二、固守暴力思维威胁生命安全
II. Entrenched Violent Thinking Threatens Lives文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/13050.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/13050.html
美国一直是世界上暴力犯罪率高企的国家之一。控枪措施停滞不前，枪支暴力问题丛生；警察歧视性执法，滥杀无辜激发民愤；执法人员有罪不罚，司法不公饱受诟病；错案冤案无法得到有效纠正赔偿，监狱囚犯遭受虐待；家庭暴力、青少年暴力明显增加，民众生活在缺乏安全的恐惧之中。文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/13050.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/13050.html
The United States has consistently had one of the highest rates of violent crimes in the world. Gun control measures have been stagnant and gun violence has been rife. The police are discriminatory in law enforcement, killing innocent people and causing public anger. Law enforcement officers commit crimes with impunity, and judicial injustice has been widely criticized. Wrongful and unjust cases continue to exist without being corrected and compensated effectively. Prison inmates are abused, and domestic violence as well as youth violence has increased significantly. The American people live in fear of lack of security.文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/13050.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/13050.html
社会治安恶化加速枪支泛滥。美国是全世界私人拥有枪支最多的国家，民众对政府的社会治安治理丧失信心，极度缺乏安全感，大量购入枪支以自保。“小型武器调查”组织发布的统计数据显示，在全球现有的8.57亿支民用枪支中，美国人拥有3.93亿支，约占46%。每100个美国人就有120支枪，人均超过1支。民用枪支数量比人口多，这种情况在全世界绝无仅有。②城镇研究与政策组织2021年12月21日报道，截至2021年10月，美国当年已售出了超过1500万支枪。私人在网上购买部件组装的“幽灵枪”更是泛滥成灾。《纽约时报》网站2021年11月20日报道，在过去的18个月，洛杉矶、奥克兰、圣迭戈和旧金山的执法人员在犯罪现场查获的枪支中有25%至50%是这种无法追踪的“幽灵枪”。截至2021年10月，仅圣迭戈警察局就收缴了近400支“幽灵枪”，约是2020年全年总数的2倍。自2016年1月以来，美国各地的执法机构已经没收了约2.5万支私人制造的枪械。文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/13050.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/13050.html
Deterioration of social order has accelerated the proliferation of guns. The United States is the country with the largest number of privately owned guns in the world. The U.S. public have lost confidence in the government’s social security governance and felt extremely insecure, which drives many to purchase guns to protect themselves.文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/13050.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/13050.html
The Small Arms Survey (SAS) researchers estimate that Americans own 393 million of the 857 million civilian guns available, which is around 46 percent of the world’s civilian gun cache.
There are 120 guns for every 100 Americans, according to the SAS. No other nation has more civilian guns than people.
Everytown for Gun Safety also reported on Dec. 21, 2021 that over 15 million guns were sold through October.
“Ghost guns,” which are assembled from parts purchased by individuals online, are even more proliferating.
According to a report by The New York Times website on Nov. 20, 2021, over the past 18 months, ghost guns had accounted for 25 to 50 percent of firearms recovered at crime scenes.
By the beginning of October last year, the San Diego Police Department had recovered almost 400 ghost guns, about doubling the total for all of 2020 with nearly three months to go in the year.
It also reported that since January 2016, about 25,000 privately made firearms had been confiscated by local and federal law enforcement agencies nationwide.
枪支暴力严重危害民众生命安全。美国是世界上枪支暴力最严重的国家。根据枪支暴力档案网站2022年1月5日发布的统计数据，美国枪击事件导致的死亡人数从2019年的39558人上升到2020年的43643人，2021年进一步上升到44816人。2021年共发生693起大规模枪击事件，比2020年增长10.1%。《密尔沃基哨兵报》2021年10月5日报道，根据儿童保护基金会的数据，美国的儿童和青少年死于枪击的可能性比其他31个高收入国家的总和还要高15倍。2021年8月1日至9月15日的开学季，美国校园至少发生了30起枪击事件，导致至少5人死亡、23人受伤，是有记录以来的最高值。2021年美国枪击事件共导致1229名12岁至17岁青少年死亡、3373人受伤。2021年11月30日，密歇根州一所高中发生大规模枪击事件，4名学生遇害。15岁的犯罪嫌疑人所使用的作案工具正是其父亲在“黑色星期五”购买的枪支。美国有线电视新闻网2021年11月26日报道，威廉·帕特森大学社会学和刑事司法助理教授杰森·R·席尔瓦评论称，美国是唯一在过去20年里每年都发生大规模枪击事件的发达国家。枪击事件造成大量人员伤亡，对公众安全构成重大威胁。根据皮尤研究中心2021年4月的调查，48%的美国人认为枪支暴力是美国需要解决的重大问题。
Gun violence seriously endangers people’s lives. The United States has the worst gun violence in the world. According to statistics released on Jan. 5, 2022 by the Gun Violence Archive website, the number of fatalities from shootings in the United States rose from 39,558 in 2019 to 43,643 in 2020, and further to 44,816 in 2021. In 2021, there were 693 mass shootings in the United States, up 10.1 percent from 2020.
The Milwaukee Journal Sentinel reported on Oct. 5, 2021 that children and teens in the United States are 15 times more likely to die from gunfire than their peers in 31 other high-income countries combined, quoting data from the Children’s Defense Fund.
At least 30 shootings occurred on U.S. campuses during the school season from Aug. 1 to Sept. 15, 2021, killing at least five people and injuring 23, the highest number on record.
A total of 1,229 teens aged 12 to 17 were killed and 3,373 injured in shootings in the United States in 2021. On Nov. 30, 2021, four students were killed in a mass shooting at a Michigan high school by a 15-year-old suspect who used the same gun that his father bought on Black Friday.
CNN reported on Nov. 26, 2021 that Jason R. Silva, an assistant professor of sociology and criminal justice at William Paterson University, said that the United States is the only developed country where mass shootings have happened every single year for the past 20 years.
Shooting incidents have caused a large number of casualties and posed a major threat to public safety. According to an April 2021 Pew Research Center survey, 48 percent of Americans see gun violence as a very big problem in the country today.
警察暴力执法草菅人命。据“警察暴力地图”网站数据统计，2021年美国至少有1124人死于警察暴力，大部分人都是在非暴力犯罪或没有犯罪行为的情形下被警察杀害。《今日美国报》网站2021年6月21日报道，美国警察每年射杀约1000人。自2015年以来，警方已经射杀了6300多人，但只有91名警察因此被捕，仅占涉案人数的1%。《今日美国报》网站2021年7月8日报道，调查显示，只有22%的美国人认为警察公正执法。有色人种频繁遭受不公正执法。《今日美国报》网站2021年7月15日报道，明尼苏达州20岁的非洲裔男子当特·赖特因车牌过期在明尼阿波利斯郊外被拦下后遭警察开枪射杀。赖特之死是一系列非洲裔因交通违规被拦下并被无辜杀害的事件之一。一项对北卡罗莱纳州10多年来2000万次交通拦截的研究显示，非洲裔司机被警察拦下和搜查的可能性是白人的2倍。《今日美国报》网站2021年5月24日报道，在乔治·弗洛伊德被警察暴力杀害后的一年里，执法人员在美国又杀害了数百名少数族裔。自2000年以来，明尼苏达州已经有超过470起谋杀案是由执法人员犯下的，但只有一个人被定罪，那就是一个杀害了一名白人女性的少数族裔男性执法人员。《基督教科学箴言报》网站2021年11月23日报道，城市研究所的研究显示，与黑人杀白人的案件相比，白人杀黑人的案件被裁定为“正当”的可能性要高出10倍。
Police brutality tramples human life. According to data compiled by Mapping Police Violence, at least 1,124 people died in 2021 due to U.S. police violence. The majority of killings occurred during non-violent offenses or when there was no crime at all.
The USA TODAY website reported on June 21, 2021 that police in the United States fatally shoot about 1,000 people a year. Police have fatally shot more than 6,300 people since 2015, but only 91 officers have been arrested, or just 1 percent of those involved.
The USA TODAY website reported on July 8, 2021 that a poll showed that just 22 percent of Americans believe that the U.S. police treat all Americans equally.
Racial and ethnic groups are often subjected to unfair justice. The USA TODAY website reported on July 15, 2021 that a 20-year-old African-American man in Minnesota, Daunte Wright, was shot and killed by police after being pulled over outside Minneapolis for an expired license plate. Wright’s death was one of a string of incidents in which African-Americans were pulled over for traffic violations and killed innocently.
A study of 20 million traffic stops in North Carolina over more than a decade shows that African American drivers are twice as likely as white drivers to be pulled over by police.
The USA TODAY website reported on May 24, 2021 that within a year of the death of George Floyd, who died after an officer knelt on his neck for nine minutes, enforcement killed hundreds of people of ethnic minorities in the United States.
According to the report, since the year 2000, there have been over 470 murders at the hands of law enforcement in Minnesota. Only one police officer was convicted in the history of Minnesota and that was a minority man that killed a white woman.
The Christian Science Monitor website reported on Nov. 23, 2021 that the Urban Institute found that homicides with a white perpetrator and a black victim are ten times more likely to be ruled justified than cases with a black perpetrator and a white victim.
监狱工作人员侵犯人权屡见不鲜。美国是全世界监禁率最高和被监禁人数最多的国家。③美联社一项调查发现，美国联邦监狱管理局是贪污、腐败和虐待的温床。加拿大电视台新闻网2021年11月14日报道，美国联邦监狱工作人员犯罪屡见不鲜。自2019年以来，已有100多名美国联邦监狱工作人员因涉嫌性虐待、谋杀等违法行为被逮捕、定罪。关押在私营监狱的囚犯面临被侵害风险。联合国新闻网2021年2月4日报道，根据美国司法统计局的数据，2019年美国约有11.6万名囚犯被关押在私营设施中，约占所有州囚犯的7%和联邦囚犯的16%。2021年4月20日，联合国人权理事会非洲人后裔问题工作组、残疾人权利问题特别报告员、老年人权利问题独立专家、健康权问题特别报告员等9名特别机制专家发表联合声明，谴责美国侵犯非洲裔犯人穆米亚·贾玛尔的人权。声明表示，已在监狱中被关押了40年的贾玛尔曾是一名社会活动人士和记者，67岁的他患有慢性心脏病、肝硬化、高血压等多项疾病，2021年2月被确诊感染新冠肺炎；2月下旬因心脏衰竭在医院接受治疗期间，被铐在病床上长达4天；4月上旬再次住院接受手术时，其家人、律师等的探视要求被拒绝。声明呼吁美国政府履行国际人权义务，采取紧急措施保护贾玛尔的生命安全和尊严，立即停止隐瞒信息的做法，允许外界探视监督其人权状况，并采取一切必要措施保护所有被羁押者，特别是受到新冠肺炎疫情影响更大的老年人和残疾人囚犯的生命安全。
Human rights violations by prison staff are commonplace. The United States has the highest incarceration rate and the highest number of incarcerated people in the world. An Associated Press investigation has found that the U.S. federal Bureau of Prisons is a hotbed of graft, corruption and abuse.
CTV News reported on Nov. 14, 2021 that crimes committed by federal prison staff in the United States are not uncommon. Since 2019, more than 100 U.S. federal prison staff members have been arrested and convicted of sexual abuse, murder and other offenses.
Prisoners held in U.S. private prisons are at risk of being abused. The UN News reported on Feb. 4, 2021 that in 2019, there were about 116,000 U.S. prisoners held in privately operated facilities, representing about 7 percent of all state prisoners and 16 percent of federal prisoners, quoting data from the U.S. Bureau of Justice Statistics.
On April 20, 2021, nine UN experts, including the UN Human Rights Council Working Group of Experts of People of African Descent, the Special Rapporteur on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, the Independent Expert on the Enjoyment of all Human Rights by Older Persons, the Special Rapporteur on the Right to Physical and Mental Health, issued a joint statement condemning U.S. human rights violations against Mumia Abu-Jamal, a prisoner of African descent.
The statement said Abu-Jamal, who has been in prison for 40 years, was a social activist and journalist. The 67-year-old suffers from a number of diseases including chronic heart disease, liver cirrhosis and high blood pressure. In February 2021, he was diagnosed with COVID-19. While receiving treatment for heart failure in late February, he was handcuffed to his hospital bed for four days; and when he was hospitalized again in early April for surgery, his family, lawyers and others were denied access to him.
The statement calls on the U.S. government to comply with its international human rights obligations, take urgent measures to protect Abu-Jamal’s life and dignity, immediately stop the practice of withholding information, and allow outside visits to monitor his human rights situation.
It also calls on the U.S. government to take all necessary measures to protect the lives of all detainees, especially the elderly and disabled prisoners who are disproportionately affected by the COVID-19 outbreak.
司法系统公信力损毁殆尽。根据美国除罪释放登记机构2022年1月11日发布的统计数据，1989年以来美国已有2933人被错误定罪，合计错判的监禁刑期高达2.56万年。而美国有14个州缺乏对错案冤案进行赔偿的相关法律规定。④英国广播公司2021年11月23日报道，现年62岁的凯文·斯特里克兰自18岁被捕以来一直坚持自己是无辜的。他于1979年6月被错误地判定犯有三级谋杀罪，2021年才被裁定无罪，被监禁了超过42年，是密苏里州历史上最长的错误监禁案例。但根据该州法律规定，他不可能得到任何经济赔偿。《今日美国报》网站2021年7月8日报道，调查显示，只有17%的美国人认为刑事司法系统能够公正对待所有人。
The credibility of the U.S. judicial system is in tatters. According to statistics released by the U.S. National Registry of Exoneration on Jan. 11, 2022, 2,933 people have been wrongly convicted in the United States since 1989, with a combined 25,600 years of wrongly imposed prison sentences. However, 14 U.S. states lack legal provisions related to compensation for wrongful convictions.
The BBC reported on Nov. 23, 2021, that Kevin Strickland, 62, had maintained his innocence since his arrest at the age of 18. He was wrongly convicted of third-degree murder in June 1979, only to be found not guilty in 2021 before being imprisoned for more than 42 years, the longest wrongful imprisonment in Missouri history. But under the state’s law, he is unlikely to receive any financial compensation.
The USA TODAY website reported on July 8, 2021, that a survey showed that only 17 percent of Americans believe the U.S. criminal justice system treats everyone fairly.
