资产收益扶贫主要依托当地优势特色产业，并积极发挥农民专业合作社等新型生产经营主体作用，确保贫困人口既可以享受保底收益和红利，还能通过流转土地和参加务工获得收益。2014年年底，国家启动光伏扶贫试点工作，在安徽、河北、山西、宁夏、甘肃、青海6省区开展试点，通过资产收益扶贫增加贫困地区“造血”能力。2016年，国家大力推进光伏扶贫，计划在2020年之前，在16个省区471个县约3.5万个建档立卡贫困村，以整村推进的方式，保障200万建档立卡无劳动能力贫困户（包括残疾人）户均年增收3000元以上。
Experiments have been carried out on poverty alleviation through asset investments. In recent years, to help impoverished people experiencing difficulties in achieving self-development, some localities are actively experimenting on poverty alleviation through asset investments. With poverty reduction as the ultimate goal, poverty alleviation funds and other funds for rural areas are invested in infrastructure construction and industrial development in poverty-stricken areas, and the assets are quantified as shares owned by the households with a partial or permanent inability to increase their property income. The investment is mainly made by promising industries with local characteristics, and the farmers’ specialized cooperatives often play an active role in running the operations, to ensure that impoverished people enjoy a guaranteed return and dividends on such asset investments, and that they may also benefit from transferring their farmlands and working in local businesses. At the end of 2014, the state initiated trial runs of poverty alleviation projects through developing the photovoltaic industry in provinces of Anhui, Hebei, Shanxi, Gansu, Qinghai, and Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, pumping new blood into these regions by increasing their asset income. In 2016, the state has strengthened the initiative, planning to increase the average household income of two million households registered with incapacity (including disabled persons) to RMB3,000 and above by 2020. This will involve 35,000 registered villages in 471 counties of 16 provinces and autonomous regions.
就业创业服务不断加强。近年来，中国政府大力实施就业优先战略和更加积极的就业政策，提供职业技能培训，加强就业创业服务，有效保障贫困人口工作权利。组织实施农民工职业技能提升计划——“春潮行动”，面向农村贫困劳动力开展就业技能培训、岗位技能提升培训和创业培训，并落实培训补贴政策。落实《关于加强雨露计划支持农村贫困家庭新成长劳动力接受职业教育的意见》，对农村贫困家庭子女接受职业教育的给予补助。进一步健全完善公共就业服务体系，加强基层劳动就业和社会保障服务平台建设，组织开展“春风行动”等专项就业服务，加强输出输入地劳务对接，为农村贫困人口免费提供职业指导、职业介绍、就业信息、政策法规咨询等公共就业服务，推进农村富余劳动力进城务工和稳定转移，2011－2014年年均新增农民工793万人。积极落实创业扶持政策，对有创业意愿和创业培训、创业服务需求的劳动者，组织参加创业培训，提供信息咨询、开业指导、创业孵化、跟踪辅导等“一条龙”创业服务，提高创业成功率。
Services have been strengthened to support employment and entrepreneurship. In recent years, the government has given top priority to employment, enacting more active employment policies, providing vocational training, and strengthening services to support employment and entrepreneurship, effectively ensuring impoverished people’s right to work. It has launched the Spring Tide Action, a program to enhance the occupational skills of migrant workers, providing impoverished rural laborers with training programs in employment and occupational skills, and starting businesses, with subsidies provided for attending these trainings. The state has implemented the Opinions on Strengthening the Dewdrop Project to Support New Laborers from Impoverished Rural Families to Receive Vocational Training, providing an annual subsidy to registered impoverished families with people receiving vocational education. China has further improved its public services for employment. It has strengthened the platform for labor and employment and social security services at the grassroots level, organized the Spring Breeze Action and other employment services, strengthened the alignment of labor exports and imports, and offered free services to the impoverished rural population in guiding their employment choices, introducing jobs and opportunities, and offering counseling on the policies, laws, and regulations regarding employment. The state has helped surplus rural laborers to seek employment in cities and promoted their steady transfer, with 7.93 million new migrant workers added on a yearly basis in 2011- 2014. China has actively implemented policies to support entrepreneurship, organizing training sessions for people who are interested in starting businesses and who need training in entrepreneurship and relevant services. Other services such as information, guidance on business operations, new business incubation, and follow-up services are also provided to support new entrepreneurs.
