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Contents
前言
Preface
一、坚定不移走依法治网之路
I. Upholding the Rule of Law in Cyberspace
二、夯实网络空间法制基础
II. Consolidating the Legal System for Cyberspace Governance
三、保障网络空间规范有序
III. Keeping Order in a Rule-Based Cyberspace
四、捍卫网络空间公平正义
IV. Defending Fairness and Justice in Cyberspace
五、提升全社会网络法治意识和素养
V. Promoting Public Awareness and Competence in Law-Based Cyberspace Governance
六、加强网络法治国际交流合作
VI. Increasing International Exchanges and Cooperation in Law-Based Cyberspace Governance
结束语
Conclusion
前言
Preface
互联网是人类文明发展的重要成果。互联网在促进经济社会发展的同时，也对监管和治理形成巨大挑战。发展好治理好互联网，让互联网更好造福人类，是世界各国共同的追求。实践证明，法治是互联网治理的基本方式。运用法治观念、法治思维和法治手段推动互联网发展治理，已经成为全球普遍共识。
The internet is one of humanity’s great achievements. Although it facilitates economic and social development, at the same time it poses severe challenges in terms of administration and governance. The development and governance of the internet is a goal shared by all countries for the benefit of humanity, and the rule of law has proved to be essential to internet governance. It has become a global consensus to apply law-based thinking and approaches based on an understanding of the rule of law.
自1994年全功能接入国际互联网以来，中国坚持依法治网，持续推进网络空间法治化，推动互联网在法治轨道上健康运行。进入新时代，在习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想指引下，中国将依法治网作为全面依法治国和网络强国建设重要内容，努力构建完备的网络法律规范体系、高效的网络法治实施体系、严密的网络法治监督体系、有力的网络法治保障体系，网络法治建设取得历史性成就。网络立法、网络执法、网络司法、网络普法、网络法治教育一体推进，国家、政府、企业、社会组织、网民等多主体参与，走出了一条既符合国际通行做法，又有中国特色的依法治网之路。中国的网络法治建设不仅有力提升了中国互联网治理能力，也为全球互联网治理贡献了中国智慧和中国方案。
Since China was fully connected to the internet in 1994, it has committed itself to law-based cyberspace governance, ensuring that the internet develops within the confines of the law. In the new era, guided by Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, China has made law-based cyberspace governance an essential part of the overall strategy of the rule of law and the drive to build up its strength in cyberspace.
Marked improvements have been made in ensuring law-based cyberspace governance. China has boosted cyberspace governance by developing a complete system of laws and regulations, a highly efficient enforcement system, a stringent supervision system, and an effective supporting system. With participation of the government, businesses, social organizations and netizens, cyber legislation, law enforcement, and judiciary work have advanced alongside programs to spread legal knowledge via the internet, publicize cyber laws and cultivate the public’s awareness in laws. This is a pioneering approach to cyberspace governance in line with international best practices. With stronger domestic capacity in law-based internet governance, China has contributed ideas and solutions to global internet governance.
为全面介绍中国网络法治建设情况，分享中国网络法治建设的经验做法，特发布此白皮书。
The Chinese government is publishing this white paper to introduce China’s progress and experience in law-based cyberspace governance.
一、坚定不移走依法治网之路
I. Upholding the Rule of Law in Cyberspace
中国顺应全球信息化发展大势，立足中国互联网发展实践，将网络法治建设融入全面依法治国战略布局，不断深化对依法治网的规律性认识，在探索中发展、在发展中坚持，走出了一条中国特色的网络法治道路。
Adapting to the developing trends of global information technology, China set out from its own realities to integrate law-based cyberspace governance into the overall national strategy of the rule of law, gaining knowledge and experience in the process. It has pioneered a distinctive Chinese approach to law-based cyberspace governance.
——坚持以人民为中心。中国的网络法治建设坚持人民主体地位，凝聚最广大人民的智慧和力量，把体现人民利益、反映人民愿望、维护人民权益、增进人民福祉落实到立法、执法、司法、普法等网络法治建设全过程各方面。切实维护人民群众在网络空间的合法权益，依法加强网络空间治理，充分尊重网民交流思想、表达意见的权利，坚决打击网络违法犯罪活动，构建网络空间良好秩序，营造安全、公平、健康、文明、清朗的网络空间。
– People-centered development. In China, the people contribute ideas and solutions and play a principal role. Their rights, interests, aspirations and wellbeing are the focus in every aspect of cyber legislation, law enforcement, judiciary work, public education, and all other areas of law-based cyberspace governance. China protects people’s legitimate rights and interests in cyberspace, and fully respects netizens’ right to express ideas and exchange views. It has strengthened law-based cyberspace governance, taking resolute action against cybercrimes to keep order in this virtual world, and striving to create a safe, fair, healthy, clean and sound cyber environment.
——坚持促进互联网发展。依法治网的本质，是为互联网健康有序发展提供保障，而不是束缚互联网的发展。中国将依法治网作为基础性手段，完善数字经济治理体系，提升数字政府建设法治化水平，依法推进数字社会建设，引领、规范、保障数字中国建设高质量发展。坚持发展和安全同步推进，筑牢网络安全防线，以安全保发展、以发展促安全，推动互联网这个最大变量成为社会经济发展的最大增量。
– Further development of the internet. The purpose of law-based cyberspace governance is to guarantee the healthy and orderly development of the internet, not to hold it back. Under law-based cyberspace governance, China has guided and regulated efforts to build a high-quality digital China – improving the governance system for the digital economy, the legal framework of digital government, and the digital society initiative. Placing equal emphasis on development and security, China has consolidated its lines of defense so that the internet grows in a secure environment and further boosts cybersecurity. Cyberspace has thus been turned into a powerful engine for socioeconomic growth, rather than an area of uncertainty.
——坚持立足国情。中国的网络法治建设立足中国是全球最大的发展中国家和网民数量最多的基本国情，针对中国网民规模巨大、企业平台众多、产品业态丰富的实际情况，适应法律主体多元、法律关系多样、法律适用场景多变的特点，坚持处理好发展和安全、自由和秩序、开放和自主、管理和服务的关系，深入研究网络法治前沿性、全局性重大问题，运用法治思维和法治方式解决制约互联网发展的瓶颈问题，找出互联网健康发展的中国答案。
– Proceeding from realities. China is the world’s largest developing country and has the largest number of internet users. It boasts a large number of business platforms that offer all types of products and services. As a result, there are diverse legal subjects, relationships and situations where different laws apply. With all this in mind, China handles the relationships between development and security, freedom and order, openness and autonomy, and administration and service in an appropriate manner. It has conducted in-depth research on frontier areas of overbearing importance, employing law-based thinking and approaches to break through bottlenecks in internet development and find solutions for healthy internet growth.
——坚持创新引领。互联网因创新而生，因创新而兴，网络法治尤其需要创新。中国全面把握网络空间治理面临的前所未有的艰巨性、复杂性，前瞻性应对互联网新技术新应用新业态新模式带来的风险挑战，推进网络法治理念、内容、方式、方法等全方位创新。完善和创新算法、区块链等新技术新领域规则，努力填补重要领域制度的时间差、空白区，建立网络综合治理体系，创新网络司法模式，以创新引领网络法治实践，全面提升互联网治理效能。
– Innovation-driven cyberspace governance. The internet is a result of innovation and has flourished because of it. Law-based cyberspace governance cannot be achieved without innovation. With a keen understanding of the unprecedented difficulties and complications in cyberspace governance, China has been forward-looking in responding to the risks and challenges brought by new internet technologies, applications, and business forms and models, and promoted innovation in the concept, content, approach and methods of law-based cyberspace governance. By creating and improving rules on algorithm, blockchain technology, and other new technologies and domains, it has filled gaps in key areas where legislation once lagged behind. A system for comprehensive cyberspace governance is now in place, and new models of cyber judiciary work have been created. Driven by innovation, China has raised its capacity for internet governance in all areas.
——坚持开放合作。中国的网络法治建设既坚持网络主权，同时广泛借鉴世界各国网络法治先进经验，吸收国外成熟做法，把中国互联网发展置于国际互联网发展的大背景下谋划，形成了既有中国特色又符合国际通行做法的互联网治理模式。积极参与网络空间国际规则制定，开展网络法治领域国际交流合作，与世界各国共同致力于建立多边、民主、透明的全球互联网治理体系。
– Openness and cooperation. Upholding cyber sovereignty, China has drawn from the experience of other countries in cyberspace governance, planning internet development in a global context and pioneering a distinctively Chinese model of internet governance in line with international best practice. It has played an active part in working with other countries to formulate rules for cyberspace governance, and engaged in international exchanges and cooperation in law-based cyberspace governance. It is committed to building a multilateral, democratic and transparent global internet governance system together with other countries.
新时代的中国网络法治建设，立足自身发展实际，借鉴国外先进经验，勇于探索、守正创新，走出一条具有自身特色的管网治网之路，取得了一系列显著成就，为网络强国建设、全面依法治国、党在信息化条件下治国理政作出了重要贡献。
In the new era, China set out from its realities and learned from advanced foreign experience to explore its own approach to cyberspace regulation and governance, maintaining the right orientation while pursuing innovation. Significant achievements have been made in a range of areas, building up China’s strength in cyberspace and adding momentum to law-based governance of the country, as well as contributing to national governance by the CPC in the information age.
——为网络大国向网络强国迈进提供了有力保障。中国网络强国建设向着网络基础设施基本普及、自主创新能力显著增强、数字经济全面发展、网络安全保障有力、网络攻防实力均衡的方向不断前进，取得重大成就。网民规模全球第一，移动物联网发展实现“物超人”，建成全球规模最大、技术领先的光纤宽带和移动通信网络，5G实现技术、产业、应用全面领先。数字经济发展势头强劲，2021年数字经济规模达到45.5万亿元，位居世界第二。互联网新技术在教育、就业、社保、医疗卫生、体育、住房、交通、助残养老等领域深度应用，“互联网+”依法健康运行，形成全球最为庞大、生机勃勃的数字社会。
– A guarantee of the transformation from scale to strength. China is building up its strength in cyberspace through these goals: universally available network infrastructure, significantly greater capacity of independent innovation, comprehensive development of the digital economy, guarantee of cybersecurity, and balanced ability of cyber attacks and defense. Major progress has been made in China towards these goals, as evidenced by the world’s largest number of netizens, the largest and most advanced fiber-optic broadband and mobile telecommunication networks, and world-leading 5G technology, industry and applications. China’s Internet of Things (IoT) now connects more cellular terminals than mobile phone users.
China’s digital economy has been growing with a strong momentum. In 2021, its value reached RMB45.5 trillion, ranking second in the world. New internet technologies are widely used in areas such as education, employment, social security, medical and health care, sports, housing, transport, support for persons with disabilities, and elderly care. Internet Plus services are running on a track of healthy development in accordance with the law. China has created the world’s largest active digital society.
——推动全面依法治国在网络空间深入实施。中国坚持依法治国原则适用于网络空间，深入实施法治中国建设规划，不断推进网络法治建设，坚持科学立法、严格执法、公正司法、全民守法，深化中国特色社会主义法治在网络空间的实践。网络立法的“四梁八柱”基本构建，丰富和完善了中国特色社会主义法律体系。网络执法不断加强，严厉打击网络违法行为，网络生态和网络秩序持续向好，推动整个社会秩序更加平安和谐。网络司法裁判规则逐步完善，网络案件办理力度不断加大，公平正义在网络空间有力彰显。网络普法深入推进，尊法学法守法用法逐步成为网络空间的共同追求和自觉行动，广大人民群众的法治意识和法治素养全面提升。
– Law-based national governance fully implemented in cyberspace. In China, the principle of law-based governance of the country applies equally in cyberspace. The Law-based Governance of China Initiative has been implemented, and progress has been made in law-based cyberspace governance by ensuring sound lawmaking, strict enforcement, impartial administration of justice, and the observance of the law by all. Under socialist rule of law with Chinese characteristics in cyberspace, the groundwork for cyber legislation has been laid, contributing to and improving China’s socialist legal system. Cyber law enforcement has continued to strengthen. By taking tough action against illegal behaviors in cyberspace, China has fostered a sound cyber environment and maintained online order, which contributes to peace and harmony in the society as a whole. Rules of cyber adjudication have improved, more online cases have been handled, and justice is served in cyberspace as elsewhere. Knowledge of cyber laws has been further spread, and netizens have acted accordingly – respecting, learning, abiding by, and using the law. The Chinese people’s awareness of and literacy in the law has increased.
——为全球互联网治理贡献中国经验、中国智慧和中国方案。网络空间是人类共同的活动空间，需要世界各国共同建设、共同治理。中国不断探索依法治网的科学途径和方案，在立法、执法、司法、普法一体推进中形成了中国特色治网之道，为全球互联网治理提供了中国经验。中国积极参与全球互联网治理，推动发起《二十国集团数字经济发展与合作倡议》《全球数据安全倡议》等多个倡议、宣言，创造性提出网络主权原则，倡导《联合国宪章》确立的主权平等原则适用于网络空间，贡献了中国智慧和中国方案。
– Contributing ideas, experience and solutions to global internet governance. Cyberspace is a shared space for human activities; it must be developed and managed by all countries. China has formed its own approach to law-based cyberspace governance by advancing legislation, law enforcement, judiciary work, and programs to spread knowledge about cyber laws, and has shared its experience with the world. It has taken an active part in global internet governance, promoting the G20 Digital Economy Development and Cooperation Initiative and the Global Data Security Initiative, and other proposals and declarations. It raised the principle of cyber sovereignty, and advocates that the principle of sovereign equality established by the UN Charter be applied to cyberspace, thereby contributing ideas and solutions to cyberspace governance.
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