六、滥用武力制裁侵犯他国人权
VI. Abuse of Force and Sanctions Violates Human Rights in Other Countries文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/13050.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/13050.html
美国一贯奉行霸权主义、单边主义、干涉主义，频频动用武力导致大量平民伤亡，滥用单边制裁引发人道主义危机，以强权挑战公理，以私利践踏正义，肆意侵犯他国人权，已成为国际人权事业健康发展的最大阻碍者和破坏者。文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/13050.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/13050.html
The U.S. has always pursued hegemonism, unilateralism and interventionism. The country frequently uses force, resulting in a large number of civilian casualties. Its abusive use of unilateral sanctions has caused humanitarian crises, challenging justice with hegemony, trampling on righteousness with self-interest, and wantonly violating human rights in other countries. It has become the biggest obstacle and destroyer of the sound development of the international human rights cause.文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/13050.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/13050.html
“反恐”造成大量平民丧生。《今日美国报》网站2021年2月25日报道，布朗大学沃森国际和公共事务研究所战争代价项目研究显示，美国近20年发动的所谓“反恐”战争已经夺去超过92.9万人的生命。美国在阿富汗20年的军事行动，累计造成包括3万多平民在内的17.4万人死亡，受伤人数超过6万。《今日美国报》网站2021年8月26日评论称，美国在阿富汗的撤军行动是一场彻头彻尾的灾难。美军撤离阿富汗和当年撤离越南相似的悲剧表明，美国政府一贯为了一己私利而罔顾最基本的人道主义。在喀布尔机场的混乱中，一架美军C-17运输机不顾阿富汗民众生命安全强行起飞，有人被强行收起的起落架在轮舱内活活碾碎，有人从高空坠落身亡。就在仓皇撤离的最后时刻，美军发动的空袭还造成了严重的平民伤亡。美国国防部却公然表示，没有美军人员会因无人机空袭致平民死亡事件遭受处分。《纽约时报》网站2021年12月18日报道，调查发现，美国在伊拉克、叙利亚和阿富汗超过5万次的空袭行动鲁莽草率，目标选择不当，造成成千上万平民死亡。而军方一直隐瞒伤亡人数，实际造成的平民死亡人数远高于军方公布的数据。以2016年美军对叙利亚托克哈尔村发动的空袭为例，军方声称“可能有7至24名平民与战斗人员混杂在一起”被炸死，但美军实际上袭击的是民房，有超过120名无辜平民遇害。文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/13050.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/13050.html
The U.S. war on terror has killed millions of people. Since the 21st century, the United States has launched a series of global foreign military operations in the name of anti-terrorism, resulting in nearly one million deaths. The website of USA TODAY reported on Feb. 25, 2021 that the so-called anti-terrorism war launched by the United States in the past 20 years has claimed the lives of more than 929,000 people, according to the “costs of war” study by Watson Institute for International and Public Affairs of Brown University. The 20-year U.S. military operations in Afghanistan have killed 174,000 people, including more than 30,000 civilians, and injured more than 60,000 people.文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/13050.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/13050.html
The website of USA TODAY commented on Aug. 26, 2021 that the U.S. withdrawal from Afghanistan was a total disaster. Tragedies like the U.S. withdrawal from Afghanistan and Vietnam show that Washington has a history of ignoring basic humanitarianism for its own selfish ends.
In the chaos at Kabul airport, a U.S. C-17 transport plane forcibly took off regardless of the safety of Afghan civilians, with someone crushed to death in wheel well while the plane retracting landing gear, and others falling to their deaths from the air.
Even in the last minutes of the frantic evacuation, U.S. army’s air strikes caused heavy civilian casualties. However, the U.S. Defense Department publicly said that no U.S. military personnel would be punished for the deaths of civilians in drone strikes.
The New York Times reported on Dec. 18, 2021 that investigation found that more than 50,000 U.S. airstrikes in Iraq, Syria and Afghanistan were reckless and poorly targeted, killing tens of thousands of civilians. The military has been concealing the number of casualties, and the actual number of civilian deaths is much higher than the military’s published figures. The most obvious case is the U.S. airstrike on the Syrian hamlet of Tokhar in 2016. The military claimed that about seven to 24 civilians “intermixed with the fighters” might have died, but the U.S. military actually attacked private houses and more than 120 innocent civilians were killed.
持续的战争与动荡导致阿富汗近三分之一人口沦为难民，350万阿富汗人因冲突而流离失所，近2300万人面临极端饥饿，其中有320万名5岁以下儿童。⑨美国撤离阿富汗后，立即将阿富汗中央银行数十亿美元外汇储备冻结，导致阿富汗经济处于崩溃的边缘，人民生活雪上加霜。联合国粮食及农业组织和世界粮食计划署2021年11月的评估报告显示，阿富汗全国仅有5%的人能够每日获得足够的粮食。《纽约时报》报道称，美国国防承包商是“反恐”战争的真正赢家，美国在阿富汗的20年“真正建设的不是一个国家，而是500多个军事基地，以及为这些基地提供物资者的个人财富”。美国2020年至2021年向阿富汗提供的重建援助中，只有约12%的资金真正给了阿富汗政府，其余大部分资金都流入了路易斯伯杰集团等美国公司的腰包。阿联酋《今日海湾》网站2021年12月19日发表《美国是如何毁掉伊拉克的》一文称，食品供应不足和通货膨胀使伊拉克人长期忍饥挨饿。由于美军轰炸对发电厂和水处理设施造成的破坏，患腹泻病的人数是战前的4倍。而药品和医疗器材的缺乏，使得伊拉克卫生系统陷入危机，首当其冲的受害者是穷人、儿童、寡妇、老人等最脆弱的群体。
The ongoing war and instability have made nearly a third of the Afghan population refugees. A total of 3.5 million Afghans have been displaced by the conflict, and nearly 23 million face extreme hunger, including 3.2 million children under the age of five. When the United States withdrew its troops from Afghanistan, it immediately froze billions of dollars in foreign exchange reserves at the Afghan central Bank, causing the Afghan economy to be on the brink of collapse and making life worse for the people. According to an assessment by the UN Food and Agriculture Organization and the World Food Program which was released November 2021, only 5 percent of Afghans receive enough food on a daily basis. The New York Times reported that U.S. national defense contractors were the real winners in the “war on terror” and that the United States’ 20 years in Afghanistan “really built not a country but more than 500 military bases and the personal wealth of those who supplied them.” Only about 12 percent of the reconstruction aid the United States provided from 2020 to 2021 actually went to the Afghan government, with most of the rest going to American companies like Lewis Berger. The Gulf Today website of the United Arab Emirates published an article titled “How the United States Destroyed Iraq” on Dec. 19, 2021, saying that inadequate food supply and inflation have left Iraqis chronically hungry. As a result of the damage to power plants and water treatment facilities caused by U.S. bombings, the number of people suffering from diarrhoeal diseases was four times higher than pre-war level. The lack of medicine and medical equipment has left Iraq’s health system in crisis, with the poor, children, widows, the elderly and other most vulnerable groups suffering the most.
单边制裁祸及他国民众。联合国人权理事会单边强制措施对享受人权的负面影响问题特别报告员阿莱娜·多汉称，美国对委内瑞拉制裁造成的经济影响，已经转嫁到委内瑞拉人民身上，对其享有人权产生严重负面影响。美国对伊朗石油部门的制裁导致伊朗无法进口足够的医疗用品，影响伊朗人民的生命权和健康权。美国对叙利亚的制裁，严重影响叙利亚人民享有经济、社会、文化权利。2021年6月23日，联合国大会连续第29次通过决议，呼吁美国终止对古巴长达50年的经济封锁，与古巴开展对话，改善两国关系。古巴外交部长布鲁诺·罗德里格斯表示，在古巴面临新冠肺炎疫情的挑战时，美国却继续对古巴实施禁运和制裁，使古巴经济及社会遭受巨大损失，古巴人民正在承受这一极不人道行为造成的伤害。经济封锁是一种“大规模、公然和不可接受的对古巴人民人权的侵犯”“制裁就像病毒一样，令人窒息和死亡，必须停止”。
Unilateral sanctions affect negatively people of other countries. Alena Douhan, UN Special Rapporteur on Negative Impact of Unilateral Coercive Measures on Human Rights, highlighted the sanctions’ devastating impact on all of Venezuela’s population, as well as on their enjoyment of human rights. The U.S. sanctions on Iran’s oil sector have resulted in Iran’s inability to import sufficient medical supplies, affecting the Iranians’ right to life and health. The U.S. embargoes against Syria have severely affected the Syrian people’s enjoyment of economic, social, and cultural rights. On June 23, 2021, the UN General Assembly voted in favor of a resolution for the 29th consecutive year to call on the United States to end embargo on Cuba and start dialogue to improve bilateral ties with the country. Cuban Foreign Minister Bruno Rodriguez said the United States continues to impose the embargo and sanctions against Cuba in the face of COVID-19, causing huge losses to the Cuban economy and society, and the Cuban people are suffering from the harm caused by this extremely inhumane act. Economic embargo is a massive, flagrant and unacceptable violation of the human rights of the Cuban people and “like the virus, the blockade asphyxiates and kills, it must stop,” he added.
关塔那摩监狱再曝酷刑丑闻。2021年2月23日，联合国人权理事会在反恐中促进和保障人权问题特别报告员、酷刑问题特别报告员、任意处决问题特别报告员等16名特别机制专家发表联合声明称，很多仍被关押在关塔那摩监狱的人已经步入暮年，身体虚弱，他们长期被剥夺自由并无休止地承受精神和肉体的酷刑。哥伦比亚广播公司新闻网2021年10月29日报道，美国在关塔那摩监狱仍关押着39人。曾被关押在那里的马吉德汗首次公开揭露了自己遭受的酷刑，包括反复遭受殴打、水刑、强制灌肠、性侵犯，被长期剥夺睡眠。他描述说，“我大喊‘我要死了’，恳求他们停下来，但仍被长时间裸体悬挂在天花板的横梁上反复浇冰水，连续几天不让睡觉”。在遭受水刑时，他的头被长时间摁在水里，几近窒息。联合国人权理事会委派的人权问题独立专家组2022年1月10日发表声明表示，20年来，美国未经审判就将人任意拘押在关塔那摩监狱，并施加酷刑或虐待的做法，违背国际人权法，是“美国政府在法治承诺上的污点”。尽管遭到国际社会“强烈、反复、明确”的谴责，美国仍我行我素。专家组敦促美国关闭关塔那摩监狱，结束“肆意侵犯人权的丑陋一页”，同时按照国际法赔偿遭受酷刑和任意拘押的人，并追究相关人员责任。
The Guantanamo Bay prison has been the scene of repeated torture scandals. On Feb. 23, 2021, a group of 16 UN experts said many of the remaining detainees are vulnerable and now elderly individuals whose physical and mental integrity has been compromised by unending deprivation of freedom and related physical and psychological torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. The experts, including the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of human rights while countering terrorism, the Special Rapporteur on torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment, and the Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions, are part of the Special Procedures of the Human Rights Council. CBS News reported on Oct. 29, 2021 that the United States still holds 39 people at Guantanamo Bay. Majid Khan, a former detainee there, publicly revealed for the first time the torture he suffered, including being beaten, given forced enemas, sexually assaulted, starved, and deprived of sleep. “I thought I was going to die,” he said, “I would beg them to stop.” He said he was suspended naked from a ceiling beam for long periods, doused repeatedly with ice water to keep him awake for days. He described having his head held under water to the point of near drowning.
The independent panel of experts on human rights appointed by the UN Human Rights Council issued a statement on Jan. 10, 2022, saying that two decades of practicing arbitrary detention without trial accompanied by torture or ill treatment violates international human right laws, and is a “stain on the U.S. government’s commitment to the rule of law.” Despite forceful, repeated and unequivocal condemnation of the operation of this horrific detention and prison complex, the United States continues to detain persons many of whom have never been charged with any crime, the experts said. The experts urged the U.S. to close the Guantanamo Bay prison. They also called for reparations to be made for tortured and arbitrarily detained prisoners, and for those who authorized and engaged in torture to be held accountable, as required under international law.
- 美国《外交政策》网站（https://foreignpolicy.com），2021年7月15日。
- 有线电视新闻网（https://edition.cnn.com），2021年11月26日。
- 中心网站（https://www.pewresearch.org），2021年8月16日。
- 美国有线电视新闻网（https://edition.cnn.com），2021年7月7日。
- YouGov舆观调查网报道，2021年8月16日。
- 《芝加哥论坛报》网站（https://www.chicagotribune.com），2021年11月16日。
- 美国有线电视新闻网（https://edition.cnn.com），2021年10月29日。
- 2018年4月，美国政府开始实施强制移民儿童与父母骨肉分离的政策，将移民儿童和父母分开关押。此举严重违反儿童利益最大化原则，遭致国际社会强烈谴责。
- 联合国网站（https://news.un.org），2021年12月3日。
