五、妇女儿童权利历史性倒退
V. Historic Retrogression in Women’s and Children’s Rights文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/14339.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/14339.html
2022年，美国妇女儿童权利保障出现重大倒退。妇女堕胎权失去宪法保护，校园、军队、监狱中性侵犯持续高发，儿童生命安全与合法权益面临严重威胁。文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/14339.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/14339.html
In 2022, a major setback occurred in the protection of the rights of women and children in the United States. Women’s right to abortion lost constitutional protection. Sexual assaults in schools, the military, and prisons continued to be high. Children’s lives and legal rights were facing serious threats.文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/14339.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/14339.html
禁止堕胎侵犯妇女权利。2022年，美国联邦最高法院推翻了保障妇女堕胎权的“罗伊诉韦德案”和“计划生育联盟诉凯西案”，终结了近50年来受宪法保护的堕胎权，将导致大约一半的州禁止堕胎手术。（注125）路透社2022年12月1日报道，印第安纳州总检察长要求该州医疗委员会对一名医生进行纪律处分，因为该医生为一名10岁的强奸受害者进行了堕胎手术，而俄亥俄州已经禁止在妊娠六周后堕胎。（注126）英国广播公司2022年6月29日报道，美国卫生部长泽维尔·贝塞拉表示，世界其他地区正在采取行动，给予女性应该拥有的各种权利，而美国联邦最高法院却倒行逆施，剥夺宪法确认的堕胎权，这使美国落后于世界其他地区。（注127）时任联合国人权事务高级专员的米歇尔·巴切莱特2022年6月24日指出，美国联邦最高法院关于堕胎的裁决是“对妇女人权和性别平等的巨大打击”，“这一裁决标志着美国通过‘罗伊诉韦德案’保护性健康和生殖健康及权利的努力在50年后遭受重大挫折”。（注128）文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/14339.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/14339.html
Banning abortion violates women’s rights. In 2022, the U.S. Supreme Court overturned Roe v. Wade and Planned Parenthood v. Casey that guaranteed women’s abortion rights. It ended nearly 50 years of constitutionally protected abortion rights and would lead to a ban on abortion in about half of the states. Reuters reported on Dec. 1, 2022 that Indiana’s attorney general asked the state’s medical board to discipline an Indiana doctor who performed an abortion on a 10-year-old rape victim from Ohio as Ohio banned abortion after six weeks of pregnancy. BBC reported on June 29, 2022, that U.S. Health Secretary Xavier Becerra said: “It is hard to believe that America is taking a backseat, is backsliding, when the rest of the world is moving to give women the kinds of rights they should have had a long time ago.” Michelle Bachelet, then UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, pointed out on June 24, 2022, that the U.S. Supreme Court’s ruling on abortion is “a huge blow to women’s human rights and gender equality.” The ruling “represents a major setback after five decades of protection for sexual and reproductive health and rights in the U.S. through Roe v Wade.”文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/14339.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/14339.html
妇女遭受性侵犯触目惊心。五分之一的美国女大学生称，在校期间遭到过性侵犯，造成的创伤影响她们整个受教育经历。（注129）美国有线电视新闻网2022年9月1日报道，2021年，美国军队中的性侵犯报告激增13%，近四分之一的女性军人表示在军队中遭受过性侵犯，超过一半的人表示遭受过性骚扰。（注130）美国联邦参议院2022年12月13日发布调查报告指出，过去10年，三分之二以上的联邦监狱发生了监狱管理人员性侵女囚的案件，美国监狱当局共立案5415起。（注131）美联社2022年2月6日报道，2020年共有422起对监狱管理人员性侵囚犯的投诉。加利福尼亚州都柏林的联邦女子监狱被称为“强奸俱乐部”，囚犯们说她们遭受了狱警甚至典狱长猖獗的性侵犯。（注132）
Sexual assaults of women are shocking. One in five female students in the United States said they had been sexually assaulted in college, and the trauma affected their entire educational experience. CNN reported on Sept. 1, 2022 that reports of sexual assaults in the U.S. military spiked 13 percent in 2021, with nearly a quarter of female soldiers saying they had been sexually assaulted in the military and more than half saying they had been sexually harassed. The United States Senate issued an investigation report on Dec. 13, 2022, saying that over the past decade, cases of sexual assault on female prisoners by prison administrators happened in more than two-thirds of federal prisons, with 5,415 cases filed by U.S. prison authorities. The Associated Press reported on Feb. 6, 2022 that in 2020 there were 422 complaints against prison administrators for sexually assaulting prisoners. A federal women’s prison in Dublin, California, has been dubbed a “rape club,” where inmates say they have been subjected to rampant sexual assaults by correctional officers and even the warden.
枪祸横行威胁儿童生命安全。凯泽家庭基金会2022年10月14日发表报告指出，2011年至2021年，美国近18500名17岁及以下的儿童死于枪支暴力。2021年平均每天有7名儿童死于枪击。（注133）《华盛顿邮报》2022年12月11日报道，2022年美国有超过5800名18岁以下的儿童因枪击受伤或死亡。截至2022年12月1日，涉及儿童的致命枪击事件比2021年增加了一倍多，涉及儿童的非致命枪击事件也增加了80%以上。（注134）美国总统拜登2022年6月公开承认：“枪击已成为美国儿童第一大死因，死于枪击的儿童比死于车祸和癌症的儿童还要多。”（注135）
Rampant gun violence threatens the lives of children. The Kaiser Family Foundation issued a report on Oct. 14, 2022, saying that from 2011 to 2021, nearly 18,500 children aged 17 and under were killed by gun violence in the United States. In 2021, an average of seven children were killed by shootings per day. The Washington Post reported on Dec. 11, 2022 that in 2022, more than 5,800 children under the age of 18 were injured or killed by shootings in the United States. As of Dec. 1, 2022, fatal gun shootings involving children had more than doubled from 2021, and non-fatal gun shootings involving children had also increased by 80 percent. In June 2022, U.S. President Joe Biden publicly admitted that “guns are the number one killer of children in the United States of America. The number one killer. More than car accidents. More than cancer. “
校园枪击案持续高发。美国是世界上校园枪击事件最频发的国家。“K-12校园枪击数据库”的资料显示，2022年美国校园枪击事件数量高达302起，是自1970年以来的最高值；伤亡人数达到332人，是近5年来的最高值。（注136）2022年5月24日，美国得克萨斯州尤瓦尔迪市罗布小学发生严重的大规模枪击案，一名18岁高中生携带在体育用品商店购买的AR-15突击步枪进入校园行凶，19名儿童和2名教师被枪杀，这是自2012年桑迪胡克小学枪击案以来最致命的校园枪击事件。（注137）美国总统拜登在就该事件发表的讲话中承认，自桑迪胡克小学枪击案发生10年来，美国校园里共发生900多起枪击事件，“这种大规模枪击事件世界其他地方很少发生”。（注138）《华盛顿邮报》2022年5月28日报道，自2018年以来，“K-12校园枪击数据库”记录了超过2500起威胁实施校园枪击的事件。（注139）英国广播公司2022年5月25日报道，美国校园枪击事件专家琼森指出，当今的美国年轻人已经成为“大规模枪击的一代”。（注140）
School shootings continue to rise. The United States is the country with the most frequent school shootings in the world. According to the “K-12 School Shooting Database,” the number of school shootings in the U.S. in 2022 was 302, the highest since 1970; The number of casualties reached 332, the highest in the past five years. On May 24, 2022, a serious mass shooting occurred at Robb Elementary School in Uvalde, Texas. An 18-year-old high school student entered the campus with an AR-15-style rifle purchased at a sporting goods store and killed 19 students and two teachers. The shooting is regarded as the deadliest after the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting in 2012. In his remarks on the incident, U.S. President Joe Biden admitted that since the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting a decade ago, there had been over 900 shooting incidents reported on school grounds. “What struck me was these kinds of mass shootings rarely happen anywhere else in the world,” he said. The Washington Post reported on May 28, 2022, that the “K-12 School Shooting Database” had recorded more than 2,500 instances of threats to carry out school shootings since 2018. According to a report by BBC on May 25, 2022, Cheryl Lero Jonson, an American expert on school shootings, pointed out that young Americans today have become the “mass shooting generation.”
儿童贫困率畸高。根据美国人口普查局2022年9月13日公布的数据，2021年美国贫困率为12.8%，儿童贫困率更是高达16.9%。密西西比州、路易斯安那州和华盛顿哥伦比亚特区的儿童贫困率分别高达27.7%、26.9%和23.9%。（注141）美国哥伦比亚大学贫困与社会政策中心的研究指出，美国儿童贫困率从2021年12月的12.1%上升至2022年5月的16.6%，增加了330万贫困儿童。（注142）美国专栏作家杰夫·马德里克所著《看不见的孩子：美国儿童贫困的代价》一书指出，美国是一个历来对贫困持偏见态度的国家，甚至不能就“有多少穷苦的美国人”达成共识，更不用说削减贫困人口和贫困儿童数量了；如果以更公平、更新的标准衡量计算，美国真实的贫困人口约为6000万，真实的贫困儿童数量可能超过2000万。（注143）“儿童贫困问题是美国的国家耻辱”。（注144）
Child poverty rates are disproportionately high. According to the data released by the U.S. Census Bureau on Sept. 13, 2022, the national poverty rate in the United States in 2021 was 12.8 percent, and the child poverty rate was 16.9 percent. In the states of Mississippi and Louisiana, as well as Washington, D.C., child poverty rates stood as high as 27.7 percent, 26.9 percent and 23.9 percent, respectively. Research by the Center on Poverty and Social Policy at Columbia University pointed out that the child poverty rate in the United States rose from 12.1 percent in December 2021 to 16.6 percent in May 2022, representing 3.3 million additional children in poverty. The book “Invisible Americans: The tragic cost of child poverty” by U.S. columnist Jeff Madrick points out that the United States is a country with historically biased attitudes toward poverty, which can’t even agree on how many poor Americans are there, let alone reducing the number of poor people and poor children; If measured by a fairer and newer standard, the real number of poor people in the United States is about 60 million, and that of poor children may exceed 20 million. “Child poverty in the U.S. is a disgrace.”
非法使用童工现象屡禁不止。根据非盈利组织“美国农场工人健康中心”的数据，美国有30万至80万名未成年人在农场工作。（注145）美国《石板》网络杂志指出，美国很多快餐店违反保护儿童健康与教育的规定，雇用青少年超时工作。童工问题屡禁不止，根源是美国法律体系存在漏洞。受新冠疫情和供应链危机影响，美国多地出现“用工荒”现象，多州批准新法案延长未成年人工作时间。根据美国劳工部的数据，2022年，美国有数百万青少年受雇在农业、食品服务、零售、娱乐和建筑行业工作。（注146）路透社2023年2月28日报道，美国非法雇佣童工问题日益严重，自2018年以来，被非法雇用的童工激增了近70%。根据美国劳工部的数据，2022财年有835家企业违法雇用3800名儿童，受雇专门从事危险工作的儿童增加了26%。（注147）《今日美国报》2022年11月13日报道，威斯康星州帕克斯清洁服务公司雇用了30多名13至17岁的未成年人在肉类加工厂和农场担任清洁工。几名未成年雇员在工作中受伤，其中一名13岁儿童被腐蚀性清洁化学品烧伤。（注148）路透社2022年12月16日报道，在阿拉巴马州至少有四家汽车零部件供应商被发现雇佣童工，劳务派遣机构将未成年人移民安置在工厂工作。（注149）时至今日，美国仍是联合国193个会员国中唯一没有批准《儿童权利公约》的国家，解决雇佣童工问题的前景依然黯淡。
Illegal use of child labor persists despite repeated prohibition. According to the figures estimated by the National Center for Farmworker Health, a U.S. non-profit organization, between 300,000 and 800,000 minors were employed on farms in the United States. The Slate Magazine pointed out that fast-food employers have committed a raft of child labor violations, making teenagers work excessive hours that violate limits protecting children’s health and education. Constant banning of child labor ends in failure, with the root cause lying in the loopholes in the U.S. legal system. Affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the supply chain crisis, the United States has been suffering labor shortages. Many states passed new bills to extend the working hours for minors. According to the U.S. Department of Labor, millions of U.S. teens were employed in agriculture, food service, retail, entertainment and construction industries in 2022. According to the Reuters’ report published on Feb. 28, 2023, the issue of illegal employment of minors has become increasingly serious, where it had seen a nearly 70 percent increase in child labor violations since 2018. According to statistics from the U.S. Department of Labor, in the last fiscal year, 835 companies were found to have violated child labor laws by employing 3,800 minors, and there has been a 26 percent increase in employment of minors in hazardous occupations. The USA Today reported on Nov. 13, 2022 that a Wisconsin industrial cleaning company is accused of illegally employing more than 30 children, ages 13-17, as cleaners in meatpacking plants and farms. Several underage employees were injured on the job, including a 13-year-old burned by caustic cleaning chemicals. Reuters reported on Dec. 16, 2022 that at least four major suppliers of automobile companies have employed child labor at Alabama factories, and staffing agencies supplied those immigrant minors to work in plants. Today, the United States is still the only country among the 193 member states of the United Nations that has not put its signature on the Convention on the Rights of the Child. The prospects for solving its problem of child labor remain dim.
青少年监禁条件恶劣。《休斯顿纪事报》2022年8月23日报道，得克萨斯州盖茨维尔市的少年监狱条件恶劣。因严重犯罪服刑的青少年每天被单独关在狭小的牢房里长达23小时。需要去卫生间时，他们只能用空水瓶解决。旨在引导陷入困境的年轻人改过自新的体育项目和其他活动已被取消。他们不能参加课程学习，而只能在牢房里完成一系列工作，这使他们失去了寻求帮助和治疗的机会。（注150）《洛杉矶时报》2022年11月29日报道，洛杉矶县青少年监禁系统混乱不堪。少管所的人员严重短缺，导致青少年斗殴事件丛生和看管人员暴力管教情况增多。日益孤立、缺乏支持和遭受暴力等情况正在损害被监禁青少年的心理健康。一位被监禁的少年说，他觉得自己没有被“当人对待”。（注151）
Conditions of juvenile detention centers are harsh. The Houston Chronicle reported on Aug. 23, 2022 that conditions are poor in the juvenile detention center located in Gatesville, Texas. Teens serving sentences for serious crimes are being locked alone in poky cells for 23 hours a day. Instead of bathroom breaks, they’re given empty water bottles in which to relieve themselves. Sports programs and other activities designed to rehabilitate and redirect the troubled young people have been eliminated. Instead of attending class, they get work packets to complete in their cells, which denied their access to counseling and therapy. The Los Angeles Times reported on Nov. 29, 2022 that the juvenile detention system in Los Angeles County was in chaos. The staffing crisis in juvenile detention centers has led to frequent incidents of young detainees’ conflicts and violent corrections by prison guards. The increased isolation, lack of supportive structure and violence are having detrimental effects on incarcerated youths’ mental health. One incarcerated minor said he didn’t feel he was being “treated like a human being.”
