二、政治权利的保障
II. Political Rights文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/11778.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/11778.html
在新疆，各民族不论人口多少、历史长短、发展水平高低、风俗习惯差异等，都具有平等的地位，共同参与国家事务、管理地方事务、行使基层民主权利。文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/11778.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/11778.html
All ethnic groups in Xinjiang, regardless of their population, history, development level and customs, have equal status. They all enjoy the democratic right to participate in the administration of state and local affairs and in community-level self-governance.文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/11778.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/11778.html
贯彻落实民族区域自治制度。民族区域自治制度是中国的一项基本政治制度，是在国家统一领导下，各少数民族聚居地方实行区域自治，设立自治机关，依法行使自治权的制度。民族区域自治不是某个民族独享的自治，民族自治地方更不是某个民族独有的地方。新疆贯彻落实民族区域自治制度，成立了巴音郭楞蒙古自治州、博尔塔拉蒙古自治州、克孜勒苏柯尔克孜自治州、昌吉回族自治州、伊犁哈萨克自治州、焉耆回族自治县、察布查尔锡伯自治县、木垒哈萨克自治县、和布克赛尔蒙古自治县、塔什库尔干塔吉克自治县、巴里坤哈萨克自治县。各自治地方充分行使自治权利，自主管理地方事务，平等参与管理国家事务。自治区立法机关根据宪法和法律，既享有普通省级行政区地方立法权，又享有根据本区域实际制定自治条例、单行条例的立法权。1979年以来，自治区人大及其常委会共制定地方性法规669件，现行有效161件；作出法规性决议决定和重大事项决议决定54件；批准设区的市、自治州、自治县单行条例和地方性法规239件。文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/11778.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/11778.html
A system of regional ethnic autonomy is in place. This system is a basic component of China’s political system. Under the unified leadership of the state, regional autonomy is practiced in areas where ethnic minority groups live in compact communities. Organs of self-government are established to exercise autonomy in accordance with the law. Regional ethnic autonomy and autonomous areas are not the exclusive possession of any ethnic group.文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/11778.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/11778.html
Xinjiang practices regional autonomy in five prefectures: Bayingol Mongolian Autonomous Prefecture, Bortala Mongolian Autonomous Prefecture, Kizilsu Kirgiz Autonomous Prefecture, Changji Hui Autonomous Prefecture, and Ili Kazak Autonomous Prefecture; and in six counties: Yanqi Hui Autonomous County, Qapqal Xibe Autonomous County, Mori Kazak Autonomous County, Hoboksar Mongolian Autonomous County, Tashkurgan Tajik Autonomous County, and Barkol Kazak Autonomous County.
All the autonomous areas exercise the power to govern their respective local affairs, and participate as equals in the administration of state affairs. According to the Constitution and relevant state laws, the legislature of an autonomous region, while exercising the powers of a provincial-level administrative division, has the power to enact regulations on the exercise of regional autonomy and other particular regulations in line with local conditions.
Since 1979, the People’s Congress of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region and its Standing Committee have formulated a total of 669 local regulations, with 161 currently in effect. They have passed 54 resolutions and decisions with regulatory functions or on major issues, and approved 239 separate regulations and other local regulations submitted by prefecture-level cities, autonomous prefectures or autonomous counties.
有效行使选举权和被选举权。依照宪法法律规定，各民族公民平等享有选举权和被选举权。选举坚持实行普遍、平等、直接选举和间接选举相结合，以及差额选举的原则。各民族公民直接选举县（市、区）、乡（镇）人民代表大会代表，在此基础上逐级选出州（市）、自治区和全国人民代表大会代表。新疆维吾尔自治区选举产生第十三届全国人民代表大会代表61名，其中少数民族代表38名，占62.3%。全国人民代表大会常务委员会组成人员中有新疆少数民族代表。新疆维吾尔自治区第十三届人民代表大会共有代表548名，其中少数民族代表353名，占64.42%。新疆现有州（市）人大代表2488名，其中少数民族代表1349名，占54.22%；县（市、区）级人大代表16960名，其中少数民族代表10025名，占59.11%；乡（镇）人大代表43204名，其中少数民族代表31739名，占73.46%。
The right to vote and stand for election is institutionalized. As stipulated by the Constitution and laws, Chinese citizens of any ethnic origin have the right to vote and stand for election. The principles in elections are: universal suffrage, equality, combination of direct and indirect elections, and multi-candidate election [In elections for national and local people’s congresses, the number of candidates for election must exceed the number of posts available.]. Citizens of all ethnic groups in the autonomous region directly elect deputies to the people’s congresses at county and township levels, who then elect deputies to each succeeding level, from the prefecture-level congress, through the congress of the autonomous region, to the National People’s Congress (NPC).
The 13th NPC has 61 deputies from Xinjiang, of whom 38 (62.3 percent) are from ethnic minority groups. The NPC Standing Committee also has ethnic minority members from Xinjiang. The 13th People’s Congress of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region is formed by 548 deputies, of whom 353 (64.4 percent) are of ethnic minority origins. Xinjiang now has 2,488 deputies to prefecture-level people’s congresses (including 1,349 of ethnic minority origins, 54.2 percent), 16,960 deputies to county-level people’s congresses (including 10,025 of ethnic minority origins, 59.1 percent), and 43,204 deputies to township-level people’s congresses (including 31,739 of ethnic minority origins, 73.5 percent).
充分实现参政议政权。新疆是中国唯一设有三级自治地方（自治区、自治州、自治县）的自治区。自治地方各级人民代表大会和人民政府行使管理本地区事务的权力。自治区主席、自治州州长、自治县县长均由实行区域自治的民族的公民担任。在协商民主的制度框架内，新疆各级政协积极吸收各族各界人士参政议政，及时、准确、有效地反映社情民意，切实保障各族群众参与共同协商和民主监督。第十三届全国政协委员中，住新疆的有34名，其中少数民族委员18名，占52.9%。新疆维吾尔自治区第十二届政协有委员502名，其中少数民族委员236名，占47%。截至2021年3月，新疆维吾尔自治区第十二届政协共提交提案2588件，涉及政治、经济、文化、教育、科技、民生等领域。
The right to participate in the deliberation and administration of state and local affairs is guaranteed. Xinjiang is the only region in China that has autonomous areas at all the three levels – region, prefecture and county. People’s congresses and people’s governments of ethnic autonomous areas exercise autonomy to administer local affairs. The chair of the autonomous region, the governors of autonomous prefectures, and the heads of autonomous counties are all citizens from the local ethnic groups exercising regional autonomy.
Within the framework of consultative democracy, the local committees of the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC) in Xinjiang encourage people from all walks of life and different ethnic groups to participate in state and local affairs. The committees provide timely, accurate, and efficient reporting on public opinion, and guarantee that the people of all ethnic groups enjoy their right to participate in political consultation and democratic supervision.
The 13th CPPCC National Committee has 34 members from Xinjiang, of whom 18 (52.9 percent) are from ethnic minority groups. The 12th Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Committee of the CPPCC has 502 members, of whom 236 (47 percent) are from ethnic minority groups. As of March 2021, the 12th Xinjiang Committee of the CPPCC had submitted a total of 2,588 proposals covering politics, the economy, culture, education, science and technology, public wellbeing and other fields.
依法推进基层群众自治。基层群众自治是基层民主主要实现形式，是人民当家作主最有效、最广泛的途径。《新疆维吾尔自治区实施〈中华人民共和国城市居民委员会组织法〉办法》《新疆维吾尔自治区实施〈中华人民共和国村民委员会组织法〉办法》《新疆维吾尔自治区村民委员会选举办法》《新疆维吾尔自治区村务公开办法》等地方性法规的制定实施，为基层民主权利的实现提供了法治保障。目前，新疆在城市和农村分别设立居民委员会3389个、村民委员会8906个，负责办理本居住区居（村）民的公共事务或公益事业，调解民间纠纷，协助维护社会治安，向人民政府或者其他派出机关反映居（村）民的意见、要求和提出建议等。全疆城乡基层普遍制定了市民公约、村规民约，基层自治组织自我管理、自我教育、自我服务、自我监督水平不断提高。
Community-level self-governance is guaranteed in accordance with the law. Community-level self-governance is a major channel of grassroots democracy in China, and the most effective way to spread as widely as possible the right of the people to be the masters of the country. A number of local regulations provide the legal basis for protecting grassroots democratic rights in the region, including Measures on Implementing the Organic Law of the Urban Residents Committees, Measures on Implementing the Organic Law of the Villagers Committees, Procedures on the Election of the Villagers Committee, and Measures on Making Village Affairs Transparent.
Xinjiang currently has 3,389 urban residents committees and 8,906 villagers committees to run public or welfare affairs, mediate disputes, assist in safeguarding social stability within their respective jurisdictions, and report on the opinions, requests and proposals of residents and villagers to relevant people’s governments or their detached agencies. Almost all communities in both urban and rural areas throughout Xinjiang have formulated codes of conduct for citizens. Their capacity to manage their own affairs by involving the local residents in educating and serving the community and exercising public scrutiny is steadily improving.
三、经济权利的保障
III. Economic Rights
新疆坚持“以人民为中心”的发展思想，经济社会快速发展，民生建设和投入力度持续加大，各民族拥有平等的发展机会，共同开发建设，共享幸福生活，经济权利得到有效保障。
Upholding a people-centered philosophy, Xinjiang pursues rapid economic and social development. More effort and investment have been made to improve the people’s wellbeing. All ethnic groups enjoy equal opportunities and economic rights, and are developing the region together and building better lives.
平等享有经济发展权。发展权是一项不可剥夺的人权，是实现各项人权的必要条件。新中国成立以来，新疆各族人民团结奋斗、开拓进取，实现了从百废待兴到百业兴旺、从绝对贫困到全面小康的历史性巨变，农牧业现代化发展强劲，工业信息化、数字化、智能化加速融合发展，服务业在经济增长中的地位和作用日益突出。各族人民平等参与、平等发展，朝着共同富裕的目标稳步前进。1955年至2020年，新疆地区生产总值由12.31亿元增长至13797.58亿元，人均地区生产总值由241元增至53593元，按不变价格计算，分别增长160.3倍和30.3倍。1978年至2020年，城镇居民人均可支配收入从319元增加到34838元，农村居民人均可支配收入从119元增加到14056元，分别名义增长108.2倍和116.9倍。
Equal right to economic development is guaranteed. The right to development is an inalienable human right, and the essential precondition for the realization of all human rights. Since the PRC was founded in 1949, the people of Xinjiang have been working hard together and have achieved a historic transformation – with many undertakings starting from scratch and now thriving – from extreme poverty to moderate prosperity in all respects.
Agriculture and animal husbandry have developed and modernized; industries have grown rapidly with the integrative application of information, digital and smart technologies; the service sector has seen its status and role expand as a driver of economic growth. All ethnic groups enjoy equal rights to participation and development, moving steadily towards the goal of common prosperity.
From 1955 to 2020, Xinjiang’s GDP soared from RMB1.2 billion to RMB1.4 trillion, and its per capita GDP rose from RMB241 to RMB53,593, a notable increase of about 160 times and 30 times at constant prices. From 1978 to 2020, the per capita disposable income of urban residents rose from RMB319 to RMB34,838, and that of rural residents from RMB119 to RMB14,056, both representing an increase of over 100 times.
历史性解决绝对贫困问题。贫困是困扰人类社会发展的重大难题，消除贫困是当代最为艰巨的全球性人权事业。很长一段时间，受历史和自然等因素影响，新疆发展相对滞后，贫困人口较多，特别是南疆四地州（和田地区、喀什地区、阿克苏地区和克孜勒苏柯尔克孜自治州），生态环境恶劣、经济基础薄弱、就业承载能力严重不足，是国家确定的深度贫困地区，是中国脱贫攻坚的“难中之难”。在中央政府和对口援疆省市的大力支持下，新疆采取产业扶贫、就业扶贫、教育扶贫、健康扶贫、农村危房改造扶贫、易地扶贫搬迁等一系列有力举措，减贫脱贫成效显著。截至2020年底，现行标准下新疆273万农村贫困人口全部脱贫，3666个贫困村全部退出，32个贫困县全部摘帽。贫困地区农村居民收入保持快速增长，消费水平大幅提高。2020年新疆贫困地区农村居民人均可支配收入13052元，比2012年年均增长10.8%；人均消费支出9007元，比2013年年均增长9.0%。贫困人口生存权和发展权得到切实保障。
Extreme poverty has been eradicated. Poverty is a major problem that plagues humanity, and poverty eradication is the most arduous global human rights cause in the contemporary era. Historical and natural factors have led to Xinjiang being long underdeveloped, with a large poor population.
The Hotan, Kashgar, and Aksu prefectures and the Kizilsu Kirgiz Autonomous Prefecture in southern Xinjiang suffered from a harsh environment, weak economic foundations, and seriously inadequate opportunities for employment. Ranked by the state as severely impoverished areas, they presented the toughest challenge in China’s fight against poverty. Supported by the central government and the region’s partners in the national paired assistance program, Xinjiang has adopted poverty alleviation measures to help the poor, such as developing businesses, creating job opportunities, improving education and health care, renovating dilapidated rural houses, and relocating the poor from inhospitable areas. These measures have proved effective and remarkable results have been achieved.
By the end of 2020, more than 2.7 million rural people in Xinjiang living below the current poverty line had emerged from poverty, and 3,666 villages and 32 counties were no longer classified as poor. Rural residents in poor areas have seen rapid growth in both incomes and consumption spending. Their per capita disposable income was RMB13,052 in 2020, an average annual increase of 10.8 percent since 2012; their per capital consumption spending was RMB9,007 in 2020, an average annual increase of 9 percent since 2013. The poor population’s rights to subsistence and development have been guaranteed.
持续提升基本生活水准。基本生活水准权利关系人的尊严。新疆每年把一般公共预算支出的70%以上用于保障和改善民生，持续推进一系列惠民工程，各族群众生活质量显著改善，吃、穿、住、行发生翻天覆地变化，基本生活水准实现历史性跨越。食品从匮乏到充足，衣着从穿暖到穿美，耐用消费品从无到有并不断升级换代，消费能力和水平大幅提高。仅“十三五”期间，累计建成农村安居工程120.65万户，开工建设城镇保障性住房131.38万套，惠及千万群众。所有行政村实现了通硬化路、通客车、通动力电、通宽带。高速公路、高速铁路从无到有，实现所有地州市高速公路全覆盖。22个民用运输机场建成通航，新疆成为全国民用机场最多的省区。现代化交通、通讯工具普遍进入城乡家庭，快递服务“村村通”加速推进。
Basic standard of living is enhanced. The right to a basic standard of living ensures human dignity. Xinjiang spends more than 70 percent of its general public budget every year on ensuring and improving people’s wellbeing. It has carried out a raft of programs to benefit the local people, significantly improving their lives in all respects. From having their basic needs met to enjoying decent lives, the people of Xinjiang have experienced a historic leap in their standard of living. Durable consumer goods, once absent in the past, are now widely available, showing how consumption is growing in quantity and quality.
During the 13th Five-Year Plan period (2016-2020), a total of 1.2 million rural dwellings for low-income families were completed, and construction started on 1.3 million urban affordable housing units, benefiting millions of people. All villages have access to asphalt and concrete roads, bus services, three-phase power, and broadband services. Expressways and high-speed railways have been built from scratch, and the former cover all prefectures and cities. Twenty-two civil airports have been completed and opened, the highest among all provincial-level administrative units in China. Modern vehicles and communication tools have become common in both urban and rural households. Every effort is being made to ensure the provision of express delivery services in every village.
切实保障劳动权。劳动是人的存在方式，人人有权劳动，创造美好生活。新疆坚持把促进劳动就业作为最大的民生工程，把劳动者自主就业、市场调节就业、政府促进就业和鼓励创业相结合，大力实施就业优先战略和积极的就业政策。不断加大就业培训力度，通过发展高等职业技术学院、中等专业技术学校、技工院校、就业培训中心、企业职工培训中心、职业技能教育培训中心等职业教育和培训机构，积极开展劳动素质和技能培训，着力提升劳动者就业能力。加大对深度贫困地区及高校毕业生、城乡富余劳动力、贫困家庭劳动力、就业困难人员、农村妇女等劳动就业重点人群扶持力度。对就业困难人员和零就业家庭实行实名动态管理和分类精准帮扶，实现每户至少一人就业。充分尊重劳动者就业意愿，为各族群众就地就近就业、有序进城就业和自主创业创造条件，基本实现有劳动能力的人口全就业。2014年至2020年，新疆劳动就业总人数从1135.24万人增加到1356万人，增长19.4%；年均新增城镇就业47万人以上，其中，南疆地区14.9万人，占比31.72%；年均农村富余劳动力转移就业281.82万人次以上，其中，南疆地区173.14万人次，占比61.44%。在大力促进就业的同时，新疆严格依法保障劳动者平等就业、获得报酬、参加社会保险、休息休假和职业安全等合法权益，建立维护劳动者权益的监察制度体系，积极受理劳动者涉及拖欠工资、未签订劳动合同、侵害职工权益等方面的举报、投诉。司法机关、人力资源和社会保障部门、工会组织密切配合，积极预防和查处侵犯劳动权益的案件，劳动权益保护水平不断提升。
The right to work is protected. Work provides the means for people to subsist. Everyone has the right to work and create a better life. Xinjiang has made employment the priority among its measures for improving the people’s wellbeing. It has adopted a pro-employment strategy, encouraging individual initiative, leveraging market mechanisms, providing government support, and promoting entrepreneurship.
The local government has ramped up efforts in vocational training. To increase the employability of workers, it has worked to boost professional competence and skills training by developing vocational education institutions, such as vocational and technical colleges, secondary technical schools, technician training schools, employment training centers, training centers for enterprise employees, and vocational education and training centers.
Xinjiang has provided additional support to severely impoverished areas, and to key groups including university graduates, surplus urban and rural labor, workers from poor families, people experiencing difficulties in finding work, and rural women. It has provided dynamic, categorized and targeted assistance to people with employment difficulties and zero-employment families so as to ensure that each family has at least one member in work.
Workers’ job preferences are fully respected, and structured conditions have been created for people to find jobs locally, to seek work in urban areas, or to start their own businesses. Almost all those with the ability to work have been provided with jobs.
From 2014 to 2020, the total employed population in Xinjiang grew from 11.4 million to 13.6 million, up by nearly 20 percent. The urban employed population grew by an annual average of 470,000, of which 149,000, or nearly 32 percent, were in southern Xinjiang. An average of 2.8 million urban job opportunities were provided annually to the surplus rural workforce, of which 1.7 million, or more than 60 percent, were offered to those in southern Xinjiang.
While promoting employment, Xinjiang guarantees legitimate labor rights and interests in accordance with the law, such as equal employment opportunities, remuneration, social insurance, rest and leave, and occupational safety. It has put in place a supervisory system to protect labor rights and interests, addressing reports and complaints concerning wage arrears, failure to provide labor contracts, and other infringements. Judicial authorities, human resource and social security departments, and trade union organizations have worked closely to investigate and correct infringements of labor rights and interests. Labor rights protection has been constantly improved in Xinjiang.
