7．家庭防控
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/9186.html
家庭是社会的细胞，也是抗击疫情的基础力量和重要防线。目前诸多新冠肺炎病例中，家庭聚集性感染的特征较为突出，这是因为多人长时间聚集在同一空间，很容易造成病毒传播扩散，出现“一人感染，一家传染”的情况。文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/9186.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/9186.html
家庭防控主要指为防止疫情扩散，以家庭为单位，在社区的指导下，各自做好自我管理和家庭管理。国家卫生健康委在2020年1月27日发布的《新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎防控公众预防指南汇编》中介绍了“家庭新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎预防指南”，提供了适用于家庭场所的日常预防建议：一是避免去疾病正在流行的地区；二是减少到人员密集、尤其是空气流动性差的公共场所活动三是不要接触、购买和使用野生动物，避免前往售卖活体动物的市场，禽肉蛋要充分煮熟后食用；四是居室保持清洁，勤开窗通风；五是随时保持手卫生六是外出佩戴口罩七是保持良好卫生和健康习惯八是主动做好个人及家庭成员的健康监测九是准备常用物资，如体温计、一次性口罩、家用消毒用品等。此外，该《指南》还对家庭成员出现可疑症状时的情况提供了防控建议，强调如家庭成员出现新冠肺炎可疑症状，应及时佩戴口罩并就医；如家庭中有人被诊断为新冠肺炎患者，其他家庭成员如果经判定为密切接触者，应接受14天医学观察；患者和密切接触者应避免与无症状的其他家庭成员近距离接触；对有症状的家庭成员经常接触的地方和物品进行消毒等。文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/9186.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/9186.html
7. Family Prevention and Control文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/9186.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/9186.html
The family is the cell of society and an important place of defense against the epidemic. Among novel coronavirus cases, family infections are prominent. The gathering of people in the same space for a long time can easily cause virus spreading and result in “infection of a whole family by one confirmed member.”文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/9186.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/9186.html
The Guidebook on Public Prevention of Novel Coronavirus-infected Pneumonia issued by the NHC made the following suggestions for family members:文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/9186.html
* Avoid visiting areas where the disease is prevalent;
* Reduce visits to crowded public places, especially places of poor ventilation;
* Do not touch, buy and eat wild animals; avoid visiting markets that sell live animals, and cook poultry, eggs and meat thoroughly;
* Keep your home clean and open windows frequently for better ventilation;
* Maintain hand hygiene;
* Wear a mask when going out;
* Keep good personal hygiene and health habits;
* Monitor health conditions of yourself and your family members;
* Keep necessary medical supplies at home, such as thermometer, disposable masks and domestic disinfectants.
The Guidance suggested that family members with suspicious symptoms should wear masks and seek prompt medical advice; when one family member is diagnosed with COVID-19, other members, if identified as close contacts, have to take medical observation for 14 consecutive days; patients and close contacts should avoid close contact with other family members who have no symptom; and the places where the family member with symptoms stays and the objects he/she frequently touches should be sterilized.
8．公共场所防控
公共场所是公众进行社会活动的重要载体，也是防控传染病发生流行的重点环节，公共场所卫生安全关系人民群众健康和经济社会发展。为加强疫情防控，2020年1月30日，国务院应对新冠肺炎疫情联防联控机制印发《公共场所新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎卫生防护指南》，对宾馆、商场、影院、游泳馆、博物馆、候车（机）室、办公楼等人群经常聚集活动的公共场所和工作场所的卫生防护提出措施指引和操作要求。
公共场所卫生操作方面，重点做好物体表面清洁消毒，对高频接触的物体表面（如电梯间按钮、扶手、门把手等），可用含氯消毒剂、消毒湿巾进行喷洒或擦拭；加强餐（饮）具的消毒、衣服、被褥、座椅套等纺织物及卫生洁具的清洁消毒；加强通风换气，保持场所内空气流通，首选自然风；定期清洗空调滤网，未使用空调时应关闭回风通道；确保场所内洗手设施运行正常，配备足量洗手液、速干手消毒剂或感应式手消毒设施；加强垃圾分类管理，及时收集并清运，定期对垃圾桶等垃圾盛装容器进行消毒清洁；设立应急区域，当出现疑似或确诊病例时，及时到该区域进行暂时隔离和规范处理；在场所内显著区域，开展防控健康宣教。
个人防护方面，工作人员要做好“三注意”，即注意个人卫生防护、注意手卫生、注意身体状况。流动人员要减少聚集，减少不必要的外出，如果外出应做好个人防护和手卫生，在人口较为密集的公共场所，建议佩戴医用口罩、勤洗手等；办公楼等场所要加强对来访人员健康监测和登记等工作。
8. Public Places Prevention and Control
Public places are where the general public take part in social activities, therefore they are a key link in the prevention and control of infectious diseases. These places are related to people’s health and economic and social development.
On January 30, the Joint Prevention and Control Mechanism of the State Council published a Guide on Health Protection of Novel Coronavirus-infected Pneumonia in Public Places, listing suggestions and requirements for health protection in public places and workplaces where people often gather, such as hotels, shopping malls, cinemas, swimming pools, museums, waiting rooms and lounges, and office buildings.
* For hygienic practices in public places, it is important to clean and disinfect the surface of objects. Spray or wipe the surfaces with high frequency of contact (elevator buttons, handrails and door handles) with chlorine-containing disinfectants and disinfectant wipes;
* Ensure disinfection of food (drinking) utensils, sanitary ware, and textiles such as clothes, bedding and seat covers;
* Well ventilate the rooms, with natural wind preferred;
* Clean the air conditioning filters regularly, and close the air return channel if not in use;
* Ensure normal operation of hand washing facilities and adequate hand sanitizers, quick-dry hand disinfectants or inductive hand disinfection facilities;
* Strengthen garbage classification management, timely collection and removal of garbage, and regular disinfection and cleaning of garbage cans and other containers;
* Set an emergency area for temporary isolation and standard treatment of suspected or confirmed cases;
* Post health education materials about epidemic prevention and control in a conspicuous place in the site.
In terms of personal protection, the staff should pay attention to personal protection, hand hygiene, and physical condition. Mobile personnel should reduce gatherings and unnecessary outings. They must make sure of personal protection and hand hygiene if going out. In crowded public places, it is recommended to wear medical masks and wash hands frequently. Health monitoring and registration of visitors shall be made at office buildings and other places.
9．公共交通工具防控
公共交通工具具有人流量大、人员来源复杂、密切接触可能性大等特点，仅仅靠采取消毒措施切断传播途径来预防疾病传播具有较大难度。因此，应通过加强人员管理、环境卫生及消毒、健康宣教等措施，保障公共交通工具上人员的安全健康。
国家卫生健康委在2020年1月27日发布的《新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎防控公众预防指南汇编》中，对飞机、火车、地铁、公共汽车和轮船等公共交通工具的卫生防护提供措施建议。1月29日，国务院应对新型冠肺炎疫情联防联控机制印发《公共交通工具消毒操作技术指南的通知》，指导汽车、火车、飞机、轮船等公共交通工具做好消毒工作，防止新冠肺炎通过交通工具传播和扩散。
公共交通工具防控建议主要包括：发生疾病流行地区的公共交通工具在岗工作人员应佩戴医用外科口罩或N95口罩，并每日做好健康监测；公共交通工具建议备置体温计、口罩等物品；增加公共交通工具清洁与消毒频次，做好清洁消毒工作记录和标识；保持公共交通工具良好的通风状态；保持车站、车厢内的卫生整洁，及时清理垃圾；做好人员工作与轮休安排，确保司乘人员得到足够休息。
9. Public Transportation Prevention and Control
Public transportation features large flow of people, complex personnel source, and high possibility of close contact. It is difficult to prevent the spread of disease by only taking disinfection measures to cut off the transmission route. Measures such as strengthening personnel management, environmental sanitation and disinfection, and health education should be taken to ensure the safety and health of passengers.
The NHC provided recommendations on hygienic protection of public transportation such as planes, trains, subways, buses and ships in the Guidebook on Public Prevention of Novel Coronavirus-infected Pneumonia released on January 27. On January 29, the Joint Prevention and Control Mechanism of the State Council issued a notice on applying the Technical Guidelines for Disinfection of Public Transportation, which provided disinfection suggestions of cars, trains, planes and ships to prevent the spread of the novel coronavirus through vehicles.
The suggestions included:
* On-duty staff of public transportation in epidemic areas should wear surgical or N95 masks, and carry out daily health monitoring;
* Public transportation should have thermometers, masks and other items on them;
* Increase the frequency of cleaning and disinfection of public transportation, and make records and identification;
* Maintain good ventilation;
* Keep the station and carriage clean and tidy, and clean up the garbage in time;
* Schedule proper personnel work and rotating shifts to ensure the crew get enough rest.
10．办公场所防控
办公场所防控主要指在办公区域进行的疫情防控管理。随着复工复产、人员陆续返岗，办公区域人员密度大、停留时间长、人员构成复杂，增加了办公场所的防控工作难度。国家卫生健康委在2020年1月29日发布的《新型冠状病毒防控指南（第一版）》中，提供了办公场所防控指南，即工作人员要自行健康监测，若出现新冠状病毒感染的可疑症状（包括发热、咳嗽、咽痛、胸闷、呼吸困难、乏力、恶心呕吐、腹泻、结膜炎、肌肉酸痛等），不要带病上班；若发现新型冠状病毒感染的可疑症状者，工作人员应要求其离开；公用物品及公共接触物品或部位要定期清洗和消毒；保持办公场所内空气流通；洗手间要配备足够的洗手液，确保供水设施运行正常；保持环境卫生清洁，及时清理垃圾等。
此外，各地还就疫情期间办公场所防控和工作人员防护提出措施建议。例如，建立主体责任制，明确办公场所内各单位各部门的具体职责；办公场所所在建筑的经营管理者要建立租用户名录清单，建立楼宇、院落出入口体温监测、人员登记等防控措施；建立有针对性的防控工作方案；强化员工健康监测制度；加强重点岗位重点部门的风险梳理和应对措施；优化工作流程，降低感染风险；建立弹性工作制；减少会议等不必要的人群聚集性活动；保持办公场所室内空气流通；加强日常清洁和预防性消毒措施等。
10. Office Prevention and Control
Office prevention and control mainly refers to epidemic prevention and control management in the workplace. With the resumption of work and production and the return of personnel, the office area has a high density of staff with long stay and a complex composition, which increases the difficulty of prevention and control.
The Prevention and Control Protocol for Novel Coronavirus (1st Edition), released by the NHC on January 29, provided a guide to workplace prevention and control:
* The staff should monitor their own health.
* A sick employee should not come to work in case of suspicious symptoms of novel coronavirus pneumonia (such as fever, cough, pharyngalgia, chest distress, breathing difficulties, fatigue, nausea, diarrhea, conjunctivitis, and muscle soreness).
* People with suspected symptoms of the disease should be refused to enter the workplace.
* Regularly clean and disinfect public goods and items or parts that are frequently touched by people.
* Maintain indoor ventilation in the workplace;
* Ensure sufficient hand sanitizers and proper operation of water supply facilities in the washroom;
* Keep the workplace clean and tidy, and clean up the garbage in time.
Various localities also adopted detailed measures for the prevention and control of office areas. These included:
* Specify responsibilities of each unit in the office area;
* The operator of the building where the office is located draw up a list of tenants, and take temperature check and personnel registration at the building or courtyard entrance;
* Make targeted work plans for prevention and control;
* Strengthen staff health monitoring;
* Conduct risk analysis and work out counter measures for key posts and key departments;
* Optimize workflow to reduce the risk of infection;
* Adopt flexible work hours;
* Reduce unnecessary meetings and other gatherings;
* Maintain indoor ventilation;
* Strengthen daily cleaning and preventive disinfection.
11．养老机构防控
老年人群是新冠病毒易感高危人群，自我防护意识普遍较弱，因此，老年康复、护理、养老等机构应做好在院老年人群的防护措施。2020年1月底，国家民政部发出通知，要求各地全力做好养老机构新冠肺炎疫情防控工作，确保老年人安全健康。
根据国家卫生健康委在2020年1月29日发布的《新型冠状病毒防控指南（第一版）》，养老机构防控疫情的主要措施包括日常预防措施，以及有老人出现可疑症状时的应对措施。疾病流行期间，建议养老机构实施封闭式管理，原则上不接待外来人员走访慰问，老人不能离院外出，不再接受新入住老人，必须外出的老人回到养老机构后应密切观察。此外，养老机构还应建立老人和工作人员的健康档案，每日开展晨检和健康登记；建立探访人员登记制度，所有外来探访人员应佩戴医用外科口罩；倡导老人养成经常洗手的好习惯，确保环境清洁卫生。如有老人出现可疑症状时，及时为其安排单间进行自我隔离，由医护人员对其健康状况进行评估，视病情状况送至医疗机构就诊，并暂停探访活动。
11. Nursing Homes Prevention and Control
The elderly are a vulnerable and high-risk group of the novel coronavirus with weak self-protection awareness. The institutions for elderly rehabilitation, nursing, and elderly care should take protective measures for the elderly.
In late January 2020, the Ministry of Civil Affairs issued a notice requesting all localities to make every effort to prevent and control the novel coronavirus in elderly care institutions to ensure the safety and health of senior citizens.
According to the Prevention and Control Protocol for Novel Coronavirus (1st Edition), major measures to be taken by the elderly care institutions included daily preventive measures and counter measures in case of suspicious symptoms of elderly people.
During the epidemic outbreak, the elderly care institutions were recommended to perform closed management. Technically they should not receive visitors from outside, the elderly should not leave the institutions, and the institutions should not accept new arrivals. The elderly who have to go out should be put under close observation after returning to the nursing home.
The old-age care institutions should establish health records for the elderly and staff, and conduct daily morning check-up and health registration; conduct registration of visitors and demand all visitors wear surgical masks; encourage the elderly to wash hand frequently and keep their rooms clean and tidy.
In case of suspicious symptoms of an elderly, the institution should promptly arrange a single room for quarantine, ask the medical staff to assess his/her health status, send him/her to the medical institution for treatment depending on the condition, and suspend visits to the elderly.
12．幼儿园、学校防控
幼儿园、学校是幼儿、学生集体生活的场所，易感人群集中，易导致交叉感染。为科学精准指导各类学校做好新冠肺炎疫情防控工作，维护师生员工生命安全、维护校园正常生活教学秩序，2020年3月12日，国家教育部应对疫情工作领导小组办公室组织编写的《幼儿园新冠肺炎防控指南》《中小学校新冠肺炎防控指南》《高等学校新冠肺炎防控指南》出版上线，对幼儿园、学校做好应对疫情工作具有指导意义。
幼儿园、学校防控疫情的主要措施包括：返校前有过疫情高发地区（如武汉等地区）居住史或旅行史的学生，建议居家观察14天期满再返校；学生返校后应每日监测体温和健康状况，尽量减少不必要外出，避免接触其他人员；学生与其他师生发生近距离接触的环境中，要正确佩戴医用外科口罩或N95口罩，尽量缩小活动范围；学校密切监测学生的健康状态，每日两次测量体温，做好缺勤、早退、请假记录，如发现学生中出现可疑症状，应立刻向疫情管理人员报告，配合医疗卫生机构做好密切接触者管理和消毒等工作；学校应尽量避免组织大型集体活动，教室、宿舍、图书馆、活动中心、食堂、礼堂、教师办公室、洗手间等公共活动区域加强通风清洁，配备洗手液、手消毒剂等；校方对因疫情、因病误课的学生开展网络教学、补课，对于因病耽误考试的学生，应安排补考，不应记入档案。
12. Kindergartens and Schools Prevention and Control
Kindergartens and schools are places where young children and students live together, who are vulnerable to diseases and easily suffer cross-infection.
To accurately guide various schools on epidemic prevention and control, protect the health of children and teachers, and maintain normal teaching order, the leading group on virus prevention of the Ministry of Education on March 12 released different guides on COVID-19 prevention and control in kindergartens, primary and middle schools, and colleges and universities.
For the sake of epidemic prevention and control, the students should do the following:
* Stay at home for a 14-day observation before returning to school if they have a travel or residence history from areas hit hard by the epidemic (such as Wuhan and other areas);
* Monitor their body temperature and health every day after returning to school, reduce unnecessary outdoor activities and avoid contact with others;
* Properly wear surgical or N95 masks when in close contact with their teachers and schoolmates, and minimize the scope of activities.
Schools should do the following:
* Monitor the health condition of students, take their body temperature twice a day, and make records of absence, early leave and leave;
* Report to epidemic management staff in case of suspicious symptoms among students, and cooperate with medical and health institutions in the management of close contacts and disinfection work;
* Avoid organizing large-scale collective activities;
* Ensure ventilation and cleaning in public activity areas such as classrooms, dormitories, libraries, activity centers, canteens, auditoriums, teacher offices and toilets, and equip these places with hand sanitizers and hand disinfectants;
* Provide online teaching and make-up classes that students have missed due to the epidemic and illness;
* Arrange make-up exams for students who miss exams due to illness, which will not be recorded in the archives.
