二、不可阻挡的历史潮流
II. Irresistible Historical Trend文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/6855.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/6855.html
农奴制是封建社会最残酷的奴役形式，无论从经济的发展、政治的民主，还是从人权的保障角度来审视，农奴制都是野蛮落后的社会制度。时至20世纪50年代，封建农奴制度的存在完全背离人类历史发展潮流。这样一种制度是文明的耻辱，注定要被历史抛弃。文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/6855.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/6855.html
Serfdom is the most brutal form of slavery in feudal society. It is a barbaric and backward social system in terms of economic development, political democracy or human rights protection. By the 1950s, the very existence of feudal serfdom had violated the development trend of human history. Such a system was a stain on civilization and was destined to be eradicated by history.文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/6855.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/6855.html
在人类社会发展史上，具有人身依附关系的奴隶制、农奴制在世界上大多数地方都存在过。近代以后，随着新思想和启蒙运动的出现，奴隶制、农奴制已被认为是落后过时的制度，废奴或废奴运动开始在一些国家出现，敲响了奴隶制、农奴制灭亡的丧钟。随着欧美资产阶级革命的兴起，法国、英国、俄国、美国等陆续废除奴隶制、农奴制。法国大革命后，法国于1794年宣布废除奴隶制。1807年、1833年，英国先后通过《废除奴隶贸易法案》和《废除奴隶制法案》。1861年，俄国以自上而下的和平改革废除了农奴制。1865年，美国联邦政府凭借南北战争的胜利，以宪法修正案的形式废除了奴隶制和强制劳役。文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/6855.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/6855.html
Throughout human history, slavery and serfdom have existed in most parts of the world. The two systems were renounced as backward and outdated as new ideas and enlightenment emerged in modern times, and abolitionism or abolitionist movements began to appear in many countries, ringing the death knell of slavery and serfdom. With the rise of the bourgeois revolution in Europe and the United States, the two were successively abolished in France, Britain, Russia, and the United States. In 1794, during the French Revolution, France put an end to slavery. Britain enacted the Slave Trade Act in 1807 and the Slavery Abolition Act in 1833. In 1861, Russia abolished serfdom with a top-down peaceful reform. In 1865, by virtue of victory in the Civil War, the US federal government abolished slavery and forced labor by means of a constitutional amendment.文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/6855.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/6855.html
第二次世界大战后，刚刚从大战硝烟中走出的世界，正迎来一个新的发展时代，和平、发展、公平、正义、民主、自由成为人类社会的崇高追求。1948年，联合国通过的《世界人权宣言》明确指出：“任何人不得使为奴隶或奴役；一切形式的奴隶制度和奴隶买卖，均应予以禁止。”1956年，联合国专门通过了《废止奴隶制、奴隶贩卖及类似奴隶制的制度与习俗补充公约》，要求各缔约国采取一切实际而必要的立法及其他措施，逐渐地和迅速地加以完全废除。
The end of the Second World War ushered in a new era of development, when peace, development, equity, justice, democracy and freedom became the goals of human society. In 1948, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights adopted by the United Nations clearly stated: “No one shall be held in slavery or servitude; slavery and the slave trade shall be prohibited in all their forms.” In 1956, the United Nations adopted the Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery, the Slave Trade, and Institutions and Practices Similar to Slavery. Article 1 of the Convention states that “Each of the States Parties to this Convention shall take all practicable and necessary legislative and other measures to bring about progressively and as soon as possible the complete abolition or abandonment of the following institutions and practices...”
1949年10月1日，中华人民共和国成立，开启了中国历史的崭新时代。在中国共产党的领导下，新生的人民共和国建立起全新的社会主义制度，人民当家作主。1951年5月23日，中央人民政府与西藏地方政府签订《关于和平解放西藏办法的协议》（以下简称《十七条协议》），正式宣告西藏和平解放。新中国成立伊始，鉴于中国社会发展的不平衡性、特别是一些地方的特殊情况，1954年，时任全国人大常委会委员长的刘少奇在一届全国人大一次会议上说：“现在还没有完成民主改革的少数民族地区，今后也可以用某种和缓的方式完成民主改革，然后逐步过渡到社会主义。”1953年新疆彻底废除了残余的封建农奴制（伯克制）。1956年开始，甘肃、四川、青海等省藏区也陆续进行民主改革。在云南，通过和平协商的办法于1956年废除了傈僳族、景颇族、佤族的家长奴隶制和永宁摩梭人的奴隶制，1958年又废除了宁蒗小凉山彝族奴隶制和迪庆藏族地区的封建农奴制。1956年初至1957年底，四川省凉山彝族聚居区开展民主改革，彻底废除了奴隶制度。废除农奴制已成为20世纪50年代新中国社会发展的大趋势。然而，此时的西藏依然延续着政教合一的封建农奴制，社会发展和文明进步受到严重阻碍。
On October 1, 1949 the People’s Republic of China (PRC) was founded, opening a new era in Chinese history. Under the leadership of the CPC, a new socialist system was established, making the people the masters of the country. On May 23, 1951, the Agreement of the Central People’s Government and the Local Government of Tibet on Measures for the Peaceful Liberation of Tibet (hereinafter the “17-Article Agreement”) was signed, officially proclaiming the peaceful liberation of Tibet.
In view of unbalanced social development and special circumstances in some places, Liu Shaoqi, then chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress (NPC), said at the First Session of the First NPC in 1954: “Ethnic minority areas that have not completed democratic reform can complete it in some gentle manner in the future and then gradually move forward to socialism.”
In 1953, Xinjiang completely abolished all remaining feudal serfdom. Beginning in 1956, democratic reform was also carried out in Tibetan areas of Gansu, Sichuan, and Qinghai provinces. In Yunnan Province, parental slavery among the Lisu, Jingpo, and Va ethnic groups and the slavery of the Mosuo people in Yongning were abolished in 1956 through peaceful negotiation; slavery among the Xiaoliangshan Yi people in Ninglang and feudal slavery in Deqen Tibetan area were abolished in 1958. From early 1956 to late 1957, democratic reform was carried out in the Liangshan Yi ethnic area in Sichuan Province which completely abolished slavery. The abolition of serfdom was a major trend of social progress in China in the 1950s. However, Tibet at that time was still ruled by feudal serfdom under theocracy, which seriously obstructed social development and the process of civilization.
——政教合一的封建农奴制使西藏生产长期处于停滞状态
– Agricultural production was stagnated by theocratic feudal serfdom in Tibet for a long time.
直到20世纪50年代，西藏的农业仍停滞在粗放耕作甚至“刀耕火种”的原始生产方式，普遍使用木制农具，平均产量仅有种子的四五倍，与几百年前无多大区别。绝大部分吃、穿、用品都要靠个体或庄园的手工生产，毫无社会生机和活力。
Before the 1950s, agriculture in Tibet remained bound to extensive farming methods or even primitive slash-and-burn farming. Wooden tools were widely used, and the average yield was only four or five times that of seeds sown – not much different from hundreds of years ago. Most of the food, clothing, and supplies were made by hand by individuals or manors. There was no vitality in society.
——政教合一的封建农奴制生产关系已经与劳动主体形成尖锐矛盾和对立
– Feudal serfdom under theocracy caused sharp conflicts and opposition between serf owners and their labor.
农奴主通过剥削农奴攫取的社会财富，除供养僧俗官员和蓄养奴仆外，其余的全部用于骄奢淫逸的生活耗费。农奴辛勤劳作的成果被农奴主残酷剥夺，深陷饥寒交迫的悲苦境地，失去了生活能力，不得不反抗和逃亡。
By exploiting serfs, serf owners hoarded social wealth and spent it on extravagant and dissipated lives, in addition to supplying ecclesiastical and secular officials and their servants. Serfs, who were brutally deprived of the fruits of their hard work by serf owners, lived a miserable life. As they could barely survive, they had no choice but to rebel or flee.
——政教合一的封建农奴制严重阻碍了现代科技文化的传播发展
– Feudal serfdom under theocracy seriously impeded the spread and development of modern science, technology and culture.
由三大领主把控的西藏地方政权，为了巩固自己的统治，宣扬神权迷信，反对科学，严重阻碍了现代科学技术的传播和运用。尽管统治集团也曾派贵族子弟到国外学习现代科学技术，但主要是为了满足统治者自身享用，并不是为了学习先进，倡导科学。
To consolidate its rule, the government of Tibet controlled by three major estate-holders practiced theocracy, promoted superstition, and opposed science by every possible means, which seriously hindered the spread and application of modern science and technology. Although the ruling clique sent youth from aristocratic families to study modern science and technology abroad, the purpose was mainly for the rulers’ own satisfaction, rather than to learn and apply advanced science and technology.
和平解放后，在中央政府的努力下，西藏结束了内部长期混乱和纷争，初步打破了西藏社会长期封闭停滞的局面，西藏经济社会发展出现新气象，发生新变化。按照《十七条协议》，1951年10月解放军入藏，1952年成立西藏军区，担负起保卫国家边疆的任务。中央通过设立西藏工作委员会在拉萨及各地建立分支机构并开展工作。1959年民主改革前，西藏同时存在着噶厦地方政府、班禅堪布会议厅和昌都地区人民解放委员会、西藏自治区筹备委员会等不同性质的政权组织。按照《十七条协议》规定：“对于西藏的现行政治制度，中央不予变更”；“有关西藏的各项改革事宜，中央不加强迫。西藏地方政府应自动进行改革，人民提出改革要求时，得采取与西藏领导人员协商的方法解决之”。中央人民政府坚持“慎重稳进”方针和极为宽容的政策，积极争取和团结爱国上层人士，耐心等待西藏地方上层统治集团自我改革。同时，针对西藏长期受到神权统治影响，中国共产党领导的各级组织和工作人员开展了耐心细致的群众工作，认真贯彻执行了“六年不改”的工作方针，赢得了爱国上层人士、广大人民群众的拥护和支持。
Thanks to the efforts of the central government, the peaceful liberation in 1951 ended Tibet’s long-lasting chaos, conflict, occlusion and stagnation. It experienced new economic and social development. Based on the 17-Article Agreement, the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) entered Tibet in October 1951, and the Tibet Military Region was established in 1952 to take up the task of defending this frontier region. The central authorities established the CPC Tibet Working Committee and its branches in Lhasa and other places to perform its functions.
Before democratic reform in 1959, Tibet had political powers with different nature: the Kashag regime and Panchen Kampus Assembly; and the Qamdo People’s Liberation Committee and the Tibet Autonomous Region Preparatory Committee. As the 17-Article Agreement stipulated, “The central government will not alter the current political system of Tibet.… In matters related to reform in Tibet, there will be no compulsion on the part of the central government. The local government of Tibet shall take initiative to carry out reform, and when the people raise demands for reform, the central government shall consult with the leading personnel to settle the issue.”
The Central People’s Government adopted a circumspect attitude and a rather lenient policy, actively persuading and winning over patriotic people from the upper class while patiently waiting for Tibet’s ruling class to carry out reform.
In the meantime, in response to the long-term influence of theocracy in Tibet, CPC-led organizations and staff at different levels carried out meticulous work among the people and conscientiously implemented the policy that no reform should be carried out in Tibet within six years, thus winning the support of the ordinary people and of patriots from the upper class.
面对已经走到尽头的政教合一的封建农奴制，十四世达赖喇嘛和西藏上层反动集团不仅不思改革，还极力维护这一制度，他们担心改革不仅会使他们失去政教特权，还会失去巨大的经济利益。
Even as they were aware that feudal serfdom under theocracy was coming to an end, the 14th Dalai Lama and the reactionaries in Tibet’s upper class had no wish to conduct reform. Instead, they tried to maintain the system for fear that reform would deprive them of their political and religious privileges, together with their huge economic benefits.
三大领主正是通过政教合一的封建农奴制聚敛了大量财富。据统计，民主改革前，十四世达赖喇嘛家族在西藏占有27座庄园、30个牧场，拥有农（牧）奴6000多人，每年在农奴身上榨取的青稞33000多克（1克约合14公斤），酥油2500多克，藏银200多万两，牛羊300头，氆氇175卷。
It was through feudal serfdom under theocracy that the three major estate-holders gathered enormous wealth. Before democratic reform, the family of the 14th Dalai Lama possessed 27 manors, 30 pastures and over 6,000 serfs, and annually wrung out of them more than 462,000 kg of highland barley, 35,000 kg of butter, 2 million liang of Tibetan silver, 300 head of cattle and sheep, and 175 rolls of pulu (woolen fabric made in Tibet).
