一、公民权利保护制度严重失能
I. Dysfunctional Civil Rights Protection System文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/14339.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/14339.html
美国是一个由极端暴力定义的国家，民众遭受暴力犯罪和暴力执法的双重威胁，公民人身安全得不到保障。监狱人满为患，成为现代奴役场所，强迫劳动和性剥削司空见惯。美国自我标榜的公民权利和自由沦为空谈。文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/14339.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/14339.html
The United States is a country defined by extreme violence, where people are threatened by both violent crime and violent law enforcement, and their safety is far from being guaranteed. Prisons are overcrowded and have become a modern slavery establishment where forced labor and sexual exploitation are commonplace. America’s self-proclaimed civil rights and freedoms have become empty talk.文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/14339.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/14339.html
政商勾结瘫痪控枪议程。美国枪支利益集团为维护自身利益，开展强大政治游说。政府罔顾民意大幅放松枪支管制范围，允许在医院、学校、酒吧以及体育馆等人员密集的公共场所携枪。彭博新闻社2022年7月3日报道，联邦最高法院6月23日对“布鲁恩案”的裁决，推翻了纽约州和其他六个州长达半个世纪的控枪立法，使这些州居民可以携带隐藏枪支，成为美国控枪领域的标志性倒退。（注1）《纽约时报》2022年10月28日报道，得克萨斯州一个联邦法院裁定，禁止21岁以下成年人携带手枪的州法律违宪。目前美国近一半的州放松了持枪限制。（注2）华盛顿大学教授鲁哈尼·拉赫巴尔表示：“从整体上看，在过去二三十年里，这个国家对持枪的法律控制明显呈现大幅放松的趋势。”（注3）美国学者帕梅拉·哈格所著《枪的合众国：美国枪文化的形成》一书指出，枪支在美国是一条“开始于生产线加工，结束于受害者死亡”的产业链。“美国枪支暴力的悲剧起源于世俗的枪支贸易。”（注4）文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/14339.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/14339.html
Collusion between politicians and businesses paralyzes the gun control agenda. U.S. gun interest groups have mounted powerful political lobbying for their own interests. In defiance of public opinion, the government has drastically relaxed gun controls, allowing guns to be carried in crowded public places such as hospitals, schools, bars and stadiums. On July 3, 2022, Bloomberg News reported that the U.S. Supreme Court’s decision in the “Bruen case” on June 23 overturned half a century’s gun control legislation in New York and six other states. Residents of these states were allowed to make concealed carry, a landmark backward step in the field of gun control in the United States. The New York Times reported on Oct 28, 2022 that a federal court in Texas ruled that a state law banning adults under 21 from carrying handguns was unconstitutional. Nearly half of U.S. states have now relaxed gun restrictions. “The country has been moving as a whole, in the past two or three decades, very clearly and dramatically toward loosening gun-carrying laws,” said Ali Rowhani-Rahbar, a professor at the University of Washington. American scholar Pamela Haag’s book “The Gunning of America: Business and the Making of American Gun Culture” points out that guns in the United States are an industrial chain that “begins with production line and ends with the death of victims.” “The tragedy of gun violence in America has its roots in the secular gun trade.”文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/14339.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/14339.html
枪支暴力伴随枪支拥有量同步上升。（注5）《英国医学杂志》发布的一项研究显示，美国放松枪支管制导致枪支拥有率、大规模枪击事件发生率同步上升。（注6）美国人口不到世界人口的5%，却拥有全球民用枪支的46%。（注7）美国的枪支拥有率、涉枪凶杀率和大规模枪击事件数量均居世界第一。根据“枪支暴力档案”网站统计的数据，近年来美国的大规模枪击数量显著增长，2022年美国枪支暴力致死43341人，致伤37763人，发生大规模枪击事件636起，平均每天发生2起。（注8）美国的枪杀案发生率比加拿大高8倍，比法国高13倍，比澳大利亚高23倍。（注9）《澳大利亚人报》2022年6月25日评论称，“无论在媒体报道中，还是在街头实况中，美国都是一个完全由极端暴力定义的国家”。（注10）枪支暴力已经成为一种“美国疾病”。
Gun violence rises in tandem with gun ownership. A study published in the British Medical Journal suggests that the relaxation of gun control in the United States has led to a simultaneous rise in gun ownership and mass shootings. With less than 5 percent of the world’s population, the United States owns 46 percent of the world’s civilian guns. The United States leads the world in gun ownership, gun homicide, and mass shootings. According to the Gun Violence Archive website, the number of mass shootings in the United States has increased significantly in recent years. In 2022, gun violence killed 43,341 people, and injured 37,763 people, and 636 mass shootings occurred in the United States, an average of two a day. America’s firearm homicide rate is eight times higher than Canada’s, 13 times higher than France’s, and 23 times higher than Australia’s. In an opinion piece published on June 25, 2022, The Australian said that the United States “is a country all but defined by ultra-violence, in its media and on its streets.” Gun violence has become an “American disease.”
凶杀抢劫等恶性罪案持续上升。《今日美国报》2022年9月11日报道，2022年上半年，美国大城市主管协会（MCCA）成员城市的凶杀案与2019年同期相比增加了50%，严重袭击案增加了大约36%。（注11）《华尔街日报》2022年9月6日报道，截至2022年9月，新奥尔良的凶杀率与2019年同期相比上升了141%，枪击案增加了100%，劫车案增加了210%，武装抢劫案增加了25%。（注12）刑事司法委员会2022年7月28日发布的犯罪趋势分析报告显示，2022年上半年，美国主要城市抢劫案增加了19%，盗窃案增加了20%。（注13）福克斯新闻网2022年7月7日报道，纽约市自2021年6月以来的整体犯罪率上升了31%，重大盗窃案上升了41%，抢劫案上升了36%，入室盗窃案上升了近34%，每季度重罪袭击受害者增加约1000人。（注14）美国有线电视新闻网2022年6月8日报道，72%的美国人对国家减少或控制犯罪方面的政策不满意，80%的人对犯罪和暴力的担忧程度达到十年来新高。（注15）
Major crimes such as murder and robbery continue to rise. The USA Today reported on Sept. 11, 2022, that in the first half of 2022, homicides in member cities of the Major Cities Chiefs Association (MCCA) increased by 50 percent and aggravated assaults by about 36 percent compared to the same period in 2019. The Wall Street Journal reported on Sept. 6, 2022 that as of September 2022, the homicide rate in New Orleans was up 141 percent, shootings up 100 percent, carjackings up 210 percent, and armed robberies up 25 percent, compared with the same period in 2019. According to a Council on Criminal Justice report on July 28, 2022, in the first half of 2022, robberies rose 19 percent and larcenies rose 20 percent in major U.S. cities. Fox News reported on July 7, 2022 that since June 2021, the overall crime in New York City increased by 31 percent, grand larceny by 41 percent, robberies by 36 percent, burglaries by nearly 34 percent, and felony assault victims increased by about 1,000 per quarter. According to a CNN report on June 8, 2022, 72 percent of Americans were dissatisfied with the country’s policies on reducing or controlling crime, and more Americans said they worried a great or fair deal about crime and violence (80 percent) than at any point in well over a decade.
警察暴力执法愈演愈烈。“警察暴力地图”网站的数据显示，2022年，美国共有1239人死于警察暴力，达到历史峰值。全年没有发生警察杀人事件的天数仅有10天。大多数警察杀人事件往往发生在停车检查、处置非暴力犯罪等常规执法过程中。警察过度使用武力很少受到指控。在2013年至2022年的警察杀人事件中，有98.1%的当事警察未受到犯罪指控。（注16）2022年6月27日，俄亥俄州阿克伦市的警察向25岁手无寸铁的非洲裔美国人杰兰德·沃克开了90多枪，致其死亡。根据初步体检报告，沃克身上有60多处伤口。这是2021年12月至2022年6月期间，阿克伦市发生的第三起警察枪击事件。（注17）
Police violence gets worse. In 2022, a record 1,239 people died as a result of police violence in the United States, according to the website Mapping Police Violence. During the year, there were only 10 days when no police killing happened. Most police killings occur during routine law enforcement such as stop checks or when dealing with nonviolent crimes. Police are rarely accused of using excessive force. In police killings between 2013 and 2022, 98.1 percent of the officers involved were not charged with a crime. On June 27, 2022, police in Akron, Ohio fatally shot Jayland Walker, an unarmed 25-year-old African American, more than 90 times. According to a preliminary medical report, Walker had more than 60 wounds on his body. This was the third police shooting in Akron between December 2021 and June 2022.
囚犯生命健康遭受威胁。美国是全球监禁率最高的国家，监狱条件恶劣。英国《卫报》2022年10月1日报道，美国每10万人中有近500人被监禁，这一比率约是英国的5倍，加拿大的6倍，德国的9倍。（注18）“公平司法倡议”组织2022年4月25日发表文章指出，在密西西比州监狱中，囚犯被关在黑暗的牢房里，没有灯，也没有清洁用水，室温往往酷热难耐。（注19）《芝加哥太阳报》2022年2月19日报道，伊利诺伊州乔利埃特监狱的牢房里老鼠出没，腐烂的食物和未经处理的污水涌入公共区域。（注20）囚犯生命安全没有保障。囚犯权利刊物《监狱法律新闻》杂志2022年10月发表的研究指出，阿拉巴马州监狱系统警卫人员短缺和基础设施不足，导致监狱暴力发生率高，死亡囚犯多。2022年前8个月有39人死亡，其中30人非正常死亡。（注21）
The life and health of prisoners are threatened. The United States has the highest incarceration rate in the world, and prison conditions are terrible. According to a report in the Guardian on Oct. 1, 2022, nearly 500 people per 100,000 were incarcerated in the United States, which is about five times that of Britain, six times that of Canada, and nine times that of Germany. According to an article published by The Fair Justice Initiative organization on April 25, 2022, inmates in Mississippi prisons were kept in dark cells without lights or clean water, and the room temperature was often extremely hot. The Chicago Sun-Times reported on Feb. 19, 2022, that cells at the Joliet prison in Illinois were infested with rats, and rotten food and raw sewage overflowed into common areas. Prisoners’ lives are not guaranteed. According to a study published in October 2022 in Prison Legal News, a publication on inmates’ rights, a shortage of guards and inadequate infrastructure in Alabama’s prison system led to high rates of violence and deaths among inmates. There were 39 deaths in the first eight months of 2022, 30 of which were unnatural ones.
监狱成为现代奴役场所。芝加哥大学法学院和美国公民自由联盟2022年6月16日联合发布的报告显示，美国联邦及各州监狱监禁的120万囚犯中，约有80万人从事强制劳动，占囚犯总数的65%。76%的受访囚犯表示，如果拒绝劳动，就会遭受单独监禁、无法减刑或失去家人探视权等惩罚。（注22）“监狱政策倡议”组织2022年3月14日发布的报告指出，美国囚犯被强迫从事餐饮、洗衣和其他劳务，几乎没有任何权利，也没有劳动保护。（注23）美国公民自由联盟2022年6月15日发表的研究指出，美国监狱对囚犯劳动不支付或支付极低费用，已成为名副其实的现代奴役工厂。（注24）
Prisons became places of modern slavery. According to a report jointly released by the University of Chicago Law School and the American Civil Liberties Union on June 16, 2022, the United States incarcerates more than 1.2 million people in state and federal prisons, about 800,000 were engaged in forced labor, accounting for 65 percent of the total number of prisoners. Over 76 percent of the prisoners surveyed said they would be punished with solitary confinement, no mitigation and loss of family visitation rights if they refused to work. Incarcerated workers were forced to provide food service, laundry, and other operations but they have few rights and protections, said a report by the Prison Policy Initiative on March 14, 2022. Besides, incarcerated workers typically earn little to no pay at all, according to a research by American Civil Liberties Union on June 15, 2022. American prisons have become veritable modern-day slavery factories.
宗教不容忍加剧。美国联邦调查局2022年12月15日发布的仇恨犯罪统计显示，2021年美国共报告了1005件宗教仇恨犯罪事件，其中31.9%是反犹太事件，21.3%是反锡克教事件，9.5%是反伊斯兰事件，6.1%是反天主教事件，6.5%是反东正教事件。（注25）美国伊斯兰关系理事会2022年发表的报告显示，美国对伊斯兰教的不容忍现象加剧，穆斯林受到严重歧视。2021年，美国伊斯兰关系理事会接到6720件投诉，其中仇恨和偏见事件308件，比2020年增加28%；执法和政府越权事件679件，比2020年增加35%；工作场所和公共场所歧视事件1298件，比2020年增加13%。（注26）“中东之眼”新闻网2022年8月23日报道，研究显示，与其他宗教信仰相比，穆斯林因宗教信仰而遭受警察骚扰的可能性要高出5倍。（注27）
Religious intolerance intensifies. According to the Hate Crime Statistics for 2021 released by the Federal Bureau of Investigation on Dec. 15, 2022, a total of 1,005 religious hate crimes were reported in the United States in 2021, of which 31.9 percent were anti-Semitic incidents, 21.3 percent were anti-Sikh incidents, and 9.5 percent were anti-Islamic incidents, 6.1 percent were anti-Catholic incidents and 6.5 percent were anti-Orthodox incidents. Intolerance of Islam in the United States has intensified, and Muslims are severely discriminated against, said a report released by the Council on American-Islamic Relations in 2022. In 2021, the Council on American-Islamic Relations received 6,720 complaints, including 308 hate and bias incidents related complaints, an increase of 28 percent over 2020; 679 law enforcement and government overreach complaints, an increase of 35 percent over 2020; 1,298 incidents of discrimination in workplaces and public places, an increase of 13 percent over 2020. The Middle East Eye reported on Aug. 23, 2022, that a study showed that Muslims are five times more likely to experience police harassment because of their religion compared to those of other faiths.
