（三）不应违背契约精神指责中国进行强制技术转让
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3. China should not be accused of forced technology transfer as it is against the spirit of contract文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/6018.html
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中国改革开放以来，外国企业为了拓展新兴市场、节约生产支出、实现规模效益和延长技术获利时间，主动与中国企业建立合作伙伴关系，订立契约合同，把产能和订单向中国转移，这完全是基于商业利益的企业自愿行为。不能因为中国企业的技术进步，就把原本双方自愿的交易活动歪曲为强制技术转让，这既不符合历史事实，也是对契约精神的背弃。文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/6018.html
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Since the adoption of reform and opening-up, foreign enterprises have established partnerships with Chinese companies by voluntarily entering into contracts. They transferred production capacity and orders to China of their own volition so as to tap into the emerging market, save production costs, achieve economy of scale, and extend the term of profiting from technologies. These are voluntary behaviors based on business interests. However, it accords with neither historical facts nor the spirit of contract to unjustly label bilateral transactions on a voluntary basis as forced technology transfer simply on the grounds of Chinese firms’ technological advances.文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/6018.html
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中国与美国等发达国家合作过程中发生的技术转移，源自发达国家企业出于利益最大化考虑的主动技术转让及产业转移。产品生命周期理论表明，任何一种产品都会因新技术的应用而经历一个由盛到衰的生命周期。跨国公司在努力开发新技术的同时，需要不断向发展中国家转让已落后或是标准化了的技术，以延长依靠旧技术获取利润的时间，并为新技术研发应用腾出空间和要素资源，也间接分担研发成本，技术转让和许可是常用的商业合作模式。上世纪90年代以来，微软、英特尔、高通、宝洁、通用电气、朗讯等美国公司相继在中国设立研发机构，目的是更好适应和开发中国市场。多年来美国在华企业通过技术转让与许可获得了巨额利益回报，是技术合作的最大受益者。文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/6018.html
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Technology transfer in the course of cooperation between China and developed countries such as the US is voluntary technology transfer and industrial transfer initiated by the enterprises of developed countries keen to maximize their interests. The product life-cycle theory indicates that any kind of product goes through a life-cycle from peak to decline due to application of new technologies. While endeavoring to develop new technologies, multinationals continuously transfer technologies that are either obsolete or standardized to developing countries with a view to extending the term of profiting from old technologies, making room and sparing production factors for R&D and application of new ones, and indirectly sharing R&D costs. Therefore, technology transfer and licensing is a widely-used business cooperation model. Since the 1990s, Microsoft, Intel, Qualcomm, P&G, GE, Lucent, and other American companies have set up R&D facilities in China in a bid to better adapt to and explore the Chinese market. Over the years, American firms in China have earned handsome profits through technology transfer and licensing. They are the largest beneficiary of technological cooperation.文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/6018.html
在中外企业合作中，中国政府没有强制要求外商投资企业转让技术的政策和做法。中外企业技术合作和其他经贸合作完全是基于自愿原则实施的契约行为，双方企业都从中获得了实际利益。一般来说，外国企业技术收入有三种模式：（1）一次性转让，可以按转让价结算，也可以折价入股；（2）销售的设备、零部件或产品中，包括技术收入；（3）技术许可，收取许可费。比如，当一家具有技术优势的外国企业销售设备给中国企业，中国企业由于不掌握设备的某些技术，需要长期多次购买设备提供方的技术服务和零部件，在此情况下，中国企业愿意以一次性付费的方式向外方购买部分技术。这种技术转让要求，属于企业在成本效益核算基础上的正常议价谈判，无论分次支付技术费还是一次性支付技术费，都是国际商业技术交易中常见的做法。美国政府将外商投资企业通过订立商业合同与中国企业建立伙伴关系、转让或许可其技术、共同在中国市场上获得商业回报的自愿合作行为称为“强制技术转让”，完全是对事实的歪曲。
In the process of cooperation, the Chinese government has never introduced policies or practices that force foreign invested enterprises to transfer technology. Technological cooperation and other forms of commercial cooperation between Chinese and foreign businesses are entirely voluntary and bound by contracts. It generates real benefits for companies on both sides. Generally speaking, there are three patterns of technology-related revenues earned by foreign enterprises: (1) one-off transfer through settlement by an agreed price or discounted equity participation; (2) technology-related income that is included in the sales of equipment, components or products; and (3) technology licensing fees. For example, a foreign enterprise with a technological advantage sells equipment to a Chinese company short of certain technologies related to the equipment. The Chinese company has to buy technical services and components from the equipment supplier multiple times in the long run. The Chinese company is willing to purchase some of the technologies from the foreign company for a one-off payment. Such requirements for technology transfer are normal price negotiations based on cost-benefit accounting. Such technology fee payments, be they in installments or in a lump-sum, are common practices in international commercial technology trading. It is a complete distortion of the facts that the US administration labels as forced technology transfer the voluntary behaviors of FIEs to partner with Chinese companies, transfer or license technologies, and reap profits together in Chinese market by entering into business contracts.
除此之外，中国在某些领域的股权合作符合中国的国际义务、各国惯例和实践，不能被混淆为“强制技术转让”。而且，近几年中国对外商投资的股权限制不断放开，外国企业自由选择权不断扩大（专栏2）。在此过程中，中外企业股权合作仍然不断深化，完全是双方基于商业原因的自由选择。
Besides, equity cooperation in some areas is in line with China’s international obligations and usual practices of many countries, and does not constitute forced technology transfer either. In recent years, China has eased restrictions on foreign equity (See Box 2), and given foreign businesses greater freedom of choice. In this process, equity cooperation between Chinese and foreign enterprises becomes deeper as a result of free choices based on commercial considerations by the two sides.
美国政府关于中国“偷盗”先进技术的指责是对中国科技进步艰苦努力的污蔑。中华民族是勤劳智慧、善于创造的民族，中国政府高度重视科学技术和教育发展，中国科技进步是中国长期实施科教兴国战略和创新驱动发展战略的结果，是全体人民特别是科技工作者辛勤劳动的成果。2000年以来，中国全社会研发经费投入以年均近20%的速度增长。2017年，中国全社会研发经费投入1.76万亿人民币，仅次于美国，位居全球第二，占国内生产总值的比重达到2.13%，已经接近经合组织国家平均水平。中国有2613所高等学校，10.9万家各类研发机构，超过621万研发人员，2017年研发人员全时当量达403万人年，其中企业占77.3%。2017年，有113家中国企业进入“2017全球创新1000强”榜单，仅次于美国、日本，位居全球第三。世界知识产权组织2018年7月发布的“2018全球创新指数”排名中，中国由2016年的第22名升至第17名。2017年，中国专利申请369.8万件，授予专利权183.6万件；发明专利申请量达138.2万件，同比增长14.2%，连续7年居世界首位；根据世界知识产权组织公布的数字，2017年中国通过《专利合作条约》途径提交的国际专利申请量达4.9万件，仅次于美国。有10家中国企业进入企业国际专利申请量前50位。美国前财政部长、著名经济学家拉里·萨默斯说：“你问我中国的技术进步来自哪里，它来自于那些从政府对基础科学巨额投资中受益的优秀企业家，来自于推崇卓越、注重科学和技术的教育制度。它们的领导地位就是这样产生的，而不是通过在一些美国公司持股产生的。”
That the US administration accuses China of “stealing” advanced technologies is an insult to China’s efforts to push for scientific and technological advances. The Chinese nation is known for diligence, intelligence, and ingenuity. The Chinese government sets great store by the development of science, technology and education. The progress in science and technology China has made comes from years of implementing a strategy of invigorating the country through science, technology and education and the strategy of innovation-driven development, and from the hard work of the Chinese people, especially scientific workers. Since 2000, the total R&D spend in China has registered an average annual growth rate of close to 20%. In 2017, China spent RMB 1.76 trillion in R&D, second only to the US, accounting for 2.13% of total GDP, and approaching the average level of the OECD countries. China has 2,613 institutions of higher education, 10,900 research institutions of all sorts, and over 6.21 million people engaged in R&D. In 2017, the full-time equivalent of R&D personnel in China reached 4.03 million man-years, of which 77.3% were in enterprises. In the same year, China ranked third after the US and Japan with 113 Chinese enterprises listed among “The 2017 Global Innovation 1000”. According to the “Global Innovation Index 2018” released by WIPO in July 2018, China’s ranking rose from 22ndin 2016 to 17thin 2018. In 2017, patent applications reached 3.698 million in China, of which 1.836 million patents were granted. China’s invention patent applications reached 1.382 million, up by 14.2% year-on-year, ranking 1stin the world for seven years in a row. According to WIPO statistics, China filed 49,000 international patent applications via the Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) in 2017, second only to the US. Among the top 50 international patent applicants, ten are Chinese enterprises. As former US Treasury Secretary and renowned American economist Larry Summers once said, “You ask me where China’s technological progress is coming from. It’s coming from terrific entrepreneurs who are getting the benefit of huge government investment in basic science. It’s coming from an educational system that’s privileging excellence, concentrating on science and technology. That’s where their leadership is coming from, not from taking a stake in some US company.”
（四）不应抹杀中国保护知识产权的巨大努力与成效
4. China’s huge efforts and achievements with regard to IPR protection should not be dismissed.
中国在保护知识产权上的态度是明确而坚定的，在立法、执法和司法层面不断强化保护，取得了明显成效。美国政府2016年以前的官方报告，也积极肯定中国在知识产权保护方面取得的成绩。中国美国商会所做的年度商务环境调查显示，其会员企业在华运营的主要挑战中，知识产权侵权行为已由2011年的第7位降低到2018年的第12位。近期美国政府对中国知识产权保护的指责是有悖事实的，完全抹杀了中国保护知识产权的巨大努力与成效。
China’s attitude towards IPR protection is clear and firm. It has continued to reinforce protection through legislation, law enforcement and the judiciary, and achieved some notable successes. Official reports by the US administration before 2016 also acknowledged China’s achievements in IPR protection. The China Business Climate Survey Reports by the American Chamber of Commerce in China indicate that, among the main challenges facing its member enterprises in China, IPR infringement has dropped from the 7thbiggest concern in 2011 to 12thin 2018. The recent accusations by the US administration about China’s IPR protection are unrealistic and completely dismissive of China’s tremendous efforts and achievements in this regard.
中国建立并不断完善知识产权法律体系，法律保护力度不断提高。中国在较短时间内建立起一套完备且高标准的知识产权法律体系，走过了发达国家通常几十年甚至上百年才完成的立法路程。目前已经建立了从法律、规划、政策到执行机构等知识产权保护、运用和管理的完整体系。世界知识产权组织前总干事阿帕德·鲍格胥博士曾评价称，“这在知识产权发展史上是独一无二的”。2013年，中国修订了《商标法》，增加了惩罚性赔偿制度，将法定赔偿限额从50万元提高至300万元，保护力度大幅度提高。自2014年启动的《专利法》第四次全面修改工作，提出了加强专利权保护的相关建议措施，包括加大对侵权行为的惩罚力度、完善证据规则、完善行政保护措施、加强网络环境下专利保护等。2017年修订《反不正当竞争法》，进一步完善了商业秘密的保护，明确市场混淆行为，拓宽对标识的保护范围，同时强化了对有关违法行为的法律责任。2017年10月1日，《中华人民共和国民法总则》施行，该法规定：“民事主体依法享有知识产权”，并明确规定商业秘密属于知识产权，加强了对商业秘密的保护。
China has formulated and improved its laws and regulations on IP protection, and enhanced protection of IPR. China built a fully-fledged and high-standard IP legal framework in a relatively short period, compared to the decades or more that developed countries spent setting up similar legal systems. China has put in place a complete regime of IP protection, utilization and administration, spanning laws, planning, policies and enforcement agencies. Dr. Arpad Bogsch, former Director-General of the WIPO, has commented, “China had accomplished all this at a speed unmatched in the history of intellectual property protection.” In 2013, China amended its Trademark Law, setting up a system of punitive damages under which the damages cap is raised from RMB 500,000 to RMB 3 million, thus remarkably enhancing protection. Since the fourth major amendment to Patent Law launched in 2014, China has put forward measures for further strengthening protection of patents such as introducing harsher punishment for infringements, improving the rule of evidence, enhancing administrative protection, and better protecting patents in cyber space. In 2017, China amended the Anti-Unfair Competition Law, which further improves the protection of trade secrets, identifies act of confusion, expands the scope of protection for indications, and ratchets up legal liabilities for illegal acts. On October 1st, 2017, China adopted General Provisions of the Civil Law, which stipulates that “Civil entities enjoy intellectual property rights in accordance with law”, and enhances protection of trade secrets by making them a subject of IP protection.
加强知识产权司法保护，充分发挥司法保护主导作用。2014年，中国在北京、上海、广州设立了专门的知识产权法院，跨区域管辖专利等知识产权案件。自2009年以来，中国共设立了天津、南京、苏州、武汉、西安等16个知识产权法庭，有效提升了知识产权专业化审判水平。2013年至2017年，中国法院共新收各类知识产权案件813564件，审结781257件。2017年，中国法院共新收一审知识产权案件213480件，结案202970件，分别比上年增加46%和43%。中国已经成为世界上审理知识产权案件尤其是专利案件最多的国家。中国依法平等保护中外当事人合法权益。2016年，中国法院共审结涉外知识产权民事一审案件1667件，同比上升25.6%（专栏3）。中国处理涉外知识产权案件的审理周期是全世界最短的之一，北京知识产权法庭平均为4个月。由于司法程序快捷，目前中国法院已被国际上视为知识产权诉讼较为可取的诉讼地，北京知识产权法院受理的案件中有相当一部分双方当事人都是外国人。
China has intensified judicial protection for intellectual property and given full play to judicial protection. In 2014, China set up three IP tribunals in Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou to handle cross-regional IP cases, including those related to patents. Since 2009, China has established 16 special judicial organs in Tianjin, Nanjing, Suzhou, Wuhan, Xi’an and other cities, effectively enhancing the professional handling of IP cases. Between 2013 and 2017, Chinese courts received 813,564 new IP cases of all sorts, and handled and closed 781,257 cases. In 2017, Chinese courts received 213,480 first-instance cases, and concluded 202,970 cases, up by 46% and 43% from the previous year. More IP cases, especially patent cases, are tried in China than in any other country. China provides equal protection for the legitimate rights and interests of Chinese and foreign interested parties in accordance with law. In 2016, Chinese courts heard and closed 1,667 first-instance cases related to foreign entities and individuals, up by 25.6% year-on-year. (See Box 3) The adjudication period for foreign-related IP cases in China is among the shortest in the world. Beijing IP court processes cases in four months on average. Thanks to its rapid judicial procedure, China is increasingly being selected as the forum of choice for non-Chinese companies to litigate IP disputes, and a significant number of both the plaintiffs and defendants in Beijing IP court are foreigners.
知识产权行政主管部门采取了积极主动的保护措施，行政执法力度持续加强。中国实施行政、司法双轨制保护，知识产权权利人不仅可以寻求司法保护，还可以寻求行政保护。中国国家知识产权局积极构建集快速审查、快速确权、快速维权于一体的快速协同保护体系，建成了基本覆盖全国的“12330”知识产权维权援助与举报投诉网络。专利、商标、版权行政执法部门开展了强有力的主动执法，有效保护了知识产权权利人合法权益。2011年11月，中国国务院印发《关于进一步做好打击侵犯知识产权和制售假冒伪劣商品工作的意见》，成立了全国打击侵犯知识产权和制售假冒伪劣商品工作领导小组，形成由29个部门参与的常态机制。2018年，中国重新组建国家知识产权局，商标、专利执法由市场监管综合执法队伍承担，执法力量得到整合与加强。
IP administrative authorities have taken protective measures and intensified enforcement in a proactive manner. China adopts a dual-track protection system where IP right holders can seek not only judicial but also administrative protection. The State Intellectual Property Office (SIPO) has established a coordinated system with rapid review, rapid rights verification, and rapid rights protection, and built a nationwide 12330 network that provides assistance in defending rights and accepting reports and complaints. The patent, trademark and copyright authorities have carried out strong and proactive enforcement that has effectively defended the legitimate interests of IP right holders. In November 2011, the State Council published Opinions on Further Cracking Down on IP Infringement and Manufacture and Sales of Counterfeit and Shoddy Products, setting up a national leading group and signaling a normalized mechanism involving 29 governmental departments. In 2018, China reorganized SIPO by retooling the trademark and patent enforcement teams into a comprehensive enforcement team for market regulation, thus integrating and strengthening the power of enforcement.
中国日益加强的知识产权保护为外国企业在华创新提供了有效保障。国外来华发明专利申请受理量从2012年的117464件增加到了2017年的135885件。来自国外的商标注册申请量从2013年的9.5万件增加到了2017年的14.2万件，同期存量商标到期续展申请量从1.4万件增加到了2.0万件。美国彼得森国际经济研究所认为，中国知识产权保护状况不断改善，过去十年间中国使用外国技术支付的专利授权和使用费增长4倍，2017年为286亿美元，排名全球第四，其中为本国境内使用的外国技术支付费用的规模仅次于美国，排名全球第二。
This intensified IP protection has served as an effective guarantee for foreign businesses to innovate in China. Received foreign invention patent applications grew from 117,464 in 2012 to 135,885 in 2017. Foreign trademark registration applications grew from 95,000 in 2013 to 142,000 in 2017, and trademark extension applications grew from 14,000 to 20,000 in the same period. According to the Peterson Institute, China’s protection of intellectual property is improving. China’s payment of licensing fees and royalties for the use of foreign technology has recorded a four-fold increase over the last decade, reaching US$28.6 billion in 2017 and ranking fourth in the world. In fact, China ranks second globally in the scale of licensing fees paid for technology used within its national borders, second only to the US.
美国企业因中国有效保护知识产权获益丰厚。根据美国商务部经济分析局统计，2016年中国向美国支付知识产权使用费79.6亿美元。中国国家版权局、商务部和国家市场监督管理总局数据显示，2012－2016年，中国自美国引进版权近2.8万项。在商标方面，2002－2016年，美国在华申请转让商标5.8万余件，占中国商标转让申请总数4.54%。在文化方面，中国国家广播电视总局数据显示，2017年中国进口美国影片31部，给美国带来近6.5亿美元收入。
US businesses have benefited hugely from effective IP protection in China. According to US Bureau of Economic Analysis of the DOC, China paid US$7.96 billion in licensing fees to the US in 2016. Statistics from China’s National Copyright Administration, Ministry of Commerce, and State Administration for Market Regulation suggest that from 2012 to 2016, China imported 28,000 copyrights from the US. In terms of trademarks, from 2002 to 2016, the US applied for over 58,000 trademarks transfer in China, making up 4.54% of total transfers. In terms of culture, according to the State Administration of Press, Publication, Radio, Film, and TV, in 2017 China imported 31 American films at a cost of US$650 million.
中国知识产权保护成效得到了国际社会的积极肯定。2011年，中国海关被全球反假冒组织授予全球唯一的“反假冒最佳政府机构奖”。2012年，中国公安部经侦局被全球反假冒组织授予“2012年度全球反假冒执法部门最高贡献奖”。2011年5月9日，美国前总统奥巴马表示：“中方在保护知识产权等方面取得了良好进展。美方愿向中国和其他国家出口更多高科技产品，这符合双方的利益。”2018年2月，美国商会全球知识产权中心发布《2018年国际知识产权指数发展报告》，该报告分40个指标对全球范围内50个经济体知识产权保护环境进行评价，中国位居第25位，较2017年上升2位。
China’s progress in IP protection has been recognized by the international community. In 2011, China Customs won the National Public Body Award of the Global Anti-Counterfeiting Network. In 2012, the Economic Investigation Bureau of the Ministry of Public Security won the award for Distinguished Contributions to Anti-counterfeiting Enforcement. On 9 May 2011, former US president Obama stated that China had made good progress in IP protection. The US was willing to export more high-tech products to China and other countries in the interests of both sides. In February 2018, GIPC released a report on the International Intellectual Property Index 2018, which maps the national IP environment for 50 surveyed economies with 40 indicators. China ranked 25th, up by 2 places from 2017.
（五）不应将中国政府鼓励企业走出去歪曲为一种推动企业通过并购获取先进技术的政府行为
5. The Chinese government’s encouragement to Chinese business to go global should not be distorted as a government attempt to acquire advanced technologies through commercial M&A.
中国政府鼓励企业走出去开展国际经济交流合作符合世界贸易组织的规则。随着中国企业经营能力提高，根据企业配置资源和开拓市场需要，越来越多企业开始自主向海外发展，这符合经济全球化潮流。与世界上其他国家和地区一样，中国政府支持有实力、有条件的企业，在遵守东道国法律法规和国际规则的前提下，对外投资和拓展国际市场，政府为企业对外投资合作提供便利化的服务。美国将中国政府支持企业走出去，判定为一种推动企业通过并购获取别国先进技术的政府行为，是缺乏事实依据的。
It is consistent with the WTO for the Chinese government to encourage businesses to go global and engage in international economic exchanges and cooperation. As Chinese companies get stronger and the need for resource allocation and market expansion increases, a growing number of firms have started to expand overseas at their own initiative, a trend in line with economic globalization. Like other countries and regions in the world, the Chinese government supports able and competent companies in outbound investment and tapping into international markets, while obeying the laws and regulations of the host countries as well as international rules. The government only provides services that facilitate this outbound investment and cooperation. The arbitrary conclusion of the US that such support is a government act to acquire advanced technologies through commercial M&A is groundless.
此外，中国对美直接投资中，技术寻求型投资占比实际上很低。据美国企业研究所的统计，2005－2017年，中国企业在美232项直接投资中，仅有17项涉及高技术领域，其他大部分分布在房地产、金融以及服务业等领域。
In fact, among Chinese investments in the US, those that seek to acquire technology represent a small share. According to the American Enterprise Institute, from 2005 to 2017, of 232 direct investments from China, only 17 involved high-technology, while others were mainly in real-estate, finance and services.
（六）不应脱离世界贸易组织规则指责中国的补贴政策
6. China’s subsidy policy complies with WTO rules and should not be attacked.
中国认真遵守世界贸易组织关于补贴政策的规则。补贴政策作为应对市场失灵和解决经济发展不平衡问题的手段之一，被包括美国在内的许多国家和地区普遍使用。加入世界贸易组织以来，中国一直积极推进国内政策领域的合规性改革，切实履行世界贸易组织《补贴与反补贴措施协议》各项义务。
China conscientiously complies with WTO rules on subsidy policy. As one of the tools to address market failure and imbalanced economic development, subsidies are widely used by many countries and regions, including the US. Since China joined the WTO, we have actively pressed ahead with reform to ensure the compliance of domestic policies, and conscientiously honored the obligations under the WTO Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures.
中国遵守世界贸易组织关于补贴的透明度原则，按照要求定期向世界贸易组织通报国内相关法律、法规和具体措施的修订调整和实施情况。截至2018年1月，中国提交的通报已达上千份，涉及中央和地方补贴政策、农业、技术法规、标准、知识产权法律法规等诸多领域。2016年7月，中国政府按照有关规则，向世界贸易组织提交了2001－2014年地方补贴政策通报，涵盖19个省和3个计划单列市的100项地方补贴政策。2018年7月，又向世界贸易组织提交了2015－2016年中央和地方补贴政策通报，地方补贴通报首次覆盖全部省级行政区域。
China complies with the WTO rules on subsidy transparency. As required, we have regularly notified the WTO of the revision, adjustment and implementation of our domestic laws, regulations and measures. By January 2018, China had submitted thousands of notifications, covering various areas of central and sub-national subsidy policies, agriculture, technical regulations, standards, and IP laws and regulations. In July 2016, in accordance with the relevant rules, the Chinese government notified the WTO of sub-national subsidy policies between 2001 and 2014, covering 100 subsidy policies from 19 provinces and 3 municipalities with independent planning authority. In July 2018 we notified the WTO of the central and sub-national subsidy policies between 2015 and 2016, covering all the provincial level administrative areas for the first time.
为企业营造公平竞争的政策环境。近年来，中国政府一直致力于推进产业政策的转型。2016年6月，中国国务院发布了《关于在市场体系建设中建立公平竞争审查制度的意见》，要求规范政府行为，防止出台新的排除、限制竞争的支持措施，并逐步清理废除已有的妨碍公平竞争的规定和做法。2017年1月，《国务院关于扩大对外开放积极利用外资若干措施的通知》进一步要求，各部门制定外资政策要进行公平竞争审查。2018年6月，《国务院关于积极有效利用外资推动经济高质量发展若干措施的通知》（以下简称《通知》）提出，全面落实准入前国民待遇加负面清单管理制度，负面清单之外的领域，各地区各部门不得专门针对外商投资准入进行限制。《通知》要求，保护外商投资合法权益，完善外商投资企业投诉工作部际联席会议制度，建立健全各地外商投资企业投诉工作机制，及时解决外商投资企业反映的不公平待遇问题，各地不得限制外商投资企业依法跨区域经营、搬迁、注销等行为。
China has created a level playing field for the businesses. In recent years, the Chinese government has committed to transforming industrial policies. In June 2016 the State Council released Opinions on Establishing a Fair Competition Examination System in the Building of the Market System, setting out to guarantee rules-based government actions, prohibit new supportive measures that would exclude or impede competition, and filter out and abolish any existing rules and practices that hamper fair competition. In January 2017, the State Council released a Circular on Several Measures on Promoting Further Openness and Active Utilization of Foreign Investment, requiring authorities concerned to carry out a fair competition review in defining foreign investment policies. In June 2018, the State Council released a Circular on Certain Measures for Actively and Effectively Utilizing Foreign Investment to Promote Quality Economic Development, aiming to grant full pre-establishment national treatment on the basis of a negative list, and remove access restrictions on foreign investment in areas outside the list. As required by the Circular, to safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of foreign investors, China has improved the inter-departmental joint meeting mechanism for FIEs to lodge complaints, set up and enhanced the complaint mechanism for FIEs across the country, in order to promptly resolve any unfair treatment of FIEs, and avoid restrictions on the law-based cross-regional operation, movement and deregistration of FIEs.
中国农业市场化程度持续提高。2015年，中国国家发展改革委宣布放开烟叶收购价格，标志着中国在农产品价格领域已完全取消了政府定价。2004年以来，在市场定价、自由流通的基础上，中国政府为维护农民基本生计，当市场严重供大于求、价格过度下跌时，对部分农产品实行托市收购制度。近年来，中国政府加大了对托市收购政策的改革力度，定价机制更加市场化（专栏4）。
China’s agricultural industry has become increasingly market-based. In 2015, the NDRC announced the abolition of controlled pricing on tobacco leaves, marking the definitive end to government pricing for agricultural produce. Since 2004, on the basis of market-set price and free circulation, the Chinese government had stepped in to ensure the basic livelihood of farmers by adopting a government purchase system, a backstop in the case of severe oversupply and collapsing prices. In recent years, the Chinese government has stepped up efforts to reform the purchase system by introducing a more market-based price-setting mechanism. (Box 4)
