六、基本生活与社会保障
VI. Basic Life and Social Security文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/7286.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/7286.html
中国残疾人社会保障体系不断完善。残疾人按规定享受社会救助、社会福利和社会保险待遇，生活质量提升，获得感显著增强。文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/7286.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/7286.html
The social security system for persons with disabilities has been steadily improved. They enjoy social assistance, welfare and insurance benefits according to regulations, and lead a higher-quality life with a greater sense of gain.文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/7286.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/7286.html
残疾人享有平等的社会保障权利。按照平等不歧视原则，国家保障包括残疾人在内的所有公民享有社会保障权利。《中华人民共和国宪法》明确规定：公民在年老、疾病或者丧失劳动能力的情况下，有从国家和社会获得物质帮助的权利；国家和社会保障残废军人的生活，抚恤烈士家属，优待军人家属；国家和社会帮助安排盲、聋、哑和其他有残疾的公民的劳动、生活和教育。《中华人民共和国残疾人保障法》明确规定“国家保障残疾人享有各项社会保障的权利”。《中华人民共和国社会保险法》《社会救助暂行办法》《工伤保险条例》《军人抚恤优待条例》等法律法规对残疾人的社会保障权利作出具体规定。国家承担更加积极的义务，促进残疾人社会保障权利的实现，包括将符合条件的成年无业重度残疾人按照单人户纳入最低生活保障范围，对贫困和重度残疾人参加社会保险给予补贴，对残疾人实行社会优待等。文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/7286.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/7286.html
Persons with disabilities have equal rights to social security. Following the principles of equality and non-discrimination, the Chinese government protects the right to social security for all citizens, including persons with disabilities. The Constitution of the People’s Republic of China stipulates: “Citizens have the right to material assistance from the state and society when they are old, ill or disabled,” and “The state and society ensure the livelihood of disabled members of the armed forces, provide pensions to the families of martyrs and give preferential treatment to the families of military personnel. The state and society help make arrangements for the work, livelihood and education of the blind, deaf-mute and other handicapped citizens.” The Law of the People’s Republic of China on the Protection of Persons with Disabilities states that “the state shall protect the right of persons with disabilities to various social security.” The Social Insurance Law of the People’s Republic of China, Interim Measures for Social Assistance, Regulations on Work-related Injury Insurance, Regulations on Pensions and Preferential Treatments for Servicemen, and some other laws and regulations have specific provisions on the right of persons with disabilities to social security.文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/7286.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/7286.html
The Chinese government undertakes a more positive obligation to ensure the right of persons with disabilities to social security. It includes eligible unemployed adults with severe disabilities in the system of minimum living allowances for single-person households, subsidizes impoverished persons with disabilities and those with severe disabilities in their social insurance, and gives preferential social treatment to persons with disabilities.
残疾人生活保障体系不断完善。按照“普惠+特惠”的原则，通过完善社会救助制度保障残疾人的基本生存权利。同时，依法对贫困残疾人、重度残疾人、一户多残家庭给予重点救助，综合采取措施保障其基本生活。截至2018年3月，全国共有904.4万残疾人享受城乡最低生活保障。落实国务院《关于进一步健全特困人员救助供养制度的意见》，将近90万残疾人纳入特困人员救助供养范围。在城市公租房、旧住宅区整治建设中，优先安排贫困残疾人住房。2018年，全国共有62万残疾人享受公租房保障。各地通过贷款贴息帮助残疾人进行危房改造。截至2018年，中央财政共支持176.5万户农村贫困残疾人家庭完成危房改造。自2017年起，中央财政集中支持农村贫困残疾人家庭等4类重点对象改造危房，户均补贴标准为1.4万元。将符合条件的贫困残疾人纳入医疗救助范围，资助其参加基本医疗保险，并对基本医疗保险、大病保险和其他补充医疗保险支付后难以负担的个人自负合规医疗费用给予补助。部分省市对低收入残疾人家庭的生活用水、电、气、暖等基本生活支出给予优惠和补贴。
The living security system for persons with disabilities has been improved. Following the principle of “universal benefit plus special treatment”, the Chinese government protects the basic subsistence right of persons with disabilities by improving the social assistance system. At the same time, it makes legal provision for priority assistance to impoverished disabled people, severely disabled people, and households with more than one disabled member, and takes comprehensive measures to meet their basic living needs. By March 2018, over 9 million persons with disabilities had received urban or rural subsistence allowances. The “Directives on Further Improving the Assistance and Support System for People Living in Dire Poverty”, issued by the State Council, has been implemented, which includes nearly 900,000 persons with disabilities in the scope of assistance and support for the destitute.
In the management and renovation of public rental housing and old residential areas in urban areas, priority is given to poor people with disabilities. In 2018, 620,000 persons with disabilities enjoyed public rental housing security. All localities help persons with disabilities to renovate their dilapidated houses through loans with discounted interest. By 2018, the central finance had supported 1.77 million rural poor households with one or more disabled members to renovate their dilapidated houses. Since 2017, the central government has supported four key groups to renovate dilapidated houses, including rural poor households with one or more disabled members, providing an average subsidy of RMB14,000 per household.
Eligible impoverished persons with disabilities are covered by medical assistance, and receive subsidies for basic medical insurance; they also receive subsidies, based on relevant regulations, for unaffordable out-of-pocket medical expenses not covered by the basic medical insurance, serious disease insurance and other supplementary medical insurance. Some provinces and municipalities give preferential policies and subsidies to low-income families with one or more disabled members for the use of domestic water, electricity, gas and heating, and other basic living expenses.
残疾人福利体系初步建立。建立困难残疾人生活补贴和重度残疾人护理补贴制度。2018年，受益残疾人超过2190万人次，发放补贴超过230亿元。大力发展托养服务，残疾人托养设施逐年增加。截至2018年，全国共有已竣工托养设施791个，总建筑面积214.8万平方米，共有残疾人托养机构8435个，为22.3万残疾人提供托养服务，有88.8万残疾人接受了居家服务。不断完善残疾人托养购买服务、评估监管和人才培养等机制，制定托养服务国家标准，积极培育社会力量，为残疾人提供多层次、多元化托养服务。按照国家加快推进残疾人小康进程的总体规划，加快农村托养建设进程，探索以贫困重度残疾人为主要保障对象的农村托养模式。公园、旅游景点和公共文化体育设施对残疾人免费或优惠开放，为残疾人发放专用机动轮椅车燃油补贴，对军人、警察等特殊伤残群体实施抚恤和优待政策。大多数城市对残疾人搭乘市内公共交通工具给予便利和优惠。
A welfare system for persons with disabilities has been established. Systems for providing living allowances for poor people with disabilities and nursing subsidies for severely disabled persons have been established. In 2018, more than 21.9 million disabled people benefited from the systems, receiving subsidies of more than RMB23 billion. Vigorous efforts have been made to develop care services, and the number of care facilities for persons with disabilities has increased year by year. By 2018, there were 791 care facilities around China with a total floor area of 2.15 million sq m, and 8,435 care institutions providing residential care services for 223,000 and home services for 888,000 disabled persons. Mechanisms for purchasing such care services, assessment and supervision, and personnel training in this field have been improved; national standards for care services have been formulated; and social forces are encouraged to engage in this work. Through all these efforts, persons with disabilities now have access to multi-level and diverse care services. In accordance with the national plan for accelerating the process toward prosperity for persons with disabilities, the Chinese government has sped up the development of rural care services and a model of rural care with poor and severely disabled people as the major targets.
Parks, tourist attractions, and public cultural and sports facilities are open to persons with disabilities free of charge or at a discount. Fuel subsidies are granted to people with motorized wheelchairs. Pensions and preferential treatment are given to service veterans, police officers, and other special groups with disabilities. Most cities offer conveniences and benefits to persons with disabilities on public transport.
残疾人社会保险保障力度持续增强。实施全民参保计划，加大残疾人参保支持力度，对招用符合条件的就业困难残疾人的企业给予参保补贴，对城乡贫困残疾人和重度残疾人参保给予补贴。截至2018年，2561.2万城乡残疾人参加城乡社会养老保险，1024.4万残疾人领取养老金。595.2万重度残疾人中有576万人得到了政府参保补助，代缴养老保险费比例达到96.8%；另有298.4万非重度残疾人享受全额或部分代缴养老保险费的优惠政策。近年来，残疾人参加各项社会保险的人数和比例持续上升，2018年，持证残疾居民养老保险参保率为79.2%。试点和完善与残疾人相关的社会保险制度，2010年，国务院修订《工伤保险条例》，提高工伤致残补偿标准。2018年，全国参加工伤保险人数为23874万人，评定伤残等级人数为56.9万人，享受工伤保险待遇人数为198.5万人。部分地区探索残疾人意外伤害保险制度，财政给予参保补贴，缓解了残疾家庭的经济压力。在全国15个城市试点长期护理保险制度，对符合条件的长期失能残疾人基本护理服务费用按规定支付，减轻了残疾家庭的护理负担。
Coverage of social insurance for persons with disabilities has continued to expand. The Chinese government has adopted an insurance regime of universal coverage, under which more support is given to persons with disabilities, insurance subsidies are granted to enterprises employing disabled people with difficulties in finding jobs, and subsidies are granted to impoverished disabled persons and severely disabled persons in both urban and rural areas. By 2018, 25.61 million persons with disabilities had been covered by urban and rural social old-age insurance, and 10.24 million received pensions. 5.76 million of the 5.95 million persons with severe disabilities received insurance subsidies from the government, 96.8 percent had their old-age insurance premiums paid on their behalf, and another 2.98 million persons with mild disabilities had their old-age insurance premiums paid by their employers in full or partially. In recent years, the numbers and proportion of persons with disabilities being covered by various social insurances have continued to grow. In 2018, 79.2 percent of residents with certified disabilities were covered by the old-age insurance.
Pilot work has been done to carry out and improve social insurance systems related to persons with disabilities. In 2010, the State Council revised the Regulations on Work-related Injury Insurance to increase the compensation standards for work-related injuries. In 2018, 239 million people took out work-related injury insurance policies, 569,000 people received evaluation of the degree of their disabilities, and almost 2 million people were granted work-related injury compensations. In some areas, an accident insurance system for persons with disabilities has been established with financial subsidies for those insured, which alleviates the financial pressure on families with one or more disabled members. Pilot work has been done to implement a long-term care insurance system in 15 cities, under which the cost of basic care services for eligible persons with long-term disabilities will be paid in accordance with the regulations, which reduces the burden of care for families with one or more disabled members.
残疾人脱贫攻坚深入开展。中共十八大以来，政府将贫困残疾人脱贫纳入国家脱贫攻坚战略布局，并作为脱贫攻坚重要内容，在制度设计、政策安排、项目实施上给予支持。中共中央、国务院2018年发布《关于打赢脱贫攻坚战三年行动的指导意见》，专节部署贫困残疾人脱贫行动，确保到2020年贫困残疾人同全国一道进入全面小康社会。国务院扶贫办、国家发展改革委、中国残联等26部门制定《贫困残疾人脱贫攻坚行动计划（2016－2020年）》，并制定了电子商务助残扶贫行动、产业扶持助残扶贫行动等配套实施方案。加大金融资金投入，2011年至2018年，中央财政累计安排康复扶贫贴息贷款53亿元，35万贫困残疾人受益。实施精准扶贫战略以来，政府将600多万残疾人纳入贫困户建档立卡范围，截至2018年，建档立卡贫困残疾人人数已减少到169.8万。
Poverty eradication for persons with disabilities has been advanced. Since the 18th CPC National Congress, the government has included poverty eradication for people with disabilities into the national strategy as an important element, and offers support in system design, policy arrangements, and project implementation. In 2018, the CPC Central Committee and the State Council issued the “Directives on Winning the Three-year Poverty Eradication Campaign”, which designates a special section to poverty eradication activities for impoverished people with disabilities to ensure they achieve moderate prosperity with the rest of the country by 2020. Twenty-six departments, including the State Council Leading Group for Poverty Alleviation and Development, National Development and Reform Commission, and CDPF, formulated the “Action Plan on Poverty Eradication for Impoverished Persons with Disabilities (2016-2020)” and supporting programs on lifting these people out of poverty through e-commerce or industrial development. Financial investment has been increased in this regard. From 2011 to 2018, the central finance arranged a total of RMB5.3 billion as subsidized loans for rehabilitation-based poverty alleviation, benefiting 350,000 poor people with disabilities. Since the targeted poverty alleviation strategy was established, the government has registered more than 6 million persons with disabilities as poverty-stricken households in need of help. By 2018, the number of registered poor people with disabilities had decreased to 1.7 million.
