二、发展空间技术与系统
II. Development of Space Technology and Systems文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/12896.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/12896.html
中国航天面向世界科技前沿和国家重大战略需求，以航天重大工程为牵引，加快关键核心技术攻关和应用，大力发展空间技术与系统，全面提升进出、探索、利用和治理空间能力，推动航天可持续发展。文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/12896.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/12896.html
China’s space industry serves its major strategic needs, and targets cutting-edge technology that leads the world. Spearheaded by the major space projects, the country has accelerated research into core technologies, stepped up their application, and redoubled its efforts to develop space technology and systems. As a result, China’s capacity to enter and return from space, and its ability to engage in space exploration, utilization and governance have grown markedly along a sustainable path.文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/12896.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/12896.html
（一）航天运输系统文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/12896.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/12896.html
1. Space Transport System文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/12896.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/12896.html
2016年以来，截至2021年12月，共完成207次发射任务，其中长征系列运载火箭发射共完成183次，总发射次数突破400次。长征系列运载火箭加速向无毒、无污染、模块化、智慧化方向升级换代，“长征五号”“长征五号乙”运载火箭实现应用发射，“长征八号”“长征七号甲”实现首飞，运载能力持续增强。运载火箭多样化发射服务能力迈上新台阶，“长征十一号”实现海上商业化应用发射，“捷龙一号”“快舟一号甲”“双曲线一号”“谷神星一号”等商业运载火箭成功发射。可重复使用运载器飞行演示验证试验取得成功。
From 2016 to December 2021, 207 launch missions were completed, including 183 by the Long March carrier rocket series. The total launch attempts exceeded 400.
The Long March carrier rockets are being upgraded towards non-toxic and pollution-free launch, and they are becoming smarter boosted by modular technology. The Long March-5 and Long March-5B carrier rockets have been employed for regular launches; Long March-8 and Long March-7A have made their maiden flights, with increased payload capacity.
China now provides a variety of launch vehicle services. The Long March-11 carrier rocket has achieved commercial launch from the sea; the Smart Dragon-1, Kuaizhou-1A, Hyperbola-1, CERES-1 and other commercial vehicles have been successfully launched; successful demonstration flight tests on reusable launch vehicles have been carried out.
未来五年，中国将持续提升航天运输系统综合性能，加速实现运载火箭升级换代。推动运载火箭型谱发展，研制发射新一代载人运载火箭和大推力固体运载火箭，加快推动重型运载火箭工程研制。持续开展重复使用航天运输系统关键技术攻关和演示验证。面向航班化发射需求，发展新型火箭发动机、组合动力、上面级等技术，拓展多样化便利进出空间能力。
In the next five years, China will continue to improve the capacity and performance of its space transport system, and move faster to upgrade launch vehicles. It will further expand the launch vehicle family, send into space new-generation manned carrier rockets and high-thrust solid-fuel carrier rockets, and speed up the R&D of heavy-lift launch vehicles. It will continue to strengthen research into key technologies for reusable space transport systems, and conduct test flights accordingly. In response to the growing need for regular launches, China will develop new rocket engines, combined cycle propulsion, and upper stage technologies to improve its capacity to enter and return from space, and make space entry and exit more efficient.
（二）空间基础设施
2. Space Infrastructure
卫星遥感系统。高分辨率对地观测系统天基部分基本建成，对地观测迈进高空间分辨率、高时间分辨率、高光谱分辨率时代。陆地观测业务服务综合能力大幅提升，成功发射“资源三号”03星、“环境减灾二号”A/B星、高分多模综合成像卫星、高光谱观测卫星以及多颗商业遥感卫星等。海洋观测实现全球海域多要素、多尺度、高分辨率连续覆盖，成功发射“海洋一号”C/D星、“海洋二号”B/C/D星。大气全球化、精细化综合观测能力实现跃升，成功发射新一代静止轨道气象卫星“风云四号”A/B星，实现全天候、精细化、连续大气立体综合探测和快速响应灾害监测，成功发射“风云三号”D/E星，形成上午、下午、晨昏星业务组网观测能力，成功发射“风云二号”H星，为“一带一路”沿线国家和地区提供卫星监测服务。遥感卫星地面系统进一步完善，基本具备卫星遥感数据全球接收、快速处理与业务化服务能力。
(1) Satellite remote-sensing system
The space-based section of the China High-resolution Earth Observation System has been largely completed, enabling high-spatial-resolution, high-temporal-resolution and high-spectrum-resolution earth observation. China now provides improved land observation services, having launched the Ziyuan-3 03 earth resources satellite, the Huanjing Jianzai-2A/2B satellites for environmental disaster management, a high-resolution multi-mode imaging satellite, a hyper-spectral observation satellite, and a number of commercial remote-sensing satellites.
In ocean observation, China is now able to view multiple indexes of contiguous waters around the globe on all scales, with high-resolution images from the Haiyang-1C/1D satellites and the Haiyang-2B/2C/2D satellites.
China’s ability to observe the global atmosphere has achieved a significant increase. Its new-generation Fengyun-4A/4B meteorological satellites in the geostationary orbit are able to perform all-weather, precise and uninterrupted atmospheric monitoring and disaster monitoring to boost response capability. The successful launches of Fengyun-3D/3E satellites enable coordinated morning, afternoon and twilight monitoring, and the Fengyun-2H satellite provides monitoring services for countries and regions participating in the Belt and Road Initiative.
With further improvements to the ground system of its remote-sensing satellites, China is now able to provide remote-sensing satellite data receiving and quick processing services across the world.
卫星通信广播系统。固定通信广播卫星系统建设稳步推进，覆盖区域、通信容量等性能进一步提升，成功发射“中星”6C、“中星”9B等卫星，支持广播电视业务连续稳定运行；成功发射“中星”16、“亚太”6D卫星，单星通信容量达到50Gbps，中国卫星通信进入“高通量”时代。移动通信广播卫星系统逐步完善，成功发射“天通一号”02/03星，与“天通一号”01星组网运行，具备为中国及周边、亚太部分地区手持终端用户提供语音、短消息和数据等移动通信服务能力。中继卫星系统建设迈入升级换代新阶段，成功发射“天链一号”05星和“天链二号”01星，综合性能大幅提升。卫星通信广播地面系统持续完善，形成全球覆盖天地融合的卫星通信广播、互联网、物联网及信息服务能力。
(2) Satellite communications and broadcasting system
China has made steady progress in developing fixed communications and broadcasting satellite network, which now covers more areas with greater capacity. The Zhongxing-6C and Zhongxing-9B satellites ensure the uninterrupted, stable operation of broadcasting and television services. The Zhongxing-16 and APSTAR-6D satellites, each with a 50Gbps capacity, signify that satellite communications in China have reached the stage of high-capacity service.
The mobile communications and broadcasting satellite network has expanded with the launch of the Tiantong-1 02/03 satellites, operating in tandem with the Tiantong-1 01 satellite, to provide voice, short message and data services for hand-held terminal users in China, its neighboring areas, and certain parts of the Asia-Pacific.
The relay satellite system is being upgraded with the launch of the Tianlian-1 05 and Tianlian-2 01 satellites, giving a powerful boost to capacity.
The satellite communications and broadcasting ground system has been improved, to form a space-ground integrated network that provides satellite communications and broadcasting, internet, Internet of Things, and information services around the globe.
卫星导航系统。北斗三号全球卫星导航系统全面建成开通，完成30颗卫星发射组网，北斗系统“三步走”战略圆满完成，正式进入服务全球新时代。北斗系统具备定位导航授时、全球短报文通信、区域短报文通信、国际搜救、星基增强、地基增强、精密单点定位共七类服务能力，服务性能达到世界先进水平。
(3) Satellite navigation system
The completion and operation of the 30-satellite BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS-3) represents the successful conclusion of the system’s three-step strategy and its capacity to serve the world. BeiDou’s world-leading services include positioning, navigation, timing, regional and global short-message communication, global search and rescue, ground-based and satellite-based augmentation, and precise point positioning.
未来五年，中国将持续完善国家空间基础设施，推动遥感、通信、导航卫星融合技术发展，加快提升泛在通联、精准时空、全维感知的空间信息服务能力。研制静止轨道微波探测、新一代海洋水色、陆地生态系统碳监测、大气环境监测等卫星，发展双天线X波段干涉合成孔径雷达、陆地水资源等卫星技术，形成综合高效的全球对地观测和数据获取能力。推动构建高低轨协同的卫星通信系统，开展新型通信卫星技术验证与商业应用，建设第二代数据中继卫星系统。开展下一代北斗卫星导航系统导航通信融合、低轨增强等深化研究和技术攻关，推动构建更加泛在、更加融合、更加智能的国家综合定位导航授时（PNT）体系。持续完善卫星遥感、通信、导航地面系统。
In the next five years, China will continue to improve its space infrastructure, and integrate remote-sensing, communications, navigation, and positioning satellite technologies. It will:
- Upgrade its spatial information services featuring extensive connection, precise timing and positioning, and all dimension sensoring;
- Develop satellites for geostationary microwave monitoring, new-type ocean color observation, carbon monitoring of the territorial ecosystem, and atmospheric environmental monitoring;
- Develop dual-antenna X-band interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR), land water resources and other satellite technology, for efficient, comprehensive earth observation and data acquisition across the globe;
- Build a satellite communications network with high and low orbit coordination, test new communications satellites for commercial application, and build a second-generation data relay satellite system;
- Study and research navigation-communications integration, low-orbit augmentation and other key technologies for the next-generation BeiDou Navigation Satellite System, and develop a more extensive, more integrated and smarter national positioning, navigation and timing (PNT) system;
- Continue to improve the ground systems for remote-sensing, communications and navigation satellites.
（三）载人航天
3. Manned Spaceflight
“天舟一号”货运飞船成功发射并与“天宫二号”空间实验室成功交会对接，突破并掌握货物运输、推进剂在轨补加等关键技术，载人航天工程第二步圆满收官。“天和”核心舱成功发射，标志着中国空间站建造进入全面实施阶段。“天舟二号”“天舟三号”货运飞船和“神舟十二号”“神舟十三号”载人飞船成功发射，先后与“天和”核心舱快速对接，形成空间站组合体并稳定运行，6名航天员先后进驻中国空间站，实施出舱活动、舱外操作、在轨维护、科学实验等任务。
The Tianzhou-1 cargo spacecraft has docked with the earth-orbiting Tiangong-2 space laboratory. With breakthroughs in key technologies for cargo transport and in-orbit propellant replenishment, China has successfully completed the second phase of its manned spaceflight project.
The launch of the Tianhe core module marks a solid step in building China’s space station. The Tianzhou-2 and Tianzhou-3 cargo spacecraft and the Shenzhou-12 and Shenzhou-13 manned spacecraft, together with the Tianhe core module to which they have docked, form an assembly in steady operation. Six astronauts have worked in China’s space station, performing extravehicular activities, in-orbit maintenance, and scientific experiments.
未来五年，中国将继续实施载人航天工程，发射“问天”实验舱、“梦天”实验舱、“巡天”空间望远镜以及“神舟”载人飞船和“天舟”货运飞船，全面建成并运营中国空间站，打造国家太空实验室，开展航天员长期驻留、大规模空间科学实验、空间站平台维护等工作。深化载人登月方案论证，组织开展关键技术攻关，研制新一代载人飞船，夯实载人探索开发地月空间基础。
In the next five years, China will continue to implement its manned spaceflight project. It plans to:
- Launch the Wentian and Mengtian experimental modules, the Xuntian space telescope, the Shenzhou manned spacecraft, and the Tianzhou cargo spacecraft;
- Complete China’s space station and continue operations, build a space laboratory on board, and have astronauts on long-term assignments performing large-scale scientific experiments and maintenance;
- Continue studies and research on the plan for a human lunar landing, develop new-generation manned spacecraft, and research key technologies to lay a foundation for exploring and developing cislunar space.
（四）深空探测
4. Deep Space Exploration
月球探测工程。“嫦娥四号”探测器通过“鹊桥”卫星中继通信，首次实现航天器在月球背面软着陆和巡视勘察。“嫦娥五号”探测器实现中国首次地外天体采样返回，将1731克月球样品成功带回地球，标志着探月工程“绕、落、回”三步走圆满收官。
(1) Lunar exploration
Achieving relay communications through the Queqiao satellite, the Chang’e-4 lunar probe performed humanity’s first soft landing on the far side of the moon, and conducted roving exploration. The Chang’e-5 lunar probe brought back 1,731 g of samples from the moon, marking China’s first successful extraterrestrial sampling and return, and the completion of its three-step lunar exploration program of orbiting, landing and return.
行星探测工程。“天问一号”火星探测器成功发射，实现火星环绕、着陆，“祝融号”火星车开展巡视探测，在火星上首次留下中国人的印迹，中国航天实现从地月系到行星际探测的跨越。
(2) Planetary exploration
The Tianwen-1 Mars probe orbited and landed on Mars; the Zhurong Mars rover explored the planet and left China’s first mark there. China has achieved a leap from cislunar to interplanetary exploration.
未来五年，中国将继续实施月球探测工程，发射“嫦娥六号”探测器、完成月球极区采样返回，发射“嫦娥七号”探测器、完成月球极区高精度着陆和阴影坑飞跃探测，完成“嫦娥八号”任务关键技术攻关，与相关国家、国际组织和国际合作伙伴共同开展国际月球科研站建设。继续实施行星探测工程，发射小行星探测器、完成近地小行星采样和主带彗星探测，完成火星采样返回、木星系探测等关键技术攻关。论证太阳系边际探测等实施方案。
In the next five years, China will continue with lunar and planetary exploration. It will:
- Launch the Chang’e-6 lunar probe to collect and bring back samples from the polar regions of the moon;
- Launch the Chang’e-7 lunar probe to perform a precise landing in the moon’s polar regions and a hopping detection in lunar shadowed area;
- Complete R&D on the key technology of Chang’e-8, and work with other countries, international organizations and partners to build an international research station on the moon;
- Launch asteroid probes to sample near-earth asteroids and probe main-belt comets;
- Complete key technological research on Mars sampling and return, exploration of the Jupiter system, and so forth;
- Study plans for boundary exploration of the solar system.
（五）发射场与测控
5. Space Launch Sites and Telemetry, Tracking and Command (TT&C)
航天发射场。酒泉、太原、西昌发射场适应性改造全面完成，酒泉发射场新增液体火箭商业发射工位，文昌航天发射场进入业务化应用阶段，基本建成沿海内陆相结合、高低纬度相结合、各种射向范围相结合的航天发射格局，能够满足载人飞船、空间站舱段、深空探测器及各类卫星的多样化发射需求。海上发射平台投入使用，填补了中国海上发射火箭的空白。
(1) Space launch sites
Adaptive improvements have been completed at the Jiuquan, Taiyuan and Xichang launch sites, with new launch pads installed at Jiuquan for the commercial launch of liquid fuel rockets, and the Wenchang Launch Site entering service. China has formed a launch site network covering both coastal and inland areas, high and low altitudes, and various trajectories to satisfy the launch needs of manned spaceships, space station modules, deep space probes and all kinds of satellites. In addition, its first sea launch site has begun operation.
航天测控。测控通信能力实现由地月空间向行星际空间跨越，天基测控能力持续增强，国家航天测控网布局进一步优化，形成安全可靠、响应迅速、接入灵活、运行高效、服务广泛的天地一体化航天测控体系，圆满完成“神舟”“天舟”系列飞船、“天和”核心舱、“嫦娥”系列月球探测器、“天问一号”火星探测器等为代表的航天测控任务。商业卫星测控站网加快发展。
(2) Space TT&C
China’s leap from cislunar to interplanetary TT&C communications, with growing space-based TT&C capacity, represents a significant progress. Its space TT&C network has improved to form an integrated space-ground TT&C network providing security, reliability, quick response, flexible access, efficient operation and diverse services. TT&C missions of the Shenzhou and Tianzhou spacecraft series, Tianhe core module, Chang’e lunar probe series, and Tianwen-1 Mars probe have been completed successfully. TT&C station networks for commercial satellites are growing quickly.
未来五年，中国将在强化航天产品统一技术体制的基础上，进一步完善现有航天发射场系统，统筹开展发射场通用化、集约化、智能化建设，增强发射场系统任务适应性和可靠性，提升高密度、多样化发射任务支撑能力。建设商业发射工位和商业航天发射场，满足各类商业发射需求。持续完善现有航天测控系统，优化组织模式，创新测控技术和手段，强化天地基测控资源融合运用能力，推动构建全域覆盖、泛在互联的航天测控体系，统筹实施国家太空系统运行管理，提高管理和使用效益。建强深空测控通信网，保障月球、火星等深空探测任务实施。
In the next five years, China will strengthen unified technical standard-setting for its space products, and on this basis will:
- Further adapt the existing launch site system to better serve most launch missions, and make launch sites smarter, more reliable and more cost-effective to support high-intensity and diversified launch missions;
- Build commercial launch pads and launch sites to meet different commercial launch needs;
- Improve the space TT&C network in terms of organization, technology and methodology, grow the capacity to utilize and integrate space- and ground-based TT&C resources, and build a space TT&C network providing ubiquitous coverage and connections;
- Coordinate the operation and management of the national space system for greater efficiency;
- Strengthen the deep-space TT&C communications network to support missions probing the moon and Mars.
（六）新技术试验
6. Experiments on New Technologies
成功发射多颗新技术试验卫星，开展新一代通信卫星公用平台、甚高通量通信载荷、Ka频段宽带通信、星地高速激光通信、新型电推进等技术试验验证。
China has launched a number of new technological test satellites, and tested new technologies such as the common platforms of new-generation communications satellites, very high throughput satellites’ telecommunication payload, Ka-band communications, satellite-ground high-speed laser communications, and new electric propulsion.
未来五年，中国将面向新技术工程化应用，开展航天器智能自主管理、空间扩展飞行器、新型空间动力、航天器在轨服务与维护、空间碎片清除等新技术验证，以及航天领域新材料、新器件、新工艺在轨试验验证，提升技术成熟度和工程应用能力。
In the next five years, China will focus on new technology engineering and application, conduct in-orbit tests of new space materials, devices and techniques, and test new technologies in these areas:
- Smart self-management of spacecraft;
- Space mission extension vehicle;
- Innovative space propulsion;
- In-orbit service and maintenance of spacecraft;
- Space debris cleaning.
（七）空间环境治理
7. Space Environment Governance
空间碎片监测网络初具规模，基础数据库不断完善，碰撞预警和空间事件感知应对能力逐步提升，有力保障在轨航天器运行安全。落实国际空间碎片减缓准则、外空活动长期可持续准则，全面实施运载火箭末级钝化，成功实施“天宫二号”等航天器任务末期主动离轨，为空间碎片减缓作出积极贡献。近地小天体搜索跟踪和数据分析研究取得积极进展。初步建成空间天气保障业务体系，具备监测、预警和预报能力，应用服务效益不断拓展。
With a growing database, China’s space debris monitoring system is becoming more capable of collision warning and space event perception and response, effectively ensuring the safety of in-orbit spacecraft.
In compliance with the Space Debris Mitigation Guidelines and the Guidelines for the Long-term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities, China has applied upper stage passivation to all its carrier rockets, and completed end of life active deorbit of the Tiangong-2 and other spacecraft, making a positive contribution to mitigating space debris.
Progress has been made in the search and tracking of near-earth objects and in data analysis. A basic space climate service system is now in place, capable of providing services in space climate monitoring, early warning, and forecasting, and is providing broader applications.
未来五年，中国将统筹推进空间环境治理体系建设。加强太空交通管理，建设完善空间碎片监测设施体系、编目数据库和预警服务系统，统筹做好航天器在轨维护、碰撞规避控制、空间碎片减缓等工作，确保太空系统安全稳定有序运行。全面加强防护力量建设，提高容灾备份、抗毁生存、信息防护能力，维护国家太空活动、资产和其他利益的安全。论证建设近地小天体防御系统，提升监测、编目、预警和应对处置能力。建设天地结合的空间天气监测系统，持续完善业务保障体系，有效应对灾害性空间天气事件。
In the next five years, China will continue to expand its space environment governance system. It will:
- Strengthen space traffic control;
- Improve its space debris monitoring system, cataloguing database, and early warning services;
- Conduct in-orbit maintenance of spacecraft, collision avoidance and control, and space debris mitigation, to ensure the safe, stable and orderly operation of the space system;
- Strengthen the protection of its space activities, assets and other interests by boosting capacity in disaster backup and information protection, and increasing invulnerability and survivability;
- Study plans for building a near-earth object defense system, and increase the capacity of near-earth object monitoring, cataloguing, early warning, and response;
- Build an integrated space-ground space climate monitoring system, and continue to improve relevant services to effectively respond to catastrophic space climate events.
