四、文化权利的保障
IV. Cultural Rights文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/11778.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/11778.html
新疆高度重视各民族优秀传统文化的挖掘、传承和保护，不断提升公共文化服务水平，大力推广使用国家通用语言文字，鼓励各民族相互学习语言文字，切实保障公民受教育权。文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/11778.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/11778.html
Xinjiang attaches great importance to documenting and protecting its excellent traditional ethnic cultures, to ensure that they are passed on to succeeding generations. It has continued its efforts to improve the quality of public cultural services and promote the use of standard Chinese. It encourages ethnic groups to learn spoken and written languages from each other, and takes solid measures to ensure the right to education.文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/11778.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/11778.html
传承保护各民族优秀传统文化。中国各族人民共同创造了光辉灿烂的中华文化，各民族文化是中华文化不可分割的一部分。《中华人民共和国文物保护法》《中华人民共和国非物质文化遗产法》等法律，以及《新疆维吾尔自治区实施〈中华人民共和国文物保护法〉办法》《新疆维吾尔自治区非物质文化遗产保护条例》等地方性法规的出台，为保护新疆各民族文化提供了坚实的法治保障。文化遗产得到有效保护，高昌故城、交河故城、北庭故城遗址、克孜尔石窟、克孜尔尕哈烽燧、苏巴什佛寺遗址列入世界文化遗产“丝绸之路：长安－天山廊道的路网”。新疆维吾尔木卡姆艺术、柯尔克孜史诗《玛纳斯》列入联合国教科文组织“人类非物质文化遗产代表作名录”，维吾尔族麦西热甫列入联合国教科文组织“急需保护的非物质文化遗产名录”，各民族均有代表性非遗项目列入国家级和自治区级非遗名录，现有全国重点文物保护单位133处。各民族优秀文化传统得到传承发展，汉族的“元宵灯会”、维吾尔族的“麦西热甫”、哈萨克族的“阿依特斯”、柯尔克孜族的“库姆孜弹唱会”、蒙古族的“那达慕大会”、回族的“花儿会”等民俗活动广泛开展。各民族传统体育得到长足发展，各地举办不同形式的运动会，在传统节日还进行摔跤、赛马、射箭、叼羊、达瓦孜等具有民族特色的传统体育比赛和表演，各族群众共同参与、同场竞技、互学共乐。实施新疆民族文学原创和民汉互译作品工程，各民族文化交往交流交融不断加深。文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/11778.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/11778.html
Xinjiang’s fine traditional ethnic cultures are protected. The splendid Chinese civilization was created by all ethnic groups of China, and the ethnic cultures are an inseparable part of Chinese culture. China’s Law on the Protection of Cultural Relics and Law on Intangible Cultural Heritage, and Xinjiang’s local measures and regulations on implementing these laws have laid down a solid legal framework for protecting the ethnic cultures in the region.文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/11778.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/11778.html
Cultural heritage is under effective protection. The ancient city ruins of Gaochang, Jiaohe and Beiting, Kizil Caves, Kizilgaha Beacon Tower, and Subash Temple Ruins have been included in the UNESCO World Heritage List, collectively known as the “Silk Roads: the Routes Network of Chang’an-Tianshan Corridor”. The Uygur Muqam of Xinjiang and the Kirgiz epic Manas were inscribed on the UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity. The Uygur Meshrep was included on the UNESCO List of Intangible Cultural Heritage in Need of Urgent Safeguarding. All ethnic groups in Xinjiang have items on the national and autonomous regional representative lists of intangible cultural heritage, and there are 133 key cultural heritage sites under state protection.
The cultural traditions of all ethnic groups in Xinjiang are protected. Folk cultural events, such as the Han Lantern Festival, the Uygur Meshrep, the Kazak Aytes, the Kirgiz Kobuz Ballad Singing Fair, the Mongolian Nadam Fair, and the Hui Hua’er Folk Song Festival are widely celebrated. Traditional local sports are flourishing and sports meetings of all kinds are held across the region. Competitions and events involving wrestling, horse racing, archery, the Buzkashi (horseback competition for possession of a goat) and the Darwaz (Uygur tightrope walking) are held on traditional holidays and enjoyed by people from all ethnic groups. The local government has supported the creation of works of ethnic literature and the translation of literature between Han and ethnic minority languages, expanding cultural exchanges and integration among the ethnic groups.
The cultural traditions of all ethnic groups in Xinjiang are protected. Folk cultural events, such as the Han Lantern Festival, the Uygur Meshrep, the Kazak Aytes, the Kirgiz Kobuz Ballad Singing Fair, the Mongolian Nadam Fair, and the Hui Hua’er Folk Song Festival are widely celebrated. Traditional local sports are flourishing and sports meetings of all kinds are held across the region. Competitions and events involving wrestling, horse racing, archery, the Buzkashi (horseback competition for possession of a goat) and the Darwaz (Uygur tightrope walking) are held on traditional holidays and enjoyed by people from all ethnic groups. The local government has supported the creation of works of ethnic literature and the translation of literature between Han and ethnic minority languages, expanding cultural exchanges and integration among the ethnic groups.
有效保护语言文字多样性。根据《中华人民共和国宪法》《中华人民共和国民族区域自治法》《中华人民共和国国家通用语言文字法》，国家推广全国通用的普通话，公民有学习和使用国家通用语言文字的权利，国家为公民学习使用国家通用语言文字提供条件，各民族都有使用和发展自己的语言文字的自由。新疆大力推广普及国家通用语言文字，提倡和鼓励各民族相互学习语言文字，不断促进各民族语言相通、心灵相通。目前，新疆各民族使用10余种语言和文字，少数民族语言文字在司法、行政、教育、新闻出版、广播电视、文学艺术、社会公共事务等领域得到广泛使用。中小学开设了少数民族语言文字课程。各民族公民有权使用本民族语言文字进行选举或诉讼。新疆本级和各自治州、自治县机关执行公务时，同时使用国家通用语言文字、实行区域自治的民族的语言文字。使用国家通用语言文字和维吾尔、哈萨克、柯尔克孜、蒙古、锡伯6种语言文字出版报纸、图书、音像制品和电子出版物。出版报纸100余种、期刊200余种，其中少数民族文字报纸52种、期刊120种。新疆广播电视台有4种语言电视节目、5种语言广播节目，《新疆日报》用4种文字出版，天山网等各级各类门户网站用多种语言文字传播。在商业门店、邮政电信、医疗服务、交通标识等社会公共领域随处可见多语种、多文种的便利化服务。
The diversity of spoken and written languages is ensured. In accordance with the Constitution, the Law on Regional Ethnic Autonomy, and the Law on the Standard Spoken and Written Chinese Language, the state promotes the nationwide use of Putonghua as the standard spoken language, ensures the right to learn and use the standard spoken and written Chinese language, and provides the conditions to guarantee this. At the same time, all ethnic groups have the freedom to use and develop their own spoken and written languages.
Xinjiang promotes standard Chinese, and encourages ethnic groups to learn spoken and written languages from each other, so as to promote communication and unity among all peoples in the region. Currently, more than 10 spoken and written languages are used among the ethnic groups in Xinjiang. Ethnic minority languages are extensively used in such areas as judicature, administration, education, press and publishing, radio and television, literature and art, and public affairs.
Primary and secondary schools provide courses on ethnic minority languages. Citizens of all ethnic groups have the right to use their own language in elections and court proceedings. When performing official duties, Party and government institutions of autonomous areas at the county level and above use standard Chinese together with the languages of the ethnic minority groups that exercise regional autonomy.
Six spoken and written languages – standard Chinese, Uygur, Kazak, Kirgiz, Mongolian and Xibe – are used in newspapers, books, audio and video products, and e-publications in the region. Xinjiang publishes more than 100 newspapers, including 52 in ethnic minority languages, and over 200 periodicals, including 120 in ethnic minority languages. Xinjiang Radio and Television Station airs TV programs in four languages and radio programs in five languages. Xinjiang Daily is printed in four languages. Tianshannet (www.ts.cn) and other web portals can be accessed in multiple ethnic languages. Multilingual public signs and services are available at shops, post and telecommunication offices, medical institutions, and transport facilities.
全面保障受教育权。受教育权是公民所享有并由国家保障实现的基本权利。在中央政府支持下，新疆采取各种措施大力发展教育事业，不断促进教育发展成果更多更公平惠及各族群众。2020年，新疆学前教育毛入园率达到98.19%，九年义务教育巩固率达到95.69%，高中阶段毛入学率达到98.87%。南疆四地州实行从幼儿园到高中的15年免费教育。全疆村村有幼儿园，并提供免费早餐和午餐。对家庭经济困难学生应助尽助，确保不让一个学生失学辍学。加强乡镇寄宿制学校建设，解决边远农牧区儿童上学难问题。持续加大教育投入，一般公共预算教育经费投入2020年达到1018亿元，其中拨付学生资助资金91.31亿元，惠及666.34万人（次）。举办区外新疆高中班、中职班，截至2020年，累计培养学生16.02万人，其中少数民族学生13.85万人，占86.45%。现代职业教育体系基本建立，现有高职（专科）院校37所、中等职业学校147所，其中，新疆优质高等职业院校11所、中等职业学校11所，国家级优质高等职业院校3所。高等教育体系日趋完备，现有普通高校56所，截至2020年，累计培养普通高校毕业生211.5万人，其中少数民族学生76.7万人，占36.3%。
The right to education is fully protected. The right to education is a basic right ensured by the state. With support from the central government, Xinjiang has taken all necessary measures to develop education, sharing the benefits of educational progress equally among all ethnic groups. In 2020, the gross enrollment rate of preschool institutions reached 98.2 percent, the completion rate of nine-year compulsory education was 95.7 percent, and the gross enrollment rate of senior high schools reached 98.9 percent.
In Hotan, Kashgar, Aksu, and the Kizilsu Kirgiz Autonomous Prefecture in southern Xinjiang, free education is available covering 15 years from kindergarten to senior high school. All villages in Xinjiang have kindergartens where children have free breakfast and lunch. With timely help from the government, students from poor families have all been able to continue their schooling. More boarding schools have been built in towns and townships to help children in remote farming and pastoral areas to attend school.
Funding for education has steadily increased. In 2020, public education expenditure reached RMB102 billion, including RMB9.1 billion of direct subsidies for 6.7 million students. By 2020, 160,200 students from Xinjiang, including 138,500 ethnic minority students, had received senior high school or secondary vocational education at classes designed for them in more developed areas of the country.
A modern vocational education system has been established in Xinjiang. There are now 37 vocational and technical colleges, including 3 key colleges at the national level and 11 key colleges at the regional level, and 147 secondary vocational schools, including 11 key schools at the regional level. Higher education in Xinjiang is also improving. It now has 56 regular universities, with a total of 2.1 million graduates by 2020, including 767,000 ethnic minority graduates.
不断提高公共文化服务水平。新疆加快构建现代公共文化服务体系，积极推进公共文化服务均等化，不断丰富文化产品供给，有效满足各族群众文化需求。在中央政府大力支持下，新疆实施广播电视“村村通工程”和“直播卫星户户通工程”、新闻出版“东风工程”、“县级文化馆、图书馆修缮工程”“文化信息资源共享工程”“乡镇综合文化站工程”等一系列文化基础工程。截至2019年，新疆有公共图书馆112个、博物馆和纪念馆106个、科技馆29个、美术馆60个、文化馆130个、乡镇综合文化站1350个，有各级各类广播电视台102座，广播和电视人口覆盖率分别达到98.68%和98.85%，形成了覆盖自治区、地（州、市）、县（市、区）、乡（镇、街道）、村（社区）的五级公共文化服务体系。文化馆、图书馆、博物馆、乡镇（街道）文化站等公共文化设施免费向社会开放。基本实现户户通广播电视，农村电影放映、农家书屋全覆盖，基层文化活动丰富多彩。文艺创作持续繁荣，优秀作品精彩纷呈。每年出版报刊、图书、音像制品和电子出版物上万种，年均译制少数民族语言电视剧、动画片5000余集。互联网日益成为各族群众学习、工作、生活的新空间，获取公共服务的新平台。2020年，新疆有网站9318个，固定宽带用户883.9万户，移动互联网用户2359.2万户。
Public cultural services have been improved. Xinjiang is moving faster to build a modern public cultural services network characterized by equal access and rich content and variety, meeting the needs of local people. With strong support from the central government, Xinjiang has made sure that all villages have access to radio and TV programs and that all households have access to direct broadcast satellite services. Other public cultural services projects include giving free books and other publications across the region, renovating county-level cultural centers and libraries, building a public database for cultural resources sharing, and building township-level cultural centers.
By 2019, Xinjiang had 112 public libraries, 106 museums and memorial halls, 29 science and technology museums, 60 art museums, 130 county-level cultural centers and 1,350 township-level cultural centers, and 102 radio and television stations (covering 98.7 percent and 98.9 percent of the population). Its public cultural services network covers five levels – autonomous region, prefecture/city, county/district/county-level city, township/sub-district, and village/community.
Cultural centers, libraries, museums, and other cultural amenities are open to the public free of charge. Almost every household has access to radio and TV programs, and people in rural areas can watch films and visit small libraries in their villages. Both urban and rural residents enjoy a variety of cultural activities. Art and literature are flourishing with an abundance of excellent works. Every year, Xinjiang publishes more than 10,000 different newspapers, periodicals, books, audio and video products, and e-publications, and translates over 5,000 episodes of TV series and cartoons into ethnic minority languages.
The internet is becoming a new space for people to study, work and relax, and a new platform for them to access public services. In 2020, Xinjiang had 9,318 websites, 8.8 million fixed broadband subscribers, and 23.6 million mobile internet users.
五、社会权利的保障
V. Social Rights
新疆建立了覆盖全民的社会保障体系，健康保障水平显著提升，应对突发公共卫生事件能力明显增强，社会救助及时有效，少数民族生育权得到有力保障。
Xinjiang has established a social security system that covers all the local population. There has been a marked improvement in the region’s capacity to provide health services and its response to public health emergencies. People can access social assistance in a timely manner. Reproductive rights for ethnic minorities are guaranteed.
持续加大社会保障力度。新疆不断完善养老保险、医疗保险、工伤保险、失业保险、最低生活保障等社会保险和救助制度，建立了广覆盖、保基本、多层次的社会保障体系。2011年在全国率先建立统筹城乡、覆盖全民的基本养老、基本医疗保险制度，实现人人享有基本社会保障。实施基本医疗保险、大病保险、医疗救助三重保障，确保贫困人口看得起病。实施全民参保计划，城乡居民基本养老保险参保率稳定在95%以上，失业、工伤和生育保险制度对职业人群全覆盖，贫困人口基本医疗保险、养老保险和大病保险参保率均达100%。截至2020年，新疆有586.54万人参加城镇职工基本养老保险，726.24万人参加城乡居民基本养老保险，2316.75万人参加医疗保险，302.23万人参加失业保险，349万人参加工伤保险；有29.3万人享受城市最低生活保障，166万人享受农村最低生活保障。2020年，新疆提高最低生活保障标准，城市居民平均不低于500元/人·月，农村居民不低于4100元/人·年，分别比2010年增长184%和396%。建立基本养老金合理调整机制，稳步提高企业退休人员基本养老金水平，2020年企业退休人员基本养老金水平是2005年的4.6倍。2020年累计安排城乡困难群众救助补助资金94.28亿元，惠及195.3万人次。
Social security has been strengthened. A multi-layered basic social security system with wide coverage is now in place, including old-age insurance, medical insurance, work-related injury insurance, unemployment insurance, and subsistence allowances.
In 2011, Xinjiang took the lead in establishing basic old-age and medical insurance schemes that cover all local residents and bring urban and rural areas under unified management, realizing universal access to basic social security in the region. Poor people are guaranteed affordable medical services through basic medical insurance, serious illness insurance, and medical assistance.
Under the national plan to ensure universal access to social security, the actual coverage of basic old-age insurance for urban and rural residents in Xinjiang stands above 95 percent. Unemployment, work-related injury and maternity insurance schemes have been extended to cover all occupational groups. All poor people are now covered by basic medical, old-age and serious illness insurance.
As of 2020, 5.9 million people were covered by basic old-age insurance for urban employees, 7.3 million by basic old-age insurance for rural and non-working urban residents, 23.2 million by medical insurance, 3 million by unemployment insurance, and 3.5 million by work-related injury insurance. A total of 293,000 urban residents and nearly 1.7 million rural residents were in receipt of subsistence allowances.
In 2020, the average monthly subsistence allowance for urban residents increased to RMB500 per capita, and the average annual subsistence allowance for rural residents increased to RMB4,100 per capita, growing by more than 180 percent and almost 400 percent compared to 2010.
The basic pension benefits are adjusted as required. Retired enterprise employees have seen their pensions increase over the years, and their benefits in 2020 were 4.6 times higher than in 2005. In 2020, a total of RMB9.4 billion was issued as relief fund to about 2 million needy people in both urban and rural areas.
有效防控新冠肺炎疫情。新疆始终把各族群众生命安全和身体健康放在第一位，精准防控新冠肺炎疫情输入与扩散，科学救治感染患者。开展全民免费核酸检测和新冠肺炎疫苗接种。同时，加强对各族困难群众的救助工作，按照每人每月450元的标准，将受疫情影响无收入、无生活来源、基本生活陷入困境的困难群众及时纳入保障范围；推进乡镇（街道）全面建立临时救助备用金制度，提高救助时效性；及时启动社会救助和保障标准与物价上涨挂钩联动机制，发放价格临时补贴。2020年，新疆向因病、因灾、因疫情影响的困难群体安排临时救助补助资金21.13亿元，惠及385.34万人次。
Covid-19 has been effectively brought under control. Always prioritizing the health and safety of the people, Xinjiang has taken targeted measures to keep inbound and local transmission under control, and has adopted a science-based approach to treating patients.
It has provided universal access to free nucleic acid testing and vaccination. A monthly allowance of RMB450 is provided to needy people who have no income or other sources of support due to the epidemic. Emergency relief funds have been established at the sub-district/township level to ensure timely response. Social assistance and subsistence allowances are adjusted when the Consumer Price Index fluctuates beyond a certain range, and temporary price subsidies are issued as required. In 2020, some 3.9 million victims of illness, natural disasters and the epidemic received RMB2.1 billion of temporary relief subsidies.
大幅提升健康保障水平。健康是幸福生活的基本前提。新疆坚持以人民健康为中心，落实“健康中国”战略，推进健康新疆建设，不断完善城乡医疗卫生服务体系，提高医疗卫生服务质量。截至2019年，新疆共有医疗机构18376个、病床186426张，每千人拥有病床7.39张、执业医师2.7名。建成覆盖城乡的基层医疗卫生服务网络，乡镇卫生院、村卫生室标准化建设达到100%，村村有医生。建成全民健康信息平台并对全疆各级平台实现标准化、规范化管理。实现自治区、地（州、市）、县（市、区）三级远程医疗全覆盖，乡镇卫生院和社区卫生服务中心远程医疗覆盖面达到85%以上。家庭医生、“互联网+护理服务”、视频问诊等“互联网+医疗健康”新型医疗服务模式应用更加普遍。免费向城乡居民提供14类国家基本公共卫生服务，基本覆盖居民生命全过程。自2016年起，累计投入体检资金81.8亿元，全疆城乡居民每年进行一次免费健康体检，实现疾病早发现、早诊断、早治疗。重大传染病和地方病得到有效控制。实行农村户籍人员在各地州市、县市区范围内定点医疗机构住院“先诊疗、后付费”服务模式和“一站式”结算，有效解决各族群众看病难、看病贵问题。大力推动“组团式”医疗支援模式，组织疆内外63家三级医院与疆内贫困县的56家县级医院建立帮扶关系，快速提升贫困地区医疗服务能力和管理水平。医疗卫生水平的不断提高，极大改善了各族群众的健康状况。新疆人均预期寿命从1949年的30岁提高到2019年的74.7岁。
Health services have been markedly improved. Health is an essential factor in leading a happy life. Putting people’s health first, Xinjiang is taking measures to implement the Healthy China initiative, improve the health services network covering both urban and rural areas, and provide health services of higher quality.
As of 2019, Xinjiang had 18,376 medical institutions with 186,426 beds. There were 7.4 beds and 2.7 doctors per thousand people.
A health services network is now in place to serve communities in urban and rural areas. All township-level health centers and village clinics meet the required standards, and all villages have doctors. A public health information platform has been opened and local platforms across the region are managed and regulated in accordance with unified standards.
Telemedical services are available at all medical institutions at the county, prefecture, and autonomous region levels, and 85 percent of township and community health centers. Greater use of the internet is giving more people access to family doctors, to nursing services by online reservation, to medical consultation through video link, and to other new internet-based health services.
Fourteen forms of basic public health service are provided to urban and rural residents for free, covering almost the whole life cycle. A fund for health checkups was set up in 2016, into which RMB8.2 billion has been injected to date, so that every resident in Xinjiang can have a free annual health checkup to spot early signs of illnesses. Major epidemics and endemics have been brought under control.
People with rural hukou (resident registration) can be admitted and receive treatment at any designated medical institution in counties, districts, cities, and prefectures before settling their bills, and the settlement is managed on a one-stop basis. This has made hospital trips more convenient and affordable. Major efforts have been made to pair up 56 hospitals in poor counties in Xinjiang with 63 leading hospitals in the region and other parts of the country, to step up medical services and hospital management in impoverished areas.
The people of Xinjiang now enjoy better health with improved health services. The average life expectancy grew from 30 years in 1949 to 74.7 years in 2019.
充分保障少数民族生育权。中国宪法法律规定，公民有生育权，同时夫妻双方有实行计划生育的义务。计划生育是中国的一项基本国策。计划生育重视生殖健康，强调优生优育，直接涉及性别平等、妇女赋权、减少贫困和实现可持续发展。中国实行计划生育经历了先内地后边疆、先城市后农村、先汉族后少数民族的过程，对少数民族执行有别于汉族的相对宽松政策。新疆依据国家法律法规，结合本地实际制定计划生育相关政策。20世纪70年代初，在汉族人口中先实行计划生育；80年代中后期，开始在少数民族中鼓励计划生育。1992年发布的《新疆维吾尔自治区计划生育办法》明确规定，汉族城镇居民一对夫妻生育1个子女，农牧民可生育2个子女；少数民族城镇居民一对夫妻可生育2个子女，农牧民可生育3个子女；人口较少民族不实行计划生育。这一差别化生育政策是新疆少数民族人口保持较快增长的重要原因。随着经济社会发展和各族群众生育意愿趋同，2017年新疆修订《新疆维吾尔自治区人口与计划生育条例》，规定各民族实施统一的计划生育政策，即城镇居民一对夫妻可生育2个子女，农村居民一对夫妻可生育3个子女。根据国家人口与计划生育法律政策调整情况，新疆还将进一步调整和完善本地人口与计划生育法规政策。
The reproductive rights of ethnic minorities are duly guaranteed. According to the Constitution and relevant laws, all citizens have reproductive rights and both husband and wife have the duty to practice family planning. Family planning is a basic national policy, with an emphasis on reproductive health, and prenatal, postnatal and early-life care. It has a direct bearing on gender equality, women’s empowerment, poverty reduction, and sustainable development.
The application of family planning measures in China was gradually extended from coastal and inland to border regions, from urban to rural areas, and from the Han people to ethnic minorities. Preferential policies were implemented for ethnic minorities. In line with local conditions and in accordance with the state’s laws and regulations, Xinjiang formulated its own family planning policies. Family planning was first applied to the Han people in the region in the early 1970s, but until the mid and late 1980s, ethnic minorities were not subject to this policy. The Measures on Family Planning released by the autonomous region in 1992 stipulated that urban Han residents could have one child per couple and those residing in rural and pastoral areas could have two, while for ethnic minorities, urban residents could have two children per couple and those in rural and pastoral areas could have three. Ethnic minority groups with relatively smaller populations were not required to follow the family planning policy. This was one of the major reasons why the ethnic minority populations in Xinjiang maintained a fast growth rate.
In parallel with the region’s economic and social development, the different ethnic groups began to develop similar expectations in terms of family structure, so Xinjiang amended the Regulations on Population and Family Planning in 2017, introducing universal family planning policies for all ethnic groups: two children per couple for urban residents and three per couple for rural residents. In line with the national adjustments to laws and policies regarding population and family planning, Xinjiang will further modify and improve relevant local regulations and policies.
