十二、推进社会事业改革创新 XII.
Promoting Reform and Innovation of Social Undertakings
实现发展成果更多更公平惠及全体人民，必须加快社会事业改革，解决好人民最关心最直接最现实的利益问题，努力为社会提供多样化服务，更好满足人民需求。
In order to make sure that more
fruits of development are shared by all the people in a fair way, we must
accelerate the reform of social undertakings, satisfactorily resolve the most
pressing and real problems of the greatest concern to the people, endeavor to
provide the public with diversified services, and better satisfy the people’s
demands.
（42）深化教育领域综合改革。全面贯彻党的教育方针，坚持立德树人，加强社会主义核心价值体系教育，完善中华优秀传统文化教育，形成爱学习、爱劳动、爱祖国活动的有效形式和长效机制，增强学生社会责任感、创新精神、实践能力。强化体育课和课外锻炼，促进青少年身心健康、体魄强健。改进美育教学，提高学生审美和人文素养。大力促进教育公平，健全家庭经济困难学生资助体系，构建利用信息化手段扩大优质教育资源覆盖面的有效机制，逐步缩小区域、城乡、校际差距。统筹城乡义务教育资源均衡配置，实行公办学校标准化建设和校长教师交流轮岗，不设重点学校重点班，破解择校难题，标本兼治减轻学生课业负担。加快现代职业教育体系建设，深化产教融合、校企合作，培养高素质劳动者和技能型人才。创新高校人才培养机制，促进高校办出特色争创一流。推进学前教育、特殊教育、继续教育改革发展。
42. Deepening the comprehensive
reforms in the area of education. We will carry out the Party’s principles on
education, continue to cultivate talented people with high moral standards,
strengthen education in core socialist values and improve education in
outstanding traditional Chinese culture, create effective forms and lasting
mechanisms for the campaign of “enjoying study and labor and loving the
country,” and enhance students’ sense of social responsibility, innovativeness
and practical abilities. We will intensify physical education and
extracurricular activities to promote young people’s mental and physical
health. We will improve aesthetics education to raise students’ aesthetic and
artistic ability. We will vigorously promote educational equality, improve the
financial assistance system for students from families with financial
difficulties, and establish an effective mechanism to expand the coverage of
high-quality education resources by means of information technology, so as to
gradually narrow the gaps between different regions, between urban and rural
areas and between different schools. We will make a balanced allocation of
compulsory education resources between urban and rural areas, set unified standards
for the construction of public schools, exchange principals and teachers among
different public schools, and abolish the practice of establishing key schools
or classes, so as to overcome the problem caused by choosing schools and reduce
the academic burden on students. We will quicken steps in the development of a
modern vocational education system, deepen the integration of production and
education and cooperation between schools and enterprises, and train
high-caliber workers and technical talents. We will make innovations in the
mechanism of higher learning institutions that trains talents, encouraging them
to strive for specialty and excellence. We will boost the reform and
development of pre-school, special and continued education.
推进考试招生制度改革，探索招生和考试相对分离、学生考试多次选择、学校依法自主招生、专业机构组织实施、政府宏观管理、社会参与监督的运行机制，从根本上解决一考定终身的弊端。义务教育免试就近入学，试行学区制和九年一贯对口招生。推行初高中学业水平考试和综合素质评价。加快推进职业院校分类招考或注册入学。逐步推行普通高校基于统一高考和高中学业水平考试成绩的综合评价多元录取机制。探索全国统考减少科目、不分文理科、外语等科目社会化考试一年多考。试行普通高校、高职院校、成人高校之间学分转换，拓宽终身学习通道。
In order to eradicate the
drawback of “one’s fate being determined by an examination,” we will promote
the reform of the examination and college admission system, explore an
operational mechanism in which college admission and examination are separated
to a certain extent, students have multiple opportunities in the college
entrance examinations, colleges admit students independently according to law,
professional institutions organize for the implementation, the government
enforces macro control, and the society participates in the supervision. We
will try to implement a school district system in which students enter the
schools within their respective districts throughout their nine-year compulsory
education without taking any examinations. We will promote academic proficiency
tests and comprehensive quality evaluation in junior and senior high schools.
We will intensify efforts to administer categorized tests and open admissions
for vocational school entrance. We will gradually establish a comprehensive
evaluation and diversified college admission mechanism based on the results in
the unified national entrance examinations for regular institutions of higher
learning and the proficiency test results in high schools. We will explore ways
to reduce the number of courses in the unified national examinations, with a
mixture of social and natural sciences, and have open-to-all foreign languages
tests several times a year. We will try to unify credits among regular
higher-learning institutions, higher vocational schools and adult colleges,
thus broadening the channels for lifelong learning.
深入推进管办评分离，扩大省级政府教育统筹权和学校办学自主权，完善学校内部治理结构。强化国家教育督导，委托社会组织开展教育评估监测。健全政府补贴、政府购买服务、助学贷款、基金奖励、捐资激励等制度，鼓励社会力量兴办教育。
We will further push ahead with
the separation of government administration, school management and educational
evaluation, delegate greater power to provincial governments in making their overall
educational development plans and to schools to make their own decisions about
school affairs, and improve the internal governance structure of the schools.
We will strengthen the state’s function in supervising education, and entrust
social organizations to carry out evaluation and monitoring of education. We
will improve the systems of government subsidies, government services purchase,
student loans, scholarships and incentive for donation to education, and
encourage social funds to be channeled into education.
（43）健全促进就业创业体制机制。建立经济发展和扩大就业的联动机制，健全政府促进就业责任制度。规范招人用人制度，消除城乡、行业、身份、性别等一切影响平等就业的制度障碍和就业歧视。完善扶持创业的优惠政策，形成政府激励创业、社会支持创业、劳动者勇于创业新机制。完善城乡均等的公共就业创业服务体系，构建劳动者终身职业培训体系。增强失业保险制度预防失业、促进就业功能，完善就业失业监测统计制度。创新劳动关系协调机制，畅通职工表达合理诉求渠道。
43. Improving systems and
mechanisms that boost employment and business startups. We will set up a
mechanism that links up economic growth and employment increase, and improve
the responsibility system of the government in promoting employment. We will regulate
human resource management, removing all institutional barriers and employment
discrimination that affect equal employment, such as the birthplace of a person
(cities or countryside), industries, social status and gender. We will improve
preferential policies for business startups, so as to put into place a new
mechanism under which the government gives incentive to, the enterprises
support and the laborers are bold in starting new businesses. We will improve
the public service system for employment that fares both urban and rural areas
equally, and build a lifelong vocational training system for workers. We will
strengthen the functions of the unemployment insurance system in preventing
unemployment and boosting employment, and improve the employment/unemployment
monitoring and statistics system. We will innovate the labor relations
coordination mechanism, opening up channels for workers to effectively make
reasonable appeals.
促进以高校毕业生为重点的青年就业和农村转移劳动力、城镇困难人员、退役军人就业。结合产业升级开发更多适合高校毕业生的就业岗位。政府购买基层公共管理和社会服务岗位更多用于吸纳高校毕业生就业。健全鼓励高校毕业生到基层工作的服务保障机制，提高公务员定向招录和事业单位优先招聘比例。实行激励高校毕业生自主创业政策，整合发展国家和省级高校毕业生就业创业基金。实施离校未就业高校毕业生就业促进计划，把未就业的纳入就业见习、技能培训等就业准备活动之中，对有特殊困难的实行全程就业服务。
We will promote the employment of
young people, especially college graduates, and the employment of workers from
rural areas, urban residents with financial difficulties and ex-service
members. We will create more employment opportunities for college graduates
during the process of industrial upgrading. The posts in public management and
social services that the government buys shall be primarily used for the
employment of graduates of higher-learning institutions. We will improve the
service and security mechanism for encouraging college graduates to work at the
community level, and increase the proportion of the posts in which they enjoy
priority in the recruitment of civil servants and public institution employees.
We will adopt policies to encourage more college graduates to start businesses
on their own, and integrate and develop the entrepreneurship and employment
foundations for graduates of national- and provincial-level colleges. We will
implement a plan for promoting the employment of college graduates who have
left school but have not found jobs, include unemployed college graduates in
employment-preparation activities, such as working as interns and skill
training, and provide overall employment assistance to those with special
difficulties.
（44）形成合理有序的收入分配格局。着重保护劳动所得，努力实现劳动报酬增长和劳动生产率提高同步，提高劳动报酬在初次分配中的比重。健全工资决定和正常增长机制，完善最低工资和工资支付保障制度，完善企业工资集体协商制度。改革机关事业单位工资和津贴补贴制度，完善艰苦边远地区津贴增长机制。健全资本、知识、技术、管理等由要素市场决定的报酬机制。扩展投资和租赁服务等途径，优化上市公司投资者回报机制，保护投资者尤其是中小投资者合法权益，多渠道增加居民财产性收入。
44. Forming a reasonable and
orderly distribution pattern of income. We will place emphasis on protecting
labor income, strive to synchronize the increase of remuneration for labor with
the growth of labor productivity, and raise the proportion of labor
remuneration in primary distribution. We will improve the mechanisms of wage
determination and regular growth, the systems of minimum wage and guaranteed
full payment of wages, and the system of collective pay negotiation in
enterprises. We will reform the salary, allowance and bonus system of
government organs and public institutions, improve the growth mechanism of
allowances for working in remote and border areas. We will improve the system
in which the returns for capital, knowledge, technology, managerial expertise
and other production factors are determined by the market. We will open up
channels for investment and lease services, optimize the mechanism of return
for investors of listed companies, and protect the legitimate rights and
interests of the investors, particularly the medium and small investors, so as
to increase the citizens’ property incomes via various channels.
完善以税收、社会保障、转移支付为主要手段的再分配调节机制，加大税收调节力度。建立公共资源出让收益合理共享机制。完善慈善捐助减免税制度，支持慈善事业发挥扶贫济困积极作用。
We will improve the regulatory
mechanism of income redistribution mainly by the means of taxation, social
security and transfer payment and enhance the regulatory role of taxation. We
will set up a reasonable sharing mechanism of the earnings from transfer of
public resources. We will improve the tax reduction and exemption system for
charitable donations, so as to give full play to the positive role of charity
organizations in helping the poor and needy.
规范收入分配秩序，完善收入分配调控体制机制和政策体系，建立个人收入和财产信息系统，保护合法收入，调节过高收入，清理规范隐性收入，取缔非法收入，增加低收入者收入，扩大中等收入者比重，努力缩小城乡、区域、行业收入分配差距，逐步形成橄榄型分配格局。
We will regulate income
distribution procedures and improve the regulatory systems and mechanisms and
policy system for income distribution, establish an individual income and
property information system, protect legitimate incomes, regulate excessively
high incomes, redefine and clear away hidden incomes, outlaw illegal incomes,
increase the incomes of low-income groups, and increase the proportion of the
middle-income group in society as a whole. We will strive to narrow the income
gap between urban and rural areas, different regions and different sectors,
thus gradually forming an olive-shaped distribution structure in the country. |
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