四、放纵种族歧视加剧社会不公
IV. Indulging in Racial Discrimination Exacerbates Social Injustice文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/13050.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/13050.html
美国根深蒂固的种族主义“病毒”与新冠肺炎病毒一起蔓延，反亚裔仇恨犯罪频发高发，对穆斯林群体的歧视有增无减，土著居民遭受的种族迫害仍在继续，种族经济鸿沟不断扩大，种族不平等日益加剧。文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/13050.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/13050.html
The “virus” of deeply-entrenched racism in the United States is spreading along with the novel coronavirus, with anti-Asian hate crimes happening frequently, discrimination against Muslim communities increasing steadily, and racial persecution of indigenous populations still remaining, which has led to an even widening racial economic divide and growing racial inequality.文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/13050.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/13050.html
亚裔面临日趋严重的歧视和暴力攻击。在美国政客的种族主义操弄下，针对亚裔的袭击事件大幅增加。“停止仇恨亚裔及太平洋岛民”组织2021年11月18日发布的报告显示，2020年3月19日至2021年9月30日，该组织共收到10370起针对亚裔的种族主义攻击事件报告，大多数事件发生在街道、工作场所等公共空间。纽约市警察局2021年12月8日发布的数据显示，该市2021年针对亚裔的仇恨犯罪比2020年猛增361%。《华盛顿邮报》网站2021年4月22日报道，皮尤研究中心的一项调查显示，81%的亚裔成年人认为针对亚裔群体的暴力行为正在增多。《纽约时报》评论称，“没有疫苗能治种族主义”，纽约的亚裔生活在恐惧之中，反亚裔暴力造成的心理影响给亚裔社区带来创伤。美国国家公共电台网站2021年10月22日报道，四分之一的亚裔美国人担心他们的家庭成员会因为种族身份而受到攻击或威胁。文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/13050.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/13050.html
Asian Americans face increasingly severe discrimination and violent attacks. As a result of U.S. politicians’ manipulation over racial issue, the number of attacks targeting Asian Americans has drastically increased. According to a report published on Nov. 18, 2021 by the national coalition Stop Asian American and Pacific Islander Hate, from March 19, 2020 to Sept. 30, 2021, a total of 10,370 hate incidents against Asian American and Pacific Islander people were reported to the organization, and a majority of the incidents took place in spaces open to the public like public streets and businesses.文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/13050.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/13050.html
Statistics released by the New York Police Department on Dec. 8, 2021 showed that anti-Asian hate crimes in the city rose by 361 percent from that of 2020. According to a report of The Washington Post on April 22, 2021, a Pew Research Center survey found that 81 percent of Asian adults said violence against the group was rising. The New York Times commented that “no vaccine for racism.” It said that Asian New Yorkers live in fear of attacks, and the psychological effects of anti-Asian violence have scarred Asian communities in the United States. U.S. broadcaster NPR reported on Oct. 22, 2021 that one in four Asian Americans feared that members of their household would be attacked or threatened because of their race or ethnicity.
2021年3月16日晚，21岁的白人男子罗伯特·亚伦·朗持枪袭击亚特兰大地区3家亚裔经营的按摩店和水疗中心，共造成8人死亡，其中6人是亚裔女性。这起血案是美国近年来针对亚裔歧视和暴力攻击现象不断升级的缩影，激起了人们前所未有的愤怒与恐惧。成千上万的亚裔及其他族裔人士持续走上街头，举行声势浩大的“停止仇视亚裔”集会游行活动。2021年1月28日，一名84岁的泰裔老人在旧金山被蓄意猛烈撞击倒地致死。2021年4月23日，61岁的华裔男子马姚潘在纽约街头遭背后袭击倒地，头部遭到反复重踹，致使面部骨折。他在医院昏迷长达8个月后最终不治身亡。2021年11月17日，费城3名华裔高中生在放学回家的地铁上遭到暴力攻击，当地警方表示“受害者之所以被选中很明显是因为他们的亚裔身份”。《纽约时报》2021年4月3日集中报道了过去一年110余起有明显证据的美国反亚裔种族仇恨事件。该报道指出：“在过去一年里，在一系列明显带有种族敌意的事件中，亚裔被推搡、被殴打、被踢踹、被唾面、被辱骂，甚至连房屋和商店也遭到破坏。”而这只不过是亚裔遭受种族主义攻击的冰山一角。
On March 16, 2021, 21-year-old Robert Aaron Long, a white male, launched gun attacks at three Asian-owned spas in Atlanta, killing eight people. Six of them are Asian women.
The deadly shooting epitomizes an escalation of discrimination and violent attacks against Asian-Americans in the country in recent years, sparking unprecedented anger and fear. Thousands of Asians and people of other ethnic groups took to the streets in massive “Stop Asian Hate” rallies and marches.
On Jan. 28, 2021, an 84-year-old man from Thailand was deliberately knocked down to the ground and then died in San Francisco.
On April 23, 2021, Ma Yaopan, a 61-year-old Chinese man, was attacked from behind and fell to the ground on a street in New York. He then was repeatedly kicked in the head, which caused facial fractures. After eight months in a coma, he eventually died in hospital.
On Nov. 17, 2021, three Chinese high school students were violently assaulted on a subway train on their way home from school in Philadelphia. “It was clear that they were picked on because they were Asian,” said a local police officer.
On April 3, 2021, a report of The New York Times documented more than 110 anti-Asian incidents in the past year with clear evidence of racial hatred. “Over the last year, in an unrelenting series of episodes with clear racial animus, people of Asian descent have been pushed, beaten, kicked, spit on and called slurs. Homes and businesses have been vandalized,” said the report. That was just a tip of the iceberg of racist attacks on Asians in the United States.
英国广播公司2021年7月22日报道，被视为“永远的外国人”是许多亚裔美国人共同的痛苦经历，而在排外主义和反共思潮的共同作用下，美国政府对华人科学家的疑虑已存在超过半个世纪。自2018年11月美国实施所谓的“中国行动计划”以来，华人科学家频繁遭受美国政府的无端骚扰、监控和打击，执法部门的各种恶劣、荒谬行径不断遭媒体曝光。《纽约时报》网站2021年11月29日报道，斯坦福大学、加州大学伯克利分校和普林斯顿大学等机构近2000名学者签署公开信，表达对该计划过度针对华人研究人员的担忧。《耶鲁每日新闻》2021年12月9日报道，耶鲁大学近100名教授联名发表公开信谴责该计划极具侵略性和歧视性，不成比例地针对华人学者，对科学探究和学术自由构成威胁，敦促美国政府终止该计划。《麻省理工技术评论》的调查显示，该计划涉及的大多数案件的指控都被驳回或基本未生效。多个美国亚裔民权机构称，该计划针对华人的调查将导致“歧视与污名化”。深受该计划迫害的华人科学家郗小星称，华人科学家当前的处境与二战时日裔美国人被送往拘留营类似，几乎如同重回麦卡锡时代。美国《外交事务》网站2021年7月28日发表题为《不要种族主义的竞争关系》的文章称，“美国外交政策制定者一贯夸大中国威胁”是导致仇视亚裔事件激增的关键因素，妖魔化中国必然会妖魔化美国所有亚洲面孔的人，“除非美国政策制定者停止将中国作为美国所有困境的出气筒，否则亚裔美国人将继续处于水深火热之中”。
BBC reported on July 22, 2021 that being regarded as a “permanent alien” is a painful experience shared by many Asian Americans, and under the combined effect of xenophobia and anti-communism, the U.S. government has been suspicious of Chinese scientists for more than half a century.
Since the implementation of the so-called “China Initiative” in November 2018, Chinese scientists have frequently been subjected to gratuitous harassment, monitoring and crackdown by the U.S. government. Vile and absurd acts of the U.S. law enforcement authorities have been constantly exposed by the media.
The New York Times on Nov. 29, 2021 reported on its website that about 2,000 academics at institutions including Stanford University, the University of California, Berkeley and Princeton University have signed an open letter, expressing concerns that the initiative unduly targets researchers of Chinese descent.
The Yale Daily News reported on Dec. 9, 2021 that nearly 100 Yale professors have jointly published an open letter condemning the China Initiative, saying that it is invasive and discriminatory, disproportionately targets researchers of Chinese origin, and poses threats to scientific inquiry and academic freedom. They called for an end to the initiative.
According to an investigation by MIT Technology Review, a majority of cases under the initiative have had charges dismissed or are largely inactive.
Several Asian-American civil rights groups in the United States said that investigation against Chinese under the initiative would lead to “discrimination and stigmatization.”
Xi Xiaoxing, a Chinese scientist victimized by the initiative, said the current situation of scientists of Chinese origin is similar to that of Japanese-Americans sent to internment camps during World War II, almost like a return to the McCarthy era.
On July 28, 2021, Foreign Affairs published an article titled Rivalry Without Racism on its website, saying that “U.S. foreign-policy makers’ consistent over-exaggeration of China’s threat to the United States” is a vital element of the recent surge in anti-Asian incidents. Demonizing China leads to the demonization of Asians in the country, and “until policymakers stop using China as a punching bag for all of the United States’ woes, Asian Americans will continue to be at risk,” said the article.
对穆斯林的欺凌和仇视有增无减。彭博社2021年9月9日报道称，“9·11”事件后的20年间，美国对穆斯林的歧视呈上升趋势。美联社2021年9月9日报道，调查发现，53%的美国人对伊斯兰教持负面看法。美国－伊斯兰关系委员会2021年发布的报告称，该组织每年都会收到更多与欺凌和仇视穆斯林相关言论的投诉。该组织加利福尼亚州分支2021年10月28日发布的报告显示，加利福尼亚州超过50%的受访学生表示会因为自己的穆斯林身份受到欺凌，在学校感到不安全，这是自2013年以来的最高值。加州大学伯克利分校他者与归属感研究所2021年10月29日发布的调查数据显示，67.5%的穆斯林受访者经历过“伊斯兰恐惧症”带来的伤害，93.7%的穆斯林受访者表示他们的身心健康受到“伊斯兰恐惧症”的影响。
Discrimination and attacks against Muslims are on the rise. Bloomberg reported on Sept. 9, 2021 that over the past two decades since the 9/11 terrorist attacks, discrimination against Muslim Americans has surged.
The Associated Press reported on Sept. 9, 2021 that a poll found 53 percent of Americans have unfavorable views toward Islam.
In a 2021 report, the Council on American-Islamic Relations said it receives more complaints of bullying and Islamophobic rhetoric every year. A report published by the council’s California chapter on Oct. 28, 2021 showed that more than half of the students surveyed across California said they do not feel safe at school because they are bullied for their Muslim heritage. That’s the highest percentage the California chapter has documented since the survey started in 2013.
A survey released on Oct. 29, 2021 by the Othering and Belonging Institute in University of California, Berkeley, found that 67.5 percent of the Muslim participants had experienced Islamophobia-related harms and that 93.7 percent of the respondents said they had been impacted by Islamophobia emotionally or physically.
土著居民长期遭受惨无人道的种族迫害。美国侵犯土著居民权利的历史漫长而黑暗，包括印第安人在内的土著居民经历了血腥屠杀、野蛮驱逐和文化灭绝。美国《外交政策》网站2021年10月11日发表题为《美国必须正视自己的种族灭绝行为》的文章称，美国政府19世纪至20世纪期间出资建立的350多所土著居民寄宿学校，强制土著居民儿童脱离家庭和社区入读偏远的寄宿学校，对其实施文化同化。这一政策一直延续到20世纪70年代，数十万土著居民儿童被迫背井离乡，不少人遭受虐待命丧校园。在这些寄宿学校中，美洲印第安、阿拉斯加和夏威夷土著居民的身份、语言、信仰遭到压制。美国不仅在道义上，而且在法律上对本国人民犯下了种族灭绝罪行。
The aborigines have long suffered cruel racial persecution. The United States has a long and dark history of violating the rights of indigenous people, including Indians, who have experienced bloody massacres, brutal expulsions and cultural genocide.
An article titled “The United States Must Reckon with Its Own Genocides” published on the website of Foreign Policy on Oct. 11, 2021 noted that over the course of the 19th and 20th centuries, more than 350 indigenous boarding schools were funded by the U.S. government, which aimed to culturally assimilate indigenous children by forcibly separating them from their families and communities to distant residential facilities.
Until the 1970s, hundreds of thousands of indigenous children had been uprooted from their homes and many had been abused to death in those boarding schools where their American Indian, Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian identities, languages, and beliefs were forcibly suppressed.
The United States is not just morally, but also legally responsible for the crime of genocide against its own people, said the article.
新冠肺炎疫情期间，纳瓦霍族、切罗基族、苏族等印第安人在疾病、贫困中艰难挣扎，却被系统性漠视。横跨亚利桑那州、犹他州和新墨西哥州的纳瓦霍族印第安居住区，一度是美国新冠肺炎感染率最高的地区之一。英国《卫报》2020年4月24日报道称，相较于人口占比，印第安人新冠肺炎感染率和死亡率严重不成比例，但在美国约80%的州卫生部门发布的与疫情相关的种族人口数据中，几乎一半的州没有明确将土著居民纳入分类范围，而是将他们归类为“其他”。西雅图印第安人健康委员会首席研究官阿比盖尔·埃科-霍克表示：“因为遭到种族灭绝，我们的人口很少。如果把我们排除在数据之外，我们就不存在了。”“今日俄罗斯”2022年1月8日报道，研究显示，20世纪50年代以来，美国秘密进行的1000多场核武器试验中有928场都是在印第安人肖肖尼部落的保留地上进行的。这些核试验累计产生62万吨放射性沉降物，是1945年日本广岛原子弹爆炸后所产生放射性沉降物的近48倍。肖肖尼部落的伊恩·扎巴特表示，核试验项目已造成当地上千人死亡，许多人因此罹患癌症。
During the COVID-19 pandemic, the Navajo Nation, the Cherokee Nation, the Sioux Nation and other Native Americans have struggled with disease and poverty, which, however, has all been systematically ignored. The Navajo Nation, which stretches across Arizona, Utah and New Mexico, was once among the areas with the highest rates of COVID-19 infection across the country.
The Guardian reported on April 24, 2020 that early data indicated dramatically disproportionate rates of COVID-19 infection and death of Native Americans. Among about 80 percent of U.S. state health departments that have released some racial demographic data on the impact of the coronavirus, almost half of them did not explicitly include Native Americans in their breakdowns and instead categorized them under the label “other.” “We are a small population of people because of genocide,” said Abigail Echo-Hawk, chief research officer of Seattle Indian Health Board. “If you eliminate us in the data, we don’t exist.”
Russian news network RT reported on Jan. 8, 2022 that since the 1950s, among more than 1,000 clandestine nuclear tests the U.S. government has conducted, 928 took place on lands of the Shoshone Aboriginal tribe, leaving 620,000 tons of radioactive dust. The amount of radioactive dust is nearly 48 times that of the nuclear explosion in Hiroshima, Japan in 1945. According to Ian Zabarte of the Shoshone Nation, more than 1,000 people of the Shoshone Aboriginal tribe have died directly from the nuclear explosion, and many people have consequently suffered from cancer.
种族间的经济鸿沟持续扩大。美国少数族裔与白人之间存在长期性系统性的经济不平等，表现在就业创业、工资收入、金融贷款等方方面面。⑥《今日美国报》网站2021年4月7日报道，美国劳工统计局的数据显示，截至2021年第一季度，亚裔群体约有61.5万人失业，其中48%的人已经失业6个月以上，这一数字比其他族裔长期失业的比例都要高。洛杉矶韩国城移民职工联盟执行董事亚历山得拉·苏认为，亚裔在美国受到种族歧视，被引导从事餐饮、洗衣、家政、护理等劳动报酬较低的行业，在疫情期间受到的冲击最大。《今日美国报》网站2021年7月30日报道，盖洛普的调查显示，59%的美国人认为少数族裔难以拥有平等的就业机会。《国会山报》网站2021年9月11日报道，27%的少数族裔拥有的小企业仍处于关闭状态，远高于白人拥有的小企业的关闭率，白人创业公司在成立之年获得贷款的可能性是非洲裔创业公司的7倍。疫情期间，少数族裔经营的企业没有通过工资保护计划获得公平的联邦援助，遭受了更大的经济打击。美国有线电视新闻网2021年7月15日报道，约17%的非洲裔家庭缺乏基本的金融服务，是白人家庭的近6倍。《洛杉矶时报》网站2021年12月15日报道，尽管拉美裔占美国总人口的19%，但拥有的财富仅占2%。白人家庭的净资产中位数是拉美裔家庭的5倍以上。
The economic divide between races continues to widen. There has been a long-term and systematic economic inequality between ethnic minority groups and the white population in the United States, which is manifested in various aspects such as employment and entrepreneurship, wages, and financial loans.
USA TODAY reported on April 7, 2021 that, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, 48 percent of the Asian community’s estimated 615,000 unemployed were without work for six months-plus through the first quarter of 2021. The figure surpassed the portion of long-term unemployed among jobless workers of other ethnic groups.
Alexandra Suh, executive director of the Koreatown Immigrant Workers Alliance in Los Angeles, said that Asians in the United States have been racialized, steered toward jobs and industries like catering, laundries and domestic work, nursing and personal care, which are devalued, underpaid and impacted hardest during the pandemic.
On July 30, 2021, USA TODAY reported on its website that a new Gallup poll showed that 59 percent Americans do not believe racial minorities have equal job opportunities.
The Hill reported on its website on Sept. 11, 2021 that 27 percent of minority-owned small businesses remained closed, much higher than White-owned small businesses. White-owned startups are seven times more likely to obtain loans than Black-owned ones during their founding year. Throughout the pandemic, businesses owned by people of color did not receive equitable access to federal aid, being hit harder economically.
CNN reported on July 15, 2021 that around 17 percent of African American households lack basic financial services compared to 3 percent of white households.
On Dec. 15, 2021, the Los Angeles Times reported on its website that despite representing 19 percent of the U.S. population, Hispanic families hold just 2 percent of the nation’s total wealth. The median net worth of white families is more than five times greater than Hispanic families.
制度的结构性缺陷导致美国种族不平等日益加剧。2021年11月22日，联合国人权理事会少数群体问题特别报告员费尔南·德瓦雷纳在结束对美国为期14天的考察之后表示，在人权和少数族裔问题上，美国历史上对奴隶制的支持导致了世界上最残酷的内战之一，种族隔离制度一直延续到20世纪后期，土著居民几个世纪经历着暴行、掠夺甚至是种族灭绝。德瓦雷纳表示，美国法律体系在结构设计上就对富人有利、为其提供豁免，而只惩罚穷人，特别是少数族裔，使得非洲裔、拉美裔等少数族裔不可避免地陷入贫困代际循环。
Structural flaws in its system have led to increasing racial inequality in the United States. On Nov. 22, 2021, UN Special Rapporteur on minority issues Fernand de Varennes said at the end of a 14-day visit to the United States that when it comes to human rights and minorities, the United States is a nation “where support for slavery led to one of the world’s most brutal civil wars, where racial segregation persisted late into the 20th century, and where indigenous peoples’ experiences have for centuries been one of dispossession, brutality and even genocide.”
With a legal system that is structurally set up to advantage and forgive those who are wealthier, while penalizing those who are poorer, particularly minorities, minorities such as African Americans and Latino Americans in particular are crushed into a generational cycle of poverty, de Varennes said.
