三、种族歧视与不平等愈演愈烈
III. Growing Racial Discrimination and Inequality文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/14339.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/14339.html
联合国消除种族歧视委员会2022年9月21日发布的关于审议美国履行《消除一切形式种族歧视国际公约》情况的结论性报告指出，美国历史上殖民主义和奴隶制留下的阴影至今仍挥之不去，助长着美国社会流行的种族主义。近几年来，美国仇恨犯罪和仇恨言论事件显著增加，与种族有关的枪支死伤人数大幅增加，有色人种和少数族裔在医疗、教育、住房等领域持续面临系统性歧视。（注57）文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/14339.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/14339.html
The UN Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination said in the Concluding observations on the combined tenth to twelfth reports of the United States of America released on Sept. 21, 2022, that the lingering legacies of colonialism and slavery continue to fuel racism and racial discrimination around the country.文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/14339.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/14339.html
In recent years, hate crimes and hate speech incidents in the United States have increased significantly, the number of race-related gun injuries and deaths has jumped substantially, and people of color and ethnic minorities continue to face systematic discrimination in medical care, education, housing and other fields, the agency said.文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/14339.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/14339.html
种族歧视广泛存在。“信奉种族劣根性和种族优越感早已深深地刻在美国的制度中，难解难分。”（注58）美国有线电视新闻网2022年8月30日报道，对3000多名非洲裔美国人访谈的结果显示，82%的受访者认为种族主义是非洲裔面临的主要问题，79%的受访者表示曾因种族或族裔身份遭到过歧视，68%的受访者表示种族歧视是许多非洲裔无法取得成功的主要原因。（注59）益普索集团2022年3月29日发布的调查结果显示，65%的拉美裔受访者表示在过去一年中遭遇过种族主义言论。（注60）美国亚太裔女性论坛2022年3月30日发布的报告指出，74%的亚裔美国女性表示在过去12个月中遭受过种族歧视，其中53%的人表示施暴者是陌生人，47%的事件发生在餐馆和购物中心等公共场所。（注61）文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/14339.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/14339.html
Racial discrimination is widespread. Racial inferiority and superiority complexes are deeply embedded in U.S. systems and have become “inextricable.” Interviews with more than 3,000 African Americans showed that 82 percent of them considered racism a major problem for African descendants in the United States, while 79 percent reported having experienced discrimination because of their race or ethnicity, and 68 percent said racial discrimination is the main reason why many Black people can’t get ahead, CNN reported on Aug. 30, 2022. According to a survey published by the Ipsos group on March 29, 2022, 65 percent of the Latino Americans surveyed reported having experienced racist comments in the past year. According to a report released by the U.S. National Asian Pacific American Women’s Forum on March 30, 2022, 74 percent of Asian American, Native Hawaiian, and Pacific Islander women reported experiencing racism and/or discrimination over the past 12 months, with 53 percent reporting the perpetrator was a stranger and 47 percent reporting the incidents took place in public places such as restaurants and shopping centers.
种族仇恨犯罪持续高发。加州州立大学圣贝纳迪诺分校仇恨与极端主义研究中心的研究显示，美国15个主要城市的仇恨犯罪在2020年至2021年呈两位数增长，2022年基于种族偏见的仇恨犯罪事件又增加了约5%。（注62）《芝加哥太阳时报》2022年10月21日发表题为《仇恨犯罪报告激增》的文章指出，截至10月18日，芝加哥警察局已收到120起仇恨犯罪报告。（注63）2022年5月14日，19岁的白人枪手佩顿·根德隆在纽约州布法罗市一家超市内进行种族主义屠杀，10名非洲裔美国人被杀害，另有3人受伤。凶手还将其行凶过程录下来进行网络直播。（注64）美国反诽谤联盟2023年2月发布的报告显示，过去十年间，美国大规模杀戮事件激增。2022年确定的所有极端主义杀戮都与右翼极端主义有关，其中大量与白人至上主义相关。“毫不夸张地说，我们生活在一个极端主义大规模杀戮的时代。”（注65）
Racial hate crimes remain high. Fifteen major U.S. cities saw a double-digit growth in hate crimes between 2020 and 2021, and an increase of about 5 percent in bias-motivated incidents till August 2022, according to a study by the Center for the Study of Hate and Extremism at California State University, San Bernardino. In an article titled “Hate crime reports surge” published on Oct. 21, 2022, the Chicago Sun-Times reported that as of Oct. 18 that year, the Chicago Police Department had received reports of 120 hate crimes. On May 14, 2022, Payton Gendron, a 19-year-old White gunman, killed 10 African Americans and wounded three others in a racist massacre at a supermarket in Buffalo, New York. The killer also videotaped the attack for live streaming. According to a report published in February 2023 by the Anti-Defamation League based in the United States, the number of U.S. mass killings spiked over the past decade, and all extremist killings identified in 2022 were linked to right-wing extremism, with an especially high number linked to white supremacy. “It is not an exaggeration to say that we live in an age of extremist mass killings.”
针对亚裔的仇恨犯罪尤为猖獗。“停止仇恨亚裔及太平洋岛民”组织2022年7月20日发布的报告显示，2020年3月19日至2022年3月31日，该组织共收到近11500起仇恨事件报告。（注66）《洛杉矶时报》2022年3月22日报道，亚太裔数据研究组织的在线民意调查发现，2021年全国每6个亚裔美国人中就有1人经历过基于种族的暴力。（注67）《纽约时报》2022年3月14日报道，一名28岁男子在曼哈顿对7名亚裔女性进行长达两小时的疯狂袭击。在过去几个月，纽约市有4名亚裔在遭到袭击后死亡。（注68）美国有线电视新闻网2022年11月30日报道，一名男子在纽约扬克斯对一名亚裔老年妇女拳打100多次，对其进行种族主义辱骂，反复踩踏她的身体并向她吐口水。（注69）休斯顿公共广播电台2022年8月22日报道了旧金山市多起亚裔人士遇袭事件，受害者艾米·李说，她几乎每天都在附近看到肇事者，“我已经报告了警方，但没有听到任何回应，我和儿子每天都生活在恐惧中。”（注70）医学杂志《健康事务》2022年4月12日发表报告指出，57%的亚裔美国人表示由于种族或族裔原因经常或有时在公共场合感到不安全，81%的亚裔美国人认为针对亚裔社区的暴力行为正在增加，73%的亚裔美国人表示与新冠疫情大流行之前相比，现在面临的暴力威胁更大。（注71）明尼苏达大学历史系教授李漪莲在关于针对亚裔种族仇恨犯罪的美国国会听证会上发言指出：“当今亚裔美国人和太平洋岛民面临的种族歧视和暴力行为，并非是由精神错乱的个人随意犯下的罪行，而是一个系统性的国家悲剧。它反映了美国针对亚裔的系统性种族主义的悠久历史。”（注72）
Rampant hate crimes against Asian Americans. A report issued by the non-profit organization Stop AAPI Hate shows that it received reports of nearly 11,500 hate incidents between March 19, 2020, and March 31, 2022. An online poll by the research firm AAPI Data found that one in six Asian Americans nationwide experienced race-based violence in 2021, the Los Angeles Times reported on March 22, 2022. The New York Times reported on March 14, 2022 that a 28-year-old man was charged with hate crimes in connection with a two-hour spree of attacks on seven women of Asian descent in Manhattan, and four Asian New Yorkers had died in recent months after being attacked. CNN reported on Nov. 30, 2022 that in Yonkers, a man punched an elderly Asian woman more than 100 times, hurled racist abuse at her, stomped on her body repeatedly and spat on her. The Houston Public Media reported on Aug. 22, 2022 multiple attacks on people of Asian descent in San Francisco. One of the victims, Amy Li, said that she still sees the offender in her neighborhood almost every day. “I’ve reported this case to the police and haven’t heard anything ... Every day my son and I live in fear.”
Fifty-seven percent of Asian Americans said they often or sometimes felt unsafe in public places because of their race or ethnicity, 81 percent of the group agreed that violence against the Asian American community was on the rise, and 73 percent said violence posed more of a threat now than it did before the pandemic, according to a report published on the medical magazine Health Affairs on April 12, 2022. According to the testimony of Erika Lee, regents professor of History and Asian American Studies at the University of Minnesota on Discrimination and Violence Against Asian Americans before a U.S. congressional hearing, “As shocking as these incidents are, it is vital to understand that they are not random acts perpetrated by deranged individuals. They are an expression of our country’s long history of systemic racism and racial violence targeting Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders.”
执法司法领域种族歧视根深蒂固。联合国消除种族歧视委员会的结论性报告指出，美国执法人员对有色人种和少数族裔群体过度使用暴力并逍遥法外的情况仍然普遍存在；有色人种和少数族裔在美国司法系统中被逮捕、监禁和长期虐待的情况突出。（注73）“警察暴力地图”网站的数据显示，在2013年至2022年的警察杀人事件中，非洲裔被警察杀害的可能性是白人的2.78倍，手无寸铁的非洲裔被警察杀害的可能性是手无寸铁的白人的1.3倍。在波士顿、明尼阿波利斯和芝加哥，非洲裔被警察杀害的可能性更是白人的20多倍。（注74）美国国家公共电台2022年9月27日报道，国家免责登记处发布的报告指出，非洲裔在美国人口中所占比例不到14%，但在美国被误判犯有严重罪行并在至少服完部分刑期后获释的所有人中，非洲裔占了53%；美国非洲裔因三项重大罪行被错误定罪的可能性是白人的7倍，非洲裔因毒品犯罪被错误定罪的可能性是其他人的19倍。（注75）美国国家学院出版的《美国监禁的增长：探索原因和后果》一书指出，渗透着种族主义的刑事司法系统“正日益成为一个更大的污名化和长期边缘化系统的主要通道”。（注76）
Entrenched racial discrimination in law enforcement and justice. A concluding report of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination revealed that it still widely persists in the United States that law enforcement officials use excessive violence against people of color and minority groups and get impunity. Statistics from the Mapping Police Violence website show that in police killings between 2013 and 2022, Black Americans were 2.78 times more likely to be killed by police than white people, and unarmed Black Americans were 1.3 times more likely to be killed by police than whites. In Boston, Minneapolis and Chicago, Blacks are over 20 times more likely than whites to be killed by police. Citing a report from the National Registry of Exonerations, National Public Radio (NPR) reported on Sept. 27, 2022 that Black people represent under 14 percent of the U.S. population, but they account for 53 percent of those who were falsely convicted of a serious crime and then freed after serving at least part of their sentence. Black Americans are about seven times more likely than white people to be wrongfully convicted of three major crimes, and Black people were 19 times more likely to be wrongfully convicted of drug crimes, it added. The criminal justice system permeated with racism “is increasingly serving as a major gateway to a much larger system of stigmatization and long-term marginalization,” noted the book published by the National Academies Press, The growth of incarceration in the United States: Exploring causes and consequences.
种族贫富分化进一步扩大。“有色人种一直以来在就业上受限于种族障碍，不得不做着名副其实的‘洗脏衣服’的工作。”（注77）美国有线电视新闻网2022年8月30日报道，尽管美国的种族不平等问题受到广泛关注，但三分之二的非洲裔美国人认为，他们的生活并未因此得到改善。（注78）美国普林斯顿大学和德国波恩大学学者2022年5月24日共同发表的一项长时段研究指出，美国非洲裔和白人之间最大的经济不平等体现在种族财富差距上，白人和非洲裔的人均财富比长期稳定在6:1。废除奴隶制后，非洲裔和白人财富差距缩小的趋势到20世纪50年代就已停滞。由于资本收益主要由白人家庭所占有，自20世纪80年代起种族财富差距又呈现出扩大化趋势。（注79）Statista全球统计数据库2022年9月30日发布的报告显示，2021年，美国有19.5%的非洲裔生活在贫困线以下，而白人的贫困率仅为8.2%。（注80）美国全国公共广播电台、罗伯特·伍德·约翰逊基金会和哈佛大学公共卫生院2022年8月8日联合发布的一项全国性民调显示，超过一半的非洲裔和拉美裔家庭以及超过三分之二的原住民家庭表示，近年的通货膨胀给他们造成了“严重的经济问题”。（注81）杜克大学教授威廉·达里蒂指出：“通货膨胀对非洲裔群体的冲击是极具毁灭性的。人们将不得不做出非常非常艰难的决定——是买药呢？买食物呢？还是缴水电费呢？”（注82）
Widening racial wealth gap. Workers of color have long been forced to do literally “dirty laundry” due to the racist barriers they face in employment. CNN reported on Aug. 30, 2022 that two-thirds of Black Americans said that the recent increased focus on race and racial inequality in the United States had not led to changes that are improving the lives of Black people. A recent long-term study, co-released by researchers from Princeton University and University of Bonn, found that the racial wealth gap is the largest of the economic disparities between Black and white Americans, with a white-to-Black per capita wealth ratio of 6 to 1. The racial wealth convergence between Blacks and whites after the abolition of slavery followed an even slower path and then had stalled by the 1950s. Since the 1980s, the wealth gap has widened again as capital gains have predominantly benefited white households. In 2021, 19.5 percent of Black people living in the United States were living below the poverty line, compared to 8.2 percent of white people, Statista Research Department said in a report on Sept. 30, 2022. More than half of Black and Latino households and over two-thirds of Native American ones reported the recent price increases driven by inflation had caused them serious financial problems, according to a national poll jointly released by NPR, the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation and the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health on Aug. 8, 2022. The impact of inflation on Black Americans is “extremely devastating,” said professor William Darity Jr. at Duke University. “People will have to make very, very hard decisions about whether or not to purchase medicines or buy food or forgo payment of their utilities.”
住房政策歧视少数族裔。联合国消除种族歧视委员会的结论性报告指出，美国在住房方面的种族隔离现象依然存在，有色人种和少数族裔群体在获得住房方面持续遭遇政策性和法律性歧视。（注83）英国广播公司2022年7月10日报道，美国白人和非洲裔房屋拥有率达到120年来的最大差距。齐洛房地产公司的数据分析表明，2021年约19.4%的非洲裔申请抵押贷款时遭到拒绝，而白人申请被拒的比例仅为10.8%。（注84）《国会山报》2022年8月28日报道，哈佛大学的研究显示，非洲裔房主无论收入如何，其住房的贷款利率往往高于白人房主。2022年第二季度，只有45.3%的非洲裔家庭和48.3%的拉美裔家庭拥有自己的住房，而白人家庭这一比例却高达74.6%。（注85）
Discrimination in housing policies. The UN Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination said in its concluding observations that there is a high degree of residential racial segregation, persistent policy and legal discrimination in access to housing on the grounds of race, color and national or ethnic origin. The gap between white and Black homeownership rates in the United States is at its widest in 120 years, according to a BBC report on July 10, 2022. Some 19.4 percent of Black applicants were denied a mortgage in 2021, compared with 10.8 percent of white applicants, according to the property firm Zillow. For many Black homeowners, interest rates are already often higher than their white counterparts regardless of income, The Hill quoted a 2021 Harvard University study as saying on Aug. 28, 2022. Just 45.3 percent of Black households and 48.3 percent of Hispanic households owned their homes during the second quarter of 2022, compared to 74.6 percent of white households, it added.
医疗卫生服务存在严重种族不平等。联合国消除种族歧视委员会的结论性报告指出，美国有色人种和少数族裔孕产妇死亡率和发病率高得不成比例。（注86）美国全国卫生统计中心2022年2月23日发布的报告显示，美国不同族裔孕产妇死亡率差异日益扩大，2020年非拉美裔黑人孕产妇死亡率显著增加，是非拉美裔白人孕产妇死亡率的2.9倍。（注87）美国疾病控制和预防中心2022年10月28日发布的研究报告显示，非洲裔、拉美裔、原住民等群体在获得新冠治疗时面临持续性的种族不平等。新冠疫情对有色人种和少数族裔造成了不成比例的更大的负面影响。（注88）不平等的医疗卫生服务影响少数种族生命权。普林斯顿大学公共和国际事务网站2022年7月7日公布的一项研究显示，2019年至2021年间，加利福尼亚州拉美裔人均预期寿命下降了5.7岁，非洲裔下降了3.8岁，亚裔下降了3岁。相比而言，白人的人均预期寿命下降了1.9岁。（注89）
Severe racial inequality in health services. The UN Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination said in its concluding observations that racial and ethnic minorities are disproportionately affected by higher rates of maternal mortality and morbidity. Ethnic and racial disparities in maternal mortality rate increased significantly. The rate rose markedly for non-Hispanic Black women in 2020, 2.9 times as non-Hispanic white women, according to a report published by National Center for Health Statistics on Feb. 23, 2022. Study showed racial and ethnic disparities persist in outpatient COVID-19 treatment among Black, Hispanic and Native American patients, according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) report published on Oct. 28, 2022. The COVID-19 pandemic has caused disproportionate impact on racial and ethnic minority groups, it said. Inequitable health services affect minority patients’ right to life. Hispanic populations in California lost 5.7 years of life expectancy between 2019 and 2021. Black populations lost 3.8 years, and Asian populations lost 3 years, while white populations lost 1.9 years, according to a study by Princeton School of Public and International Affairs published on July 7, 2022.
印第安原住民悲惨境遇未见改善。“美利坚得以形成的第一道根脉便是对原住民的殖民主义种族灭绝。这一根脉至今仍然是美国社会的根本支柱，并且渗透于美国文化当中。”（注90）美国内政部2022年5月11日发布了“联邦印第安人寄宿学校真相倡议”项目调查报告第一卷。报告承认，美国联邦政府历史上为同化原住民儿童采取了一系列措施，强制儿童与原生家庭分离、切断他们与原生族群的语言和文化联系。1819年至1969年，美国共有37个州建立了408所原住民寄宿学校。寄宿学校采用军事化管理并采取了许多文化灭绝手段，包括将原住民儿童名字改为英文名，强制剪掉原住民儿童的头发，禁止原住民的语言、宗教和文化习俗等。初步调查发现，19所寄宿学校造成了至少500多名印第安原住民、阿拉斯加原住民和夏威夷原住民儿童死亡。随着调查工作继续展开，这一数字可能更高，达到数千甚至数万。（注91）美国北夏延族研究人员玛莎·斯莫尔指出，“这就是种族灭绝”。曾就读于原住民寄宿学校的美国原住民部落老人唐纳德·恩孔尼埃讲述了他们所经历的苦难，包括被殴打、鞭打、性侵犯、强制剪发和起令人难堪的绰号。如果说自己的母语基奥瓦语，就会被殴打。唐纳德说：“每次我试图用基奥瓦语说话时，他们都会往我嘴里灌碱液。”“那是12年的地狱。”“我永远永远不会原谅这个学校对我所做的一切。”（注92）印第安原住民历史上遭受的苦难至今仍在延续。美国全国公共广播电台2022年8月8日报道称，严重通货膨胀给美国少数种族生活造成严重冲击，其中印第安原住民所受影响最为普遍，超过三分之二的印第安原住民因此出现严重经济问题。（注93）《今日美国报》2022年9月19日报道称，美国疾病控制和预防中心的研究报告显示，印第安和阿拉斯加原住民孕产妇死亡率是白人的2倍以上。研究指出，九成以上原住民孕产妇的死亡是可以预防的。加州大学旧金山分校妇产科主任安德烈亚·杰克逊博士表示：“在非洲裔美国人和印第安人身上，我们看到这种历史性的、不幸的差异仍在持续。”（注94）
American Indians have not seen their misery alleviated. “The first root of America was the colonial genocide of its indigenous peoples. This root remains a fundamental pillar of American society and permeates American culture.” The U.S. Department of Interior released the first part of the Federal Indian Boarding School Initiative on May 11, 2022. It admits past efforts by the federal government to assimilate Native American children into white American society by separating them from their families and stripping them of their languages and cultures.
The review notes that from 1819 to 1969, there were 408 federal schools in 37 states. Children and teenagers at these schools were subject to systematic militarized and identity-alteration methodologies by the federal government, including getting English names, haircuts, and being banned from using their native languages and exercising their religions. The initial investigation found that 19 boarding schools accounted for the deaths of more than 500 American Indian, Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian children. The number of recorded deaths is expected to increase to tens of thousands as the investigation gets underway.
It was a genocide, said Marsha Small, a northern Cheyenne researcher.
Donald Neconie, a Native American tribal elder who was once student at a government-backed Indian boarding school, testified about the hardships he endured, including beatings, whippings, sexual assaults, forced haircuts and painful nicknames. Neconie recalled being beaten if he spoke his native Kiowa language, “Every time I tried to talk Kiowa, they put lye in my mouth.” “It was 12 years of hell,” he said. “I will never, ever forgive this school for what they did to me.”
Misery that American Indians endured historically persists through today. Minority households reported the price increases driven by inflation had caused them “serious financial problems.” It’s even higher among Native Americans, with that number rising to more than two-thirds of those surveyed, according to an NPR report on Aug. 8, 2022.
A U.S. CDC report analyzed maternal deaths for American Indian and Alaska Native people who are more than twice as likely as white mothers to die of pregnancy-related causes but often undercounted in health data due to misclassification, according to a report released by USA Today on Sept. 19, 2022. More than 90 percent of indigenous mothers’ deaths were preventable, according to the analysis. “In both African American and Native Americans, we see this historic and unfortunate, constant disparity in outcomes,” said Dr Andrea Jackson, division chief of obstetrics and gynecology at the University of California, San Francisco.
