六、恣意侵犯他国人权践踏正义
VI. Wanton Violation of Other Countries’ Human Rights and Trampling on Justice文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/14339.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/14339.html
美国学者约翰·米尔斯海默指出，在“自由主义霸权”政策主导下，倾向于不断发动战争的美国增加了国际体系中的冲突，造成了不稳定。“这些武装冲突通常以失败告终，有时是灾难性的，主要是以牺牲据说是被自由主义的巨神所拯救的那些国家为代价。”（注152）美国在国际社会奉行强权政治，动辄使用武力，挑动“代理人战争”，滥施单边制裁，严重侵犯移民权利，拒不关闭关塔那摩监狱，成为全球和平发展的破坏者、人权进步的绊脚石。文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/14339.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/14339.html
American scholar John Mearsheimer points out that under the “liberal hegemony” policy, the United States tends to constantly provoke wars, which increases conflicts in the international system and creates instability. “These armed conflicts usually end up failing, sometimes disastrously, and mainly at the expense of the state purportedly being rescued by the liberal goliath.” The United States pursues power politics in the international community, frequently uses force, provokes “proxy wars,” indiscriminately imposes unilateral sanctions, seriously violates the rights of immigrants and refuses to close the Guantanamo Bay detention camp, thus becoming a saboteur of global peace and development and a stumbling block to human rights progress.文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/14339.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/14339.html
海外军事行动造成人道灾难。美国新闻网站“共同梦想”2022年12月20日发表《沃伦和雅各布斯指责五角大楼大大低估了遭美军杀害的平民人数》一文指出，根据总部位于英国的监测组织“空战”的数据，自2001年以来，仅在阿富汗、伊拉克、利比亚、巴基斯坦、索马里、叙利亚和也门等地，美国军队就实施了近10万次轰炸，造成多达4.8万名平民死亡。（注153）布朗大学“战争代价研究项目”发布的研究指出，21世纪以来，美国以“反恐”为名在85个国家开展军事行动，直接导致至少92.9万平民死亡，3800万人流离失所，美国在全球范围的军事行动伴随着对国内外公民自由和人权的侵蚀。（注154）2022年11月30日，一架美国无人机在也门哈德巴地区实施轰炸，造成2名儿童和1名妇女死亡。（注155）“对内对外使用暴力似乎已成为当代美国的一个标志——从时有所闻的枪击事件到先发制人的军事行动和隐形战机发动的空袭。”（注156）文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/14339.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/14339.html
Overseas military operations have caused humanitarian catastrophes. On Dec. 20, 2022, non-profit U.S. media outlet Common Dreams pointed out in an article titled “Warren, Jacobs Accuse Pentagon of Vastly Undercounting Civilians Killed by US Military” that according to data from the UK-based monitor group Airwars, U.S. airstrikes alone have killed as many as 48,000 civilians in nearly 100,000 bombings in Afghanistan, Iraq, Libya, Pakistan, Somalia, Syria, and Yemen since 2001. According to data released by the Costs of War project at Brown University, since the 21st century, the U.S. government undertook what it labeled “counterterrorism” activities in 85 countries, directly killing at least 929,000 people and displacing 38 million people. And the U.S. military operations around the world have violated freedom and human rights of people in the United States and other countries. A woman and two children were killed in U.S. drone strikes in the Al-Hadba area of Al-Wadi, Yemen, on Nov. 30, 2022. “... the violence that characterizes the modern United States at home and in its conduct overseas – from the prevalence of gun – related deaths to the controversies over preemptive military action and drone strikes.”文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/14339.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/14339.html
身居幕后挑动“代理人战争”。为单方面追求自己的利益，美国充当幕后黑手挑起其他国家和地区战乱。《外交政策》特约撰稿人科尔·奎因2022年7月14日发表文章称，美国的军事行动不局限于中东地区，开始越来越多地触及其他国家和地区，只是更为隐秘。布伦南司法中心律师凯瑟琳·扬·埃布赖特将此描述为“轻脚印战术”。在一项名为“127e”的计划中，美国特种作战部队被授权训练代理部队，以执行美国的海外任务。外国武装分子能够获得美国的武装、训练和情报支持，并被派遣执行由美国领导的任务，对付美国的敌人，实现美国的目标。2017年至2020年，五角大楼在中东和亚太等地区启动了23个以“127e”行动为名的“代理人战争”，至少有十几个国家参与，目标对象包括叙利亚、也门、伊拉克、突尼斯、喀麦隆和利比亚等国家。（注157）
Provoking “proxy wars” behind the scenes. In order to pursue its own interests, the United States was the one behind the scenes to provoke wars in other countries and regions. Colm Quinn, a staff writer at Foreign Policy, published an article on July 14, 2022, saying that U.S. operations are no longer confined to the Middle East, but have broadened in geographic scope, only more covertly. Katherine Yon Ebright, counsel at the Brennan Center for Justice’s liberty and national security program, described it as “light footprint warfare.” Under a program known as 127e, U.S. special operation forces are authorized to train proxy forces to carry out U.S. missions abroad. Foreign militants have access to U.S. arming, training, and intelligence support and are dispatched on U.S.-led missions against U.S. enemies and toward U.S. objectives. From 2017 to 2020, the Pentagon launched 23 “proxy wars” under the name of 127e in the Middle East and the Asia-Pacific region. At least a dozen countries have participated in the operations targeting Syria, Yemen, Iraq, Tunisia, Cameroon, Libya, and others.
长期肆意实施单边制裁。近年来，美国对其他国家实施的单边制裁呈指数级增长，极大削弱了被制裁国家人权保障的能力与水平。孟加拉国《每日星报》2022年12月28日报道，美国实施的单边制裁总数为世界之最，目前仍在对20多个国家实施制裁，包括1962年以来对古巴的制裁、1979年以来对伊朗的制裁、2011年以来对叙利亚的制裁，以及近年来对阿富汗的制裁，导致被制裁国家无法向其人民提供基本的食物和药品。（注158）《华盛顿邮报》2022年6月13日报道，近一半的阿富汗人没有足够的食物，儿童营养不良呈上升趋势。（注159）2022年12月20日，多名联合国人权理事会独立专家发表共同声明指出，美国政府对伊朗的制裁加剧了伊朗的环境危害，使所有在伊朗的民众无法充分享受健康权和生命权，侵犯了伊朗人民享有清洁环境的权利。（注160）联合国单边强制措施对人权负面影响问题特别报告员阿莱娜·杜晗2022年11月10日指出，单边制裁加剧了叙利亚人民的苦难，是对人权的严重侵犯。（注161）美国政府肆意实施制裁引发他国人权危机受到国际社会强烈谴责。2022年11月3日，联合国大会就敦促美国终止对古巴的经济、商业和金融封锁进行投票表决。在193个成员国中，多达185个国家支持谴责美国对古巴的禁运。（注162）这是联合国大会连续30次通过类似决议。
Long-term arbitrary imposition of unilateral sanctions. In recent years, the unilateral sanctions imposed by the United States on other countries have increased exponentially, which has greatly weakened the capacity and level of human rights protection of the sanctioned countries. Bangladeshi newspaper The Daily Star reported on Dec. 28, 2022 that the United States, the most prolific enforcer of unilateral sanctions in the world, currently has sanctions in place against more than 20 countries, including Cuba since 1962, Iran since 1979, Syria since 2011 and Afghanistan in recent years. Many of them are unable to provide essential food and medicines to their populations. The Washington Post reported on June 13, 2022, that nearly half of all Afghans do not have enough to eat, and childhood malnutrition is on the rise. On Dec. 20, 2022, several independent experts of the UN Human Rights Council issued a joint statement that the U.S. sanctions against Iran contribute to environmental harm in Iran, prevent all people in Iran from fully enjoying their rights to health and life and violate Iranian people’s rights to clean environment. On Nov. 10, 2022, Alena Douhan, UN Special Rapporteur on the negative impact of the unilateral coercive measures on the enjoyment of human rights, stated that unilateral sanctions have exacerbated the suffering of the Syrian people and constitute a grave violation of human rights. The U.S. wanton imposition of sanctions has triggered human rights crises in other countries, which has been strongly condemned by the international community. On Nov. 3, 2022, the UN General Assembly voted for the 30th consecutive time to condemn the American economic, commercial and financial embargo of Cuba with 185 out of the 193-member General Assembly supporting the condemnation.
屡屡蓄意破坏全球气候治理。美国是全球温室气体累计排放最多的国家，人均碳排放居高不下。美国拒不批准《京都议定书》，一度肆意退出《巴黎协定》，迟迟不兑现在绿色气候基金下的承诺。即便重返《巴黎协定》，美国仍未将承诺落实为行动，反而将气候变化议题作为国内党争工具进行政治操弄。美国经济研究公司荣鼎集团2023年1月10日发布的报告显示，美国2022年温室气体排放量同比增长1.3%，履行《巴黎协定》义务缺乏诚意与实效。（注163）布朗大学“战争代价研究项目”发布的研究指出，美国国防部是世界上最大的温室气体排放者之一，自“9·11”事件以来美国的全球军事行动对气候变化做出了“显著贡献”。（注164）
Repeatedly and deliberately undermining global climate governance. The United States is the world’s largest emitter with the most greenhouse gas emissions in cumulative terms, with its per capita carbon emissions staying high. It refuses to ratify the Kyoto Protocol, once arbitrarily withdrew from the Paris Agreement, and delayed fulfilling its commitments under the Green Climate Fund. Even after returning to the Paris Agreement, the United States has not yet turned its commitments into actions. Instead, it has used the issue of climate change as a partisan tool for political manipulation. According to estimates released by the U.S. economic research company Rhodium Group on Jan. 10, 2023, the U.S. greenhouse gas emissions increased by 1.3 percent year-on-year in 2022. The country lacks sincerity and effectiveness in fulfilling the obligations under the Paris Agreement. The Costs of War Project released by Brown University finds that the U.S. Defense Department is one of the world’s top greenhouse gas emitters. Post-9/11 U.S. military actions around the globe have “contributed significantly” to climate change.
排外移民政策制造人间惨剧。美国在南部边境地区大规模逮捕入境移民，制造严重的人道主义危机。2022年近240万移民被拘留在美国边境，比2021年增加37%，创下历史新高。（注165）移民的生存权遭受严重威胁。福克斯新闻2022年10月22日报道，2022年美国南部边境移民死亡总数达856人，是死亡人数最多的一年。（注166）《墨西哥新闻日报》2022年11月16日报道，得克萨斯州州长格雷格·阿博特宣布移民“入侵”美墨边境，表示要采取派遣国民警卫队驱逐非法移民、在边境地区部署炮艇等措施保卫边境安全。（注167）美国有线电视新闻网2022年12月16日报道，美国移民政策使移民和寻求庇护者陷入危险，数千人遭到绑架、性侵犯或暴力袭击。（注168）政治极化下的移民政策严重撕裂，移民沦为党争工具，“抛甩”移民闹剧大规模上演，面临极端仇外和残酷对待。美国有线电视新闻网2022年12月26日报道，包括儿童在内的100多名移民在2022年圣诞前夕，被运至华盛顿并遗弃在路边。当时的气温低于冰点，而一些移民在寒冷的天气里只穿着T恤。（注169）联合国人权事务高级专员沃尔克·图尔克批评道，美国政府边境移民政策对寻求庇护者的基本权利构成威胁，破坏国际人权和难民法的根基。（注170）
Exclusive immigration policies create tragedies. The United States arrests migrants on a large scale in its southern border area, creating a serious of humanitarian crises. Nearly 2.4 million migrants were arrested at the U.S. border in 2022, an increase of 37 percent over 2021 and the highest number ever recorded. Migrants’ right to life is seriously threatened. Fox News reported on Oct. 22, 2022 that 856 migrants died at the U.S. southern border in 2022, the highest number on record. Mexico News Daily reported on Nov. 16, 2022 that Texas Governor Greg Abbott declared an “invasion” of migrants at U.S.-Mexico border, saying that he would take measures such as dispatching the National Guard to expel illegal immigrants and deploying gunboats to secure border security. CNN reported on Dec. 16, 2022 that U.S. immigration policies put migrants and asylum seekers at risk, with thousands abducted, sexually assaulted, or violently attacked. The immigration policy has been severely torn apart due to political polarization. Migrants have been reduced to a tool of partisan divide, facing extreme xenophobia and cruel treatment. The farce of “dumping” migrants has been staged on a large scale. CNN reported on Dec. 26, 2022 that more than 100 migrants, including children, were transported to Washington D.C. and abandoned on the roadside on Christmas Eve in 2022. The temperature was below freezing, and some migrants wore only T-shirts in the frigid weather. Volker Türk, the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, criticized the U.S. government’s border immigration policy as a threat to the basic rights of asylum seekers and undermines the foundation of international human rights and refugee law.
拒不关闭关塔那摩监狱。2002年设立的关塔那摩监狱最多时曾关押约780人，其中大多数人未经审判便遭拘留，受到了残忍的、不人道的待遇，是美国“肆意侵犯人权的一个丑陋篇章”。（注171）联合国人权理事会在反恐中促进和保障人权问题特别报告员菲奥努阿拉·尼奥莱因等多名独立专家2022年1月发表共同声明指出，臭名昭著的关塔那摩监狱是美国在人权保护上的污点，要求美国政府关闭关塔那摩监狱，对遭受酷刑、任意拘留的公民进行赔偿，并根据国际法追究授权和实施酷刑的人员的责任。（注172）
Refusing to close Guantanamo Bay detention camp. Guantanamo Bay detention camp, established in 2002, once held up to about 780 people, most of whom were detained without trial and were subjected to cruel and inhuman treatment. The camp is “an ugly chapter of unrelenting human rights violations” by the United States. Fionnuala Ní Aoláin, the UN Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism, and other independent experts issued a joint statement in January 2022, pointing out that the notorious Guantanamo detention facility is “a stain on the U.S. Government’s commitment to the rule of law.” They demanded that the U.S. government close it and provide remedy and reparation for those egregiously tortured and arbitrarily detained, and hold those that authorized and engaged in torture accountable as required by international law.
