五、解放和发展了生产力
V. Liberating and Developing the Productive Forces文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/6855.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/6855.html
民主改革不仅废除了封建人身依附关系，实现了人民当家作主，而且变农奴主土地所有制为农民土地所有制，使农奴拥有了自己的生产资料，极大地解放和发展了生产力。伴随着国家改革开放进程，西藏社会生产力发展水平逐步与全国同步，西藏各族人民不断享有日益丰富的现代文明成果。文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/6855.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/6855.html
Democratic reform in Tibet abolished the feudal bondage of individual serfs to serf owners, and enabled the people to be masters of their own affairs. It replaced serf owners’ land ownership with peasants’ land ownership, which allowed serfs to own means of production and significantly liberated and developed productive forces. Since China adopted reform and opening-up in 1978, the productive forces in Tibet have developed rapidly and have now caught up with the national level; the people in Tibet are sharing more and more achievements of modern civilization.文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/6855.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/6855.html
——极大地提高了生产力发展水平文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/6855.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/6855.html
– Improving productive forces文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/6855.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/6855.html
民主改革使翻身农奴第一次拥有了自己的土地、农具、牲畜等生产资料，发展生产的激情、创造财富的活力前所未有地迸发出来，西藏农牧业生产得到长足发展。按可比价格计算，西藏的生产总值1960年比1959年增长45.8%，人均生产总值增长42.9%，均为历史最高。1959年冬至1960年春，农业区修水渠长达1500公里，修整水池300个，扩大了灌溉面积37万余亩。1960年又修水渠5000公里，水库、水塘1500个，灌溉面积进一步扩大。1959年冬至1960年上半年，西藏共积肥料110亿公斤。到1960年春，农区耕地面积扩大到273万亩，比1959年增加了30万亩。农业生产的大发展，使农牧民群众的生活显著改善。以乃东县（今乃东区）克松乡为例，民主改革初期，全乡119户中有90多户缺口粮，到1964年不仅全乡农户家家有足够口粮、种子和饲料，而且95%的人家有了余粮。到1961年底，西藏牲畜存栏总数超过了平叛前的最高水平，达到了1206万头（只）。
Democratic reform in Tibet enabled the former serfs to own their own land, farm tools, cattle and other means of production. They showed ever growing passion for working hard to create wealth. Agriculture and animal husbandry progressed significantly.
From 1959 to 1960, calculated at comparable prices, Tibet’s GDP grew by 45.8 percent and its per capita GDP rose by 42.9 percent, both of which represented a historical high. From the winter of 1959 to the spring of 1960, 1,500 km of new water channels were built and 300 reservoirs were repaired in the agricultural areas, adding more than 24,666 ha of irrigated land. In 1960 as a whole, 5,000 km of new water channels were built along with 1,500 new reservoirs and ponds, which further expanded the area of irrigated land. From the winter of 1959 to the first half of 1960, Tibet collected 1.1 million tons of fertilizer. By the spring of 1960, arable land had expanded to an area of 182,000 ha, an increase of 20,000 ha over 1959.
Agricultural development led to significant improvements in the lives of peasants and herdsmen. Take the example of Khesum Township of Nedong County (present-day Nedong District). In the early days of democratic reform, 90 of its total of 119 rural households suffered food shortages; by 1964, all of its rural households had sufficient grain, seed stock, and fodder, and 95 percent of them had surplus grain. By the end of 1961, Tibet’s total livestock inventory reached 12.06 million heads, surpassing the highest recorded figure before the 1959 rebellion.
在分得生产资料的基础上，国家还为分得土地的农民配备了生产工具，无偿拨给农牧民366957件铁制农具。之后的几年内，政府向农牧民发放了几十万件铁制农具，并且在拉萨、昌都、日喀则、江孜、泽当和林芝等地新建了小型农具制造厂。
The central government provided farm tools to peasants in Tibet who had acquired land. For example, some 367,000 metal farm tools were given free to the peasants and herdsmen. In the following years, the central government distributed several hundred thousand farm tools, and built small farm tool manufacturing factories in Lhasa, Qamdo, Shigatse, Gyantse, Tsethang, Nyingchi and other cities.
随着民主改革的完成，中央政府立足西藏实际提出了“稳定发展”的方针。1961年“农村26条”和“牧区30条”下达后，受到广大干部群众的衷心拥护。据统计，到1965年西藏粮食总产量达到29万吨，比民主改革前的1958年增长66.1%；牲畜存栏总数达到1701万头（只），比1958年增长54.1%。这一时期，西藏的交通、教育、文化、卫生等各项社会事业也取得重大进展。到1965年，西藏公路总里程达14721公里，是民主改革前的2.6倍，西藏90%以上的县有了公路，仅拉萨市区就新修了8条柏油路，95%以上的居民用上了电灯；西藏小学达1822所、在校生66781人，中学4所、在校生1359人，中等专业学校1所，高等学校1所；专业文艺团体和电影放映单位133个；医疗机构发展到193个、床位数增加到1631张、卫生人员增加到2947人，分别是民主改革前的3.1倍、3.4倍和3.7倍。1966年，林芝毛纺厂建成投产，是西藏历史上第一座现代化毛纺企业。1965年，中尼公路建成通车。1973年，滇藏公路通车。
After democratic reform, the central government adopted a policy of steady development based on the real conditions in Tibet. In 1961, the CPC Tibet Working Committee issued Specific Policies Towards the Rural Areas and Regulations on the Current Policies Towards the Pastoral Areas, which received heartfelt support from officials and the public. By 1965, Tibet’s total grain yield had reached 290,000 tons, up by 66.1 percent over 1958; its total livestock inventory was more than 17.01 million head, up by 54.1 percent over 1958.
From 1958 to 1965, Tibet made major progress in transport, education, culture, healthcare and other social undertakings. By 1965:
- Tibet had a total of 14,721 km of highway, up by a factor of 2.6 compared with 1958, connecting 90 percent of all its counties;
- There were eight new asphalt roads in downtown Lhasa;
- More than 95 percent of Lhasa residents had access to electric lighting;
- There were:
- 1,822 primary schools with 66,781 students,
- four middle schools with 1,359 students,
- one secondary vocational school, and
- one institution of higher learning.
- Tibet had 133 professional art troupes and cinemas;
- The number of medical institutions had increased to 193, more than three times the number in 1958;
- The number of hospital beds had risen to 1,631, 3.4 times the number in 1958;
- There were 2,947 healthcare workers, 3.7 times the number in 1958.
In 1966, Nyingchi Woolen Mill was established and put into operation – the first modern wool textile mill in Tibet’s history. In 1965, the China-Nepal Highway, connecting Tibet and Nepal, was completed and opened to traffic. In 1973, the Yunnan-Tibet Highway opened to traffic.
——实现了经济结构根本性转变
– Accomplishing a fundamental change in economic structure
经过60年的奋斗，西藏农牧业彻底走出了靠天吃饭、靠天养畜的困局，现代化程度不断提高。农林牧渔业增加值（含农林牧渔服务业）由1959年的1.28亿元增加到2018年的134.14亿元。粮食产量由1959年的18.29万吨增加到2018年的104.9万吨；粮食单产由1959年的1370公斤/公顷提高到2018年的5688公斤/公顷。农牧业特色产业从小到大、快速发展，具有西藏高原特色的农牧业品牌建设成效显著，建成了一大批优质粮油生产、无公害蔬菜种植、标准化奶牛规模养殖、特色藏猪藏鸡养殖、绒山羊养殖等特色产业基地。
Through 60 years of hard work, agriculture and animal husbandry in Tibet is no longer subject to nature and the environment; it is steadily modernizing. The added value of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, fisheries and related service industries rose from 128 million yuan in 1959 to 13.41 billion yuan in 2018. Grain yield increased from 182,900 tons in 1959 to more than 1 million tons in 2018; grain yield per unit area increased from 1,370 kg/ha in 1959 to 5,688 kg/ha in 2018. Specialty industries related to agriculture and animal husbandry have grown in size and productivity. Tibetan plateau brands have been established in agriculture and animal husbandry. A large group of specialty industrial bases have been created, such as high-quality grain and oil production, pollution-free vegetables, large-scale standardized dairy cattle farming, Tibetan pig farming, Tibetan chicken farming, and cashmere goat farming.
现代工业从无到有，不断发展壮大。经过60年的发展，西藏已建立起一个包括能源、建材、机械、采矿、轻工、食品加工、民族手工业、藏医药等20多个门类的现代工业体系，并告别传统的生产模式，逐步达到现代化水平。工业增加值从1959年的0.15亿元增加到2018年的114.51亿元。
Modern industry started from scratch and has grown steadily. Through 60 years of development, Tibet has now established a modern industrial system covering over 20 sectors, including energy, construction materials, machinery, mining, light industry, food processing, ethnic handicrafts, and Tibetan medicine. Tibet has abandoned its traditional industrial model and is approaching modernized levels of production. Tibet’s industrial added value increased from 15 million yuan in 1959 to 11.45 billion yuan in 2018.
经济总量实现了巨大飞跃。2018年，西藏全区生产总值1477.63亿元，按可比价格计算，比1959年的1.74亿元增长了约191倍。经济结构持续优化，第一产业增加值在国内生产总值中的比重从1959年的73.6%下降到8.8%，第二、三产业比重分别上升到42.5%和48.7%。
Economic aggregate has achieved significant growth. In 2018, Tibet’s GDP was 147.76 billion yuan, about 192 times the 1959 figure of 174 million yuan, calculated at comparable prices. Tibet’s economic structure is improving. The share of added value from primary industry in GDP dropped from 73.6 percent in 1959 to 8.8 percent in 2018, while the share of secondary industry rose to 42.5 percent and the share of tertiary industry increased to 48.7 percent.
第三产业蓬勃发展，全域旅游快速推进。2018年接待游客3368.73万人次，实现旅游总收入490.14亿元，10多万农牧民借助旅游业增收致富，世界旅游目的地建设成效初显。商贸物流、金融保险、电子商务、物流配送等新业态发展迅速，正成长为新的经济增长点。
Tertiary industry is thriving, and tourism is developing rapidly. In 2018, Tibet received 33,687,300 tourist visits, with a total tourism revenue of 49.01 billion yuan. More than 100,000 farmers and herdsmen have added income through tourism, and Tibet has become an international tourist destination. Trade logistics, banking, insurance, e-commerce, logistics, and other new forms of industry have grown fast and have become new sources of growth.
——全面推进了基础设施建设
– Improving infrastructure
旧西藏没有一条正规的公路。和平解放后，西藏现代意义上的公路建设开始起步，国家在极度困难的条件下修建了青藏、川藏公路及通往各地区的较低等级的公路。民主改革后，迅速建设了新藏、滇藏、中尼等干线公路，青藏、川藏公路也陆续铺起柏油路面，并建成了拉萨至贡嘎机场的高等级公路。目前已基本形成了以公路、铁路、航空为主体的综合立体交通网络。截至2018年底，西藏公路通车里程达到9.78万公里，其中高等级公路660公里；全区所有县通公路；全区697个乡镇中579个实现通畅，696个实现通达；全区5467个建制村中2624个实现通畅，5457个实现通达。2006年，青藏铁路格尔木至拉萨段建成通车，结束了西藏不通铁路的历史。2014年建成了拉萨到日喀则铁路，拉萨到林芝铁路现已进入铺轨阶段。
Tibet had no proper highways before its liberation in 1951, when highway construction in the modern sense began. Despite economic difficulties, China built the Qinghai-Tibet Highway, Sichuan-Tibet Highway and other low-grade highways connecting Tibet with other regions. After democratic reform, trunk highways such as the Xinjiang-Tibet Highway, Yunnan-Tibet Highway, and China-Nepal Highway were built. The Qinghai-Tibet Highway and Sichuan-Tibet Highway were asphalted, and a high-grade highway connecting downtown Lhasa and Gongkar Airport was completed. Now Tibet has formed a comprehensive transport network composed of highways, railways and air routes. By the end of 2018, Tibet had 97,800 km of highway, 660 km of which were high-grade highways. All counties in Tibet had access to highways, and of the 697 townships and towns, 579 had direct access to highway transport and 696 could be reached by highways. Of the 5,467 villages in Tibet, 2,624 had direct access to highway transport and 5,457 could be reached by highway. In 2006, the Golmud-Lhasa section of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway was completed and opened to traffic, which was the first railway in Tibet. In 2014, the construction of Lhasa-Shigatse Railway was completed and tracklaying started on the Lhasa-Nyingchi Railway.
航空站和机场建设不断推进。1956年，西藏建成首个简易机场，现在已建成通航机场5个，开通国内国际航线92条，初步形成了以拉萨贡嘎机场为干线，以昌都邦达、林芝米林、阿里昆莎、日喀则机场为支线的航空网络。
The construction of air stations and airports is progressing. In 1956, the first airstrip in Tibet was completed. Tibet now has five airports and 92 domestic and international air routes in operation. There is an airline network with Gongkar Airport in Lhasa as the main hub, and with Bamda Airport in Qamdo, Mainling Airport in Nyingchi, Gunsa Airport in Ngari, and Peace Airport in Shigatse as branches.
和平解放前，西藏仅有一座125千瓦、仅供少数上层贵族且断续发电的小水电站。1960年，纳金水电站建成发电，拉萨普通市民首次用上了电灯。此后，羊湖、沃卡、查龙、金河、直孔、狮泉河、雪卡、老虎嘴、藏木、多布、果多、觉巴等水电站，羊八井地热电站，大型并网光伏电站等相继建成。以水电为主，油、气和可再生能源互补的综合能源体系基本形成。实现青藏、川藏电力联网。城镇供暖取得重大突破，2014年冬，拉萨市城区首次实现了天然气供暖，同时也满足了居民生活用气需求。截至2018年底，区内主电网延伸到62个县（区），供电人口272万人，其他地区通过小水电、光伏局域网、户用光伏系统等方式初步实现用电人口全覆盖。
Before liberation in 1951, Tibet had only one 125-kw hydropower station, which supplied electricity only to a handful of aristocrats. In 1960, Ngachen Hydropower Station was completed and entered service, bringing electric lighting for the first time to the citizens of Lhasa. Subsequently, many more hydropower stations were completed, including Yamdrog Hydropower Station, Wiga Hydropower Station, Tralong Hydropower Station, Jinhe Hydropower Station, Drigung Hydropower Station, Shiquanhe Hydropower Station, Shoka Hydropower Station, Laohuzui Hydropower Station, Dzam Hydropower Station, Tobe Hydropower Station, Godok Hydropower Station, and Joba Hydropower Station. Yangbajain Geothermal Power Station has also been completed, as have a series of large grid-connected PV power plants. A comprehensive energy network is in place, with hydro power as the mainstay, and supplemented by oil, natural gas and renewables. The power supply in Tibet has been grid-connected with those in Qinghai and Sichuan provinces. Tibet’s urban heating system has been greatly improved. In the winter of 2014, natural gas heating became available in downtown Lhasa, meeting the everyday needs of Lhasa residents. By the end of 2018, Tibet’s power grid had extended to 62 counties (districts), supplying electricity to a population of 2.72 million; the other areas in Tibet had full power supply through small hydropower stations, local PV networks, and household PV systems.
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