三、服务决战脱贫攻坚和决胜全面小康
III. A Key to Poverty Alleviation and Moderate Prosperity文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/10301.html
全面奔小康，关键在农村；农村奔小康，交通要先行。中国将交通扶贫作为服务全面建成小康社会、推进农业农村现代化、人民共享改革发展成果的重要支撑，全力消除制约农村发展的交通瓶颈，为广大农民脱贫致富奔小康提供坚实保障。文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/10301.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/10301.html
Achieving moderate prosperity in China’s rural areas – the key for completion of this overall national task – hinges largely on the improvement of the transport network there. China is very conscious of the role of transport in poverty alleviation, and sees it as an important support to all-round moderate prosperity across the country, the modernization of agriculture and rural areas, and shared benefits from reform and development. Therefore, it makes every effort to remove the transport bottlenecks that hinder the development of rural areas, providing a solid foundation for rural people to escape from poverty and move to moderate prosperity.文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/10301.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/10301.html
（一）坚决打赢交通扶贫脱贫攻坚战文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/10301.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/10301.html
1. Winning the Battle Against Poverty Through Transport文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/10301.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/10301.html
把扶贫作为新时代交通运输发展的重要使命，完善扶贫规划政策体系，创新扶贫工作模式，做到“扶贫项目优先安排、扶贫资金优先保障、扶贫工作优先对接、扶贫措施优先落实”，以超常规的举措和力度，助力打赢脱贫攻坚战。文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/10301.html
Poverty alleviation has been raised to the top of the agenda for transport in the new era. The transport authorities have improved the planning and policy system for poverty alleviation, created new work models, and prioritized the planning, funding, coordination and implementation of poverty alleviation-oriented transport projects and measures. Through these extraordinary steps and efforts, China is counting on transport to facilitate its campaign against poverty.
加强交通扶贫规划设计。完善交通扶贫顶层设计和政策体系，制定交通扶贫规划、实施方案、行动计划，实施《集中连片特困地区交通建设扶贫规划纲要（2011－2020）》《“十三五”交通扶贫规划》《关于进一步发挥交通扶贫脱贫攻坚基础支撑作用的实施意见》等规划和政策文件，将革命老区、民族地区、边疆地区、贫困地区1177个县（市、区）全部纳入支持范围。以深度贫困地区为重点，加快国家高速公路、普通国省道改造建设，打造“康庄大道路”“幸福小康路”“平安放心路”“特色致富路”，推动交通建设项目尽量向进村入户倾斜。
Better planning for transport projects to alleviate poverty. China has improved the top-level design and policy framework of poverty alleviation-oriented transport projects. It has devised strategies, implementation programs, and action plans in this regard, including the Outline of Poverty Alleviation-Oriented Transport Projects in Contiguous Poverty-Stricken Areas (2011-2020), the Plan for Transport-Driven Poverty Alleviation During the 13th Five-Year Plan Period (2016-2020), the Opinions on the Implementation of the Plan to Further Leverage Transport to Support Poverty Alleviation, involving 1,177 counties, cities and districts in old revolutionary base areas, areas with large ethnic minority populations, border areas, and poor areas.
Taking severely impoverished areas as the priority, China has moved faster to upgrade national expressways and national and provincial highways, and prioritized transport projects that provide villages and households with better access to roads. It has worked to renovate and expand trunk and rural roads, improve the quality, safety and environment of transport infrastructure, and leverage local resources through transport.
创新精准交通脱贫模式。加强统筹设计，建立健全五年规划、三年行动计划、年度计划相互衔接的规划计划体系，分省细化年度计划，建立台账，压茬推进。加大“扶志”“扶智”工作力度，做好对贫困地区干部群众的宣传、教育、培训、科技推广，动员鼓励贫困群众参与农村公路建设，吸纳贫困家庭劳动力参与护路等工作。
Breaking new ground in targeted transport-driven poverty elimination. China has intensified coordinated planning in this field by formulating and improving a system in which a five-year plan, a three-year action plan and annual plans operate as a unit. Detailed annual programs are made at the provincial level to ensure the plans are carried out in alignment.
China has increased its effort to help impoverished people access education and build aspirations. In addition to providing them with useful information, knowledge, skills training and technologies, it has also encouraged them to find work on rural road construction projects, and employed workers from poverty-stricken households to carry out road maintenance.
持续加大交通扶贫资金投入。大幅提高贫困地区交通建设中央投资补助标准，2012年至2020年安排贫困地区公路建设的车购税资金超过1.46万亿元，占同期全国公路建设车购税资金的61.3%，带动全社会投入超过5.13万亿元。国家高速公路、普通国道补助标准分别由“十二五”时期平均占项目总投资的15%、30%，提高到“十三五”时期的30%、50%左右。乡镇、建制村通硬化路补助标准提高到平均工程造价的70%以上。通过优化中央预算内投资、车购税等资金支出结构，统筹加大各级各类资金倾斜力度，确保政策落地、资金到位、项目实施。
Increasing investment in poverty alleviation-oriented transport projects. The state has steadily increased the central government subsidy as a proportion of transport project investment for impoverished areas. From 2012 to 2020, over RMB1.46 trillion, or 61.3 percent of total road construction funds from vehicle purchase tax, was directed to poor areas, which mobilized another RMB5.13 trillion of social investment. The average contribution from vehicle purchase tax to national expressway projects rose from 15 percent during the 12th Five-Year Plan period (2011-2015) to 30 percent during the 13th Five-Year Plan period (2016-2020), and the increase in national highways was from 30 percent to 50 percent. Government subsidies from vehicle purchase tax to asphalt and concrete road projects for towns, townships and administrative villages rose to an average of 70 percent or more of project costs.
By optimizing the disposition of central budget investment, vehicle purchase tax, and other funds, China has lent more financial support to ensure the implementation of these policies and projects.
重点攻克深度贫困堡垒。全面建成小康社会最艰巨最繁重的任务在农村，特别是深度贫困地区。发挥交通在脱贫攻坚中的基础性、先导性作用，为深度贫困地区脱贫摘帽当好先行、做好支撑。加大对深度贫困地区支持力度，新增资金、新增项目、新增举措进一步向“三区三州”等深度贫困地区倾斜。2016年至2020年，安排车购税资金2746亿元支持“三区三州”交通项目建设，其中农村公路资金781亿元。
Focusing on severely impoverished areas. The most arduous tasks in achieving moderate prosperity throughout the country are in the rural areas, especially in severely impoverished areas. Therefore, China has underlined the primary role of transport in poverty elimination, and increased support to these locations, giving preference to the “three areas and three prefectures” * when allocating new funds, planning new projects and formulating new measures. From 2016 to 2020, China spent RMB274.6 billion from vehicle purchase tax on transport projects in the “three areas and three prefectures”, including RMB78.1 billion on rural road projects.
(*The “three areas and three prefectures” are national-level severely impoverished areas, with harsh natural and economic conditions. The “three areas” refer to the Tibet Autonomous Region, prefectures and counties with large Tibetan populations in Qinghai, Sichuan, Gansu and Yunnan provinces, and the Hotan, Aksu, Kashgar prefectures and the Kizilsu Kirgiz Autonomous Prefecture in southern Xinjiang. The “three prefectures” refer to the Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture in Sichuan Province, the Nujiang Lisu Autonomous Prefecture in Yunnan Province, and the Linxia Hui Autonomous Prefecture in Gansu Province.)
（二）“四好农村路”建设推动贫困地区交通高质量发展
2. Promoting High-Quality Transport in Poor Areas
道路通，百业兴。以建好、管好、护好、运营好农村公路（简称“四好农村路”）为牵引，积极推进贫困地区建设外通内联、通村畅乡、客车到村、安全便捷的交通运输网络，大力提升城乡客货运输服务水平，贫困地区交通落后面貌发生根本改变。
Good roads are key to prosperity in all sectors. Aiming to build high-quality rural roads that are properly built, operated, managed, and maintained, China has created a safe and easily accessible transport network that links villages, towns and townships in impoverished areas and connects them with other parts of the country. It has improved passenger and freight transport services in urban and rural areas, and expanded bus services to more villages. The backward nature of transport in poor areas has gone through a complete transformation.
贫困地区综合交通网络加快形成。缺少足够的交通基础设施是贫困地区面临的最大挑战之一。2016年至2019年，国家支持贫困地区改造建设了国家高速公路1.7万公里、普通国道5.3万公里，建成内河航道约2365公里。贫困地区县城基本实现了二级及以上公路覆盖，许多贫困县通了高速公路，不少地方还通了铁路、建了机场，干支衔接的高等级内河航道网络不断完善。贫困地区综合交通运输网络加快形成，曾经“山里山外两重天”的局面彻底改变。
Establishing a comprehensive transport network in poor areas. Inadequate transport infrastructure is one of the most formidable challenges confronting poverty-stricken areas. To resolve this challenge, the state subsidized the upgrading of 17,000 km of national expressways and 53,000 km of national highways, and the building of 2,365 km of inland waterways from 2016 to 2019. By now, almost all county seats in poor areas have access to highways of Grade II or above, with many of the counties having expressways, and some having railways or even airports. A high-grade inland waterway network linking trunk rivers and tributaries continues to improve. Through such efforts, a comprehensive transport network is taking shape in poor areas rapidly, and the gap between in and outside of these areas is shrinking.
“四好农村路”建设成效显著。以200个“四好农村路”全国示范县为引领，推动农村公路高质量发展。落实农村公路建设“七公开”制度，强化贫困地区交通建设管理和质量控制，优化农村公路路网结构，大力推进“路长制”，健全“四好农村路”建设长效机制。完善和落实省、市、县、乡镇、村五级责任，清晰界定工作职责，结合事业单位和乡镇机构改革，完善县乡农村公路管理体制。推动农村公路“满意工程”建设，推广建养一体化等建设养护模式。结合美丽乡村建设开展路域环境整治。统筹城乡客运资源，创新农村客运发展模式，整合交通、邮政、供销、电商等资源，推进了贫困地区农村物流发展。“四好农村路”建设取得了实实在在的成效，为农村特别是贫困地区带去了人气、财气。
Achieving notable results in building high-quality rural roads. Two hundred pilot counties have led the development of high-quality rural roads that are properly built, operated, managed, and maintained. China has strengthened regulation and exercised strict quality control of rural road projects, making seven key pieces of information available to the public: construction plans, subsidy policies, tendering, construction management, quality supervision, fund management, and project delivery and review. The country has improved the configuration of the rural road network, promoted the road chief system nationwide, and enhanced the long-term mechanism for building high-quality rural roads. A five-tiered accountability system has been implemented, clearly defining responsibilities for road management at provincial, city, county, township, and village levels. In the process of reforming public institutions and township government institutions, the rural road management system in counties and towns has also been improved.
The transport departments have strived to increase public satisfaction with rural roads, and promoted the practice of packaging road maintenance contracts with construction projects. The beautiful countryside program has served to improve the environment along rural roads.
Passenger transport resources in urban and rural areas are being coordinated, and new modes of passenger transport are being explored in rural areas. The resources of transport departments, postal agencies, supply and marketing cooperatives, and e-commerce companies have been integrated to improve logistics in poor rural areas.
These measures have achieved solid results, bringing business and funds to rural areas, especially those suffering from poverty.
“出行难”得到有效解决。农村公路建设实现跨越式发展，“晴天一身土，雨天一身泥”成为历史。截至2019年底，全国实现了具备条件的乡镇和建制村100%通硬化路；截至2020年9月，实现了具备条件的乡镇和建制村100%通客车。城乡道路客运一体化发展水平持续提升，以县城为中心、乡镇为节点、建制村为网点的交通网络初步形成，乡村之间、城乡之间连接更加紧密，6亿农民“出门水泥路，抬脚上客车”的梦想变成了现实。
Making travel easier and more convenient. Due to the significant improvement in rural roads, the days in which travelers had to trudge through dust and mud on dirt roads are gone. All towns, townships and administrative villages with feasible conditions had been connected to asphalt and concrete roads by the end of 2019, and to bus services by September 2020.
Integrated road passenger transport in urban and rural areas has made progress. A passenger transport network with county seats as centers, towns and townships as junctions, and administrative villages as points has taken shape. China’s 600 million rural people now enjoy easy and convenient access to better roads and bus services between villages and between urban and rural areas.
（三）交通助推广大农民脱贫致富奔小康
3. Helping Farmers Improve Their Lives Through Transport
交通运输的快速发展，破解了长期以来制约贫困地区经济社会发展的瓶颈，为广大农民脱贫致富奔小康、加快推进农业农村现代化提供了有力支撑，为谱写新时代乡村振兴新篇章奠定了坚实基础。
Better transport has cleared the bottlenecks that delayed economic and social development in poor areas, supporting farmers’ efforts to rise out of poverty and achieve moderate prosperity, reinforcing China’s endeavors to modernize agriculture and rural areas, and laying a solid foundation for rural revitalization in the new era.
农村公路助力广大农民奔小康。农村公路发展，重点在“建”，目标在“通”。2012年至2019年，中国新改建农村公路208.6万公里（其中贫困地区约110万公里），农村公路总里程达到420.1万公里，贫困地区新增5.1万个建制村通硬化路。2016年至2019年，贫困地区建设约9.6万公里通较大人口规模自然村的硬化路，建设45.8万公里农村公路安全生命防护工程，农村公路运行安全条件全面改善。出台《农村公路建设管理办法》《农村公路建设质量管理办法》《农村公路养护管理办法》，加快推进相关技术标准和规范制修订工作。出台《关于深化农村公路管理养护体制改革的意见》及相关配套制度，推进农村公路管理养护体制改革，建立健全农村公路管理养护长效机制。2012年至2019年，通行客车的建制村新增5.4万个。加快建设县乡村三级农村物流节点体系建设，推进农村物流发展，2019年农村地区收投快件超150亿件，工业品下乡、农产品出村、快递服务入户等运输服务能力不断提升。
Smoothing farmers’ path to moderate prosperity through rural roads. To achieve the goal of greater connectivity, from 2012 to 2019, China built or upgraded 2.09 million km of rural roads, including about 1.1 million km in poor areas, bringing the total length of rural roads to 4.2 million km, and connecting another 51,000 administrative villages in poor areas with asphalt and concrete roads. From 2016 to 2019, China built 96,000 km of asphalt and concrete roads in poor areas to reach natural villages with relatively large populations, and implemented a safety program on 458,000 km of rural roads, effectively preventing and reducing accidents.
The transport authorities have issued Administrative Measures for Rural Road Construction, Administrative Measures for Rural Road Quality, and Administrative Measures for Rural Road Maintenance, and formulated or modified relevant technical standards and specifications. The government issued the Opinions on Furthering Institutional Reform of Rural Road Management and Maintenance and put in place other auxiliary mechanisms to ensure long-term results in this field. From 2012 to 2019, the number of administrative villages with access to bus services increased by 54,000.
To develop logistics in rural areas, China has stepped up the construction of a three-tiered rural logistics network at county, township and village levels, which collected and delivered more than 15 billion parcels in 2019. Logistics companies are now able to offer better delivery services between urban and rural areas by transporting industrial products to the countryside and agricultural products to cities, and providing delivery services to the door.
铁路扶贫助力全面小康。持续提升贫困地区铁路网覆盖通达水平，加快连接贫困地区铁路规划建设，完善贫困地区铁路网络。截至2019年底，国家向14个集中连片特困地区、革命老区、少数民族地区、边疆地区累计投入3.3万亿元，占铁路基建总投资的78%。新投产铁路覆盖了274个国家级贫困县，助力融入“高铁经济圈”。运用大数据分析，优化贫困地区旅客列车开行方案，2019年日均开行途经贫困地区的旅客列车2328列,开行旅游扶贫专列594列，带动了沿线旅游、商贸、餐饮等产业发展和消费升级。精准开行农产品“点对点”运输专列、集装箱快运班列和高铁快运等，2018年以来累计运送贫困地区货物17.1亿吨。
Facilitating poverty alleviation through railways. China has accelerated the implementation of railway construction plans, and increased railway coverage to give poor areas better access to the rail network. By the end of 2019, RMB3.3 trillion, or 78 percent of total investment in railway infrastructure, has gone into railway projects in the 14 contiguous poverty-stricken areas, old revolutionary base areas, areas with large ethnic minority populations, and border areas. The new railways connect 274 national poor counties, integrating them into a larger “high-speed rail economic circle”.
Big data analysis is employed to optimize passenger train schedules for poor areas. In 2019, an average of 2,328 passenger trains ran every day with stops in poor areas, and 594 special tourist trains were arranged to poor areas, which promoted tourism, retail and catering businesses and helped stimulate consumption in areas along the lines. To transport agricultural products from poor areas, railway transport services effectively scheduled freight trains such as point-to-point trains, express container trains and high-speed express trains, which have transported 1.71 billion tonnes of freight since 2018.
“交通+”产业发展成效显著。积极推动“交通+‘旅游’‘产业’‘扶贫’”等发展新模式，推动贫困地区交通与产业深度融合。2012年至2019年，贫困地区新改建资源路、旅游路、产业路约5.9万公里。大力推进“交通+快递”扶贫工程，整合交通运输、供销、商贸、电商、邮政快递等资源，开展无人机物流配送应用试点，2018年全国邮政企业累计实现农村电商交易额1.4万亿元。“交通+特色农业+电商”“交通+文化+旅游”“交通+就业+公益岗”等扶贫模式不断创新发展。特色产业因路而起、因路而兴，为广大农民打开一扇脱贫致富的大门。
Delivering tangible benefits by advancing Transport Plus initiatives. China encourages new business models such as Transport Plus Tourism, Transport Plus Business, and Transport Plus Poverty Alleviation, and promotes the extensive integration of transport and business in poverty-stricken areas. From 2012 to 2019, China built or upgraded 59,000 km of roads serving resource transport, tourism and business development in poor areas.
The Transport Plus Express Delivery poverty alleviation projects integrate resources from different sectors, including transport, supply and marketing cooperatives, retail and e-commerce, and postal services. Drones have been tested to deliver parcels in rural areas. In 2018, China’s postal service companies completed a total of rural e-commerce transactions worth RMB1.4 trillion.
Other new models, such as Transport Plus Agriculture Plus E-commerce, Transport Plus Culture Plus Tourism, Transport Plus Employment Plus Public Welfare, have also played their part in poverty alleviation. Distinctive local businesses have emerged and flourished along with the newly built roads, creating a path to wealth for rural people.
农村交通有力促进美丽乡村建设。将农村公路建设作为社会主义新农村“村容整洁”和“乡风文明”建设的重要切入点，同步开展公路沿线绿化以及沿途村镇的美化建设，将农村公路打造成一道道靓丽的乡村风景线。农村公路的畅达，带动了农村人居环境同步改善和教育、医疗、文化等公共服务水平同步提升，推动了城乡经济一体化加快发展，广大农村因路而富、因路而美。
Reinforcing China’s efforts to build a beautiful countryside through rural transport. Transport departments have actively participated in the socialist new countryside program, and used rural road construction to expand the effort to maintain a clean environment and foster social etiquette and civility in the countryside. Trees have been planted and village profiles enhanced along the roads, turning rural roads into an attractive element of local scenery.
Interconnected roads help improve people’s lives and environment in rural areas, enhance public services such as education, health care, and culture, and promote integrated urban-rural development. Following the rapid expansion of rural roads, the vast countryside is finding greater prosperity and becoming more attractive.
