英译汉参考译文:
最深刻的人生文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/12499.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/12499.html
头顶上就是低垂的天空,挂满了星星。那个时候,我们常常就这样躺着,望着天上的星星,琢磨这些星星是怎么出来的,造出来的,还是自己冒出来的?吉姆说它们是造出来的,可我觉得它们是自己冒出来的,不然,造这么多星星,得花多少时间啊。吉姆说星星是月亮生的。嗯,听起来有些道理,我就没有再跟他争。我见过青蛙下卵,差不多也有这么多,所以月亮下星星当然也是可能的。我们还见过从天上掉下来的星星,在夜空划过一道光,然后就消失了。吉姆觉得这些星星是变坏了,所以从窝里被扔了出来。文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/12499.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/12499.html
在我们的城市中,越来越多的人因为光污染的阻隔而看不见夜空。所以有些人多年来从未一次痴情地望月观星,这真好比我们今日人类的处境。十五世纪印度神秘主义诗人迦比尔,一位类似神秘作家“鹅妈妈”(Mother Goose,传说中的英国童谣集)式的诗人,写过一首诗,其中有一句话让人难忘:“他们把生命的意义耗在各种主义之中。”迦比尔指的是当时那个时代几个主要的宗教传统,但是这句话如果指我们如今的各种宗教、政治派别、精神信仰、市场营销者编造的各种身份,甚至是哲学系建构的各种理论的话,似乎更加贴切。这些信念的光芒,最大的价值是可以引导我们的人生。但它们又常常成为一种光污染。感觉上拥有知识了,最容易让我们停下探索真理的脚步。文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/12499.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/12499.html
信仰和理论,以及与它们相关的身份,就像政治一样,必不可少且令人神往。但是,真正从哲学角度来看,这些信仰、理论和认同,往坏里说是一段更长的旅程中的障碍,往好里说是该旅程的起点和终点。在这段旅程中,我们会时不时步入黑暗,之后又会好好看一下是什么东西在我们的头顶照耀。文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/12499.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/12499.html
接下来我要讲的这个故事,用威廉·詹姆斯的话来说,就是何以“最深刻的人生无所不在。” 我把有意义的人生坐标比作天上的星星。星星就挂在天上,等待我们每一个人去观察,去思索。伟大哲学家提出的问题、讲述的故事和给出的训诫,与天国里整日游荡的天使们的高谈阔论不同。即使是最深刻的思想家,他们说的话也是来自于自己的生活体验。他们和我们一样,生活中有日常琐事,头疼脑热,喜怒哀乐,时不时还有些磕磕绊绊。他们的脚也和我们一样,长不出翅膀来。文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/12499.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/12499.html
十多年以后,我即将从埃默里大学毕业,获得哲学博士学位。摆在我面前的路一清二楚,找一个体面的大学,谋一份正式的教职,把学位论文打磨成书,专注于一个研究方向,发表一些文章和评论,必要时拍拍马屁,最后获得终身教职。但是我从来没有真的想走这条路,也许是一种宿命感使然(当时我肯定不会用这个词的)。虽然我已经证明自己有能力在哲学领域发表文章和论文,但是想到将来要专注于这个狭窄领域,想到终身教授需要应对的各种条条框框,心里便产生一种抵触。还有,学术研究虽然很了不起,也很有必要,但是我学哲学并不是为了当个学者。
后来我母亲从爱荷华州打电话给我,说她在当地的报刊分类广告上看到柯克伍德社区学院在招聘一位全职哲学老师,有了这份工作就能拿到健康保险好像也挺不错的。“有份工作就不错了”,对哲学家来说,真是特别辛酸。锡诺普的第欧根尼,是我们这个行业的早期从业者之一,曾经对着雕像乞讨。有人问他为什么这么做,他说:“为了习惯被拒绝。”但他可没有一个怀着孕的妻子,而且我和妻子也都不愿意像第欧根尼那样睡木桶,大小解要到外面①。
十年又过去了。我妻子和两个孩子在楼上熟睡,而我独自一人置身于“黑暗森林”里 (selva oscura “黑暗森林”,出自但丁的《神曲》,像我这样不大懂意大利语的人,最初以为这个词的意思是“模糊的自我”)。我凝视着炉膛里的火苗,思考着自己的命运。我常鼓励学生积极思考自己的命运,而我自己却又和他们一样极力回避这个问题。
我思考这个问题,是因为当天晚上早些时候,有人在晚宴上冒失地问我,“你认命了吗?”问题是有些唐突,但多少也怪我。是我在晚宴上提起了命运这个话题。我那一段时间一直在研读《摩诃婆罗多》,所以想到这个问题。《摩诃婆罗多》这部鸿篇巨制是古印度梵文史诗(长度大约是《圣经》的三倍),讲述般度族和俱卢族的自相残杀。抽象地谈论命运可能很无聊,也可能引人入胜,但当被问及你是否掌握了自己的命运时,问题如此尖锐,就好像一个弓箭手一下射中了问题的要害。我支支吾吾,正如一个受过哲学训练的人,就是不说实话。但是现在,坐在炉火前,我还是要面对自己。
一开始,我闷闷不乐,以我的才能本可以取得更大的成就。尽管社区学院教书的工作我很喜欢,可那毕竟只是一所社区学院。我那些在知名学府工作的朋友们,我的家人,甚至我的一些学生,都曾经话里话外地劝说我应该在学术上更进一步。可这条路因为我的人生选择实际上已经走不通了。我阴郁的思绪纷乱不定 (也许这个词用得不是那么恰当 ),想到了《摩诃婆罗多》里的一个故事,正是我在晚宴上讲的这个故事,才引出了有关我命运的那个令人困惑的问题。
有一个叫伊迦拉夫耶的人,来自最受鄙视的贱民部落。他请求伟大的上师德罗纳教他箭术。德罗纳曾经教过像阿周那这样的学生。阿周那是《博伽梵歌》(《摩诃婆罗多》的一个小章节)中的主人公,在德罗纳的调教下成为世界上最伟大的弓箭手。尽管伊迦拉夫耶相当有天赋,但是德罗纳还是轻蔑地拒绝了他的请求。一个臭烘烘的贱民也来学射箭,会惹得其他学生不高兴的。没有办法,伊迦拉夫耶只好走了。他到森林里找到一个人迹罕至的地方,独自练箭。他比着德罗纳的样子刻了一个小雕像,摆在一旁,把它当作德罗纳本尊,练箭的时候就让它监督自己。
一天,阿周那外出打猎。他的猎犬跑进了这片森林,朝着这个贱民弓箭手一阵狂吠。伊迦拉夫耶生气了,娴熟地射出去好几支箭,一下子堵住了狗的嘴而没伤到狗。狗跑回主人身边。阿周那看到被堵住嘴的狗,大为震惊。他一脸愠怒,找到老师德罗纳,嚷道:“你不是跟我说过,会让我成为世界上最伟大的弓箭手吗?”“我做到了呀。”老师回应道。阿周那沮丧地指着他的爱犬,这分明是比他厉害的弓箭手所为。
德罗纳和阿周那回到树林,要看看到底是怎么回事。他们发现,原来是伊迦拉夫耶在独自练习射箭,旁边摆着他雕刻的上师德罗纳的雕像,大为惊讶。最后,德罗纳走到伊迦拉夫耶面前,问:“我是你的老师吗?” 伊迦拉夫耶深深地鞠了一躬。上师的出现,令他倍感荣幸。伊迦拉夫耶说:“您当然是。”在当时的印度,把学生培养成才,老师才能拿到酬劳;但学生出师后,老师可以索要他们认为合适的任何报酬。于是德罗纳说:“你的能力证明你已经学成了,现在我要求拿到我应得的报酬。”这位学生愈发感到荣幸,他说:“老师,您要什么都可以。” 德罗纳回答说:“我要你的右手大拇指。” 伊迦拉夫耶随即拿出刀,毫不犹豫地切下右手拇指递给老师。老师又转向阿周那,对他说:“好了,现在你是世界上最伟大的弓箭手了。”
伊迦拉夫耶的故事说明了什么?一个选择精英而嫌弃平民的老师;一个响应老师召唤的学生;获得最高等、最经济教育的可能性;阻碍这种教育机会实现的种种心理障碍;惨痛的悲剧皆因我们愚蠢的等级分类所酿成。这个故事似乎分成了两个清晰的意象:可能的我和真实的我。虽然我想的是教伊迦拉夫耶,但我内心深处依然固守德罗纳那样的偏见。
注释:
① 第奥根尼是古希腊犬儒哲学创始人,生活穷困潦倒,无房可住,只好在废弃的储物桶里安身,在桶外大小便。
汉译英参考译文:
Spring Outing and Drowning
Li Run once asked me how happy I would be with my life, on a scale of 1 to 100. I said ninety-eight. He was very surprised, “How come so high?” I was a bit puzzled by his reaction, “Why, aren’t you happy?” He told me that he had asked many people and most answers were less than eighty. He wondered why I was so happy.
I also wondered why so many people didn’t feel as happy, and I asked him, “What exactly makes you feel bad?” He couldn’t pinpoint anything specific but just said that he felt he wasn’t that happy. It dawned on me that for many people to be happy meant to feel joyful all the time. This is indeed a little too much to expect. In fact, an over-high expectation of happiness is often one of the main reasons for unhappiness.
What’s the opposite of happiness then? Is it unhappiness? Well, I believe it is a sense of numbness.
A person who becomes less and less sensitive to happiness will gradually be unable to experience it. I still clearly remember an apt analogy about happiness from a Positive Psychology course I took. It says that adults today experience happiness in either of two ways. One is the “drowning model”, which implies the moment of happiness comes from surviving a painful experience. This is like suffering before reaching one’s goals. For example, one may feel happy after getting rich, falling in love, or starting a business. Everything before that is painful. The second is the “spring outing model,” according to which the whole process is pleasant from beginning to end. We all went on such outings when we were young. The news made us jump for joy and rush home happily to prepare. Then we boarded the coach and chatted with our classmates in high spirits. Each moment at the destination was filled with delight. The whole outing from start to finish was full of excitement and pleasure. However, as we get older, it’s hard to have such feelings anymore, and our sensitivity to happiness gradually goes from “spring outing” to “drowning”. This, in fact, shows we are losing our sensitivity to happiness.
I treasure what I have and I am satisfied, probably because I’ve witnessed a great deal of pain and sickness.
It may be hard to fully appreciate the joy a blind person may feel to have eyes that can see, or how much 10,000 yuan would mean to someone too poor to afford medical treatment. All these seem obvious to most, yet I have actually met such people. That’s why I often feel greatly blessed. I can see the sky each day when I open my eyes; I have a home which shelters me from both heat and cold; I can walk to the subway station; I have a stable job… all these fill me with profound gratitude.
I believe that people and people, people and nature are all connected in a way that goes beyond words or actions. Positive thoughts towards the world will in turn trigger positive responses. The past is gone, and the future is uncertain. All I have is the present. Watching a leaf spiral down from a tree in graceful loops, and tasting the fresh burst of sweetness from a segment of orange, a gift of nature’s generosity – all these little things bring happiness to cherish and enjoy. When I live with such an attitude, I am truly happy for each and every moment.
Happiness should not be defined solely by specific goals. Instead, we should live our lives and look to the future in a positive and optimistic light. We’ll then feel happy no matter what happens. Tianci and his father, Weiwei and her mother are good examples. They have never ceased to appreciate the beauty and goodness around them, so they still remain hopeful for a seemingly bleak future. Even though the children are totally blind now, I continue to feel their happiness and optimism. Happiness is therefore not a given. It comes from the heart, as we learn to be content and more satisfied with life. When we help those less fortunate, we will feel rewarded. As we see what others have, we appreciate more what we have. As we give to others, we feel further validated. Is this not in itself a form of happiness?
