中国应对气候变化的政策与行动2012年度报告（二）（中英对照）

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II. Adapting to Climate Change

　　2011年以来，中国政府积极采取措施，提高了重点领域适应气候变化的能力，减轻了气候变化对经济社会发展和人民生产生活的不利影响。

In 2011 and 2012, the Chinese government took effective measures to enhance the capability of key sectors to adapt to climate change and reduced the negative impact of climate change on economic and social development, production and the people’s welfare.

（一）农业领域

(I) Agriculture

　　农业部大力推动农田水利基本建设，提升农业综合生产能力。推动大规模旱涝保收标准农田建设。开展了大型灌区续建配套与大型灌溉排水泵站更新改造，扩大农业灌溉面积、提高灌溉效率。培育并推广产量高、品质优良的抗旱、抗涝、抗高温、抗病虫害等抗逆品种，进一步加大农作物良种补贴力度，加快推进良种培育、繁殖、推广一体化进程，目前全国主要农作物良种覆盖率达到95%以上，良种对粮食增产贡献率达到40%左右。

The Ministry of Agriculture has energetically pursued the consolidation of farmland and water conservation infrastructure and the overall improvement of agricultural productivity. It encouraged the large-scale construction of farmland capable of producing stable yields despite drought or flood conditions. It developed new large-scale irrigation areas and renovated existing facilities, including irrigation and drainage pump stations, to expand the area under irrigation and improve irrigation efficiency. It continued to promote the cultivation of high quality seed varieties with high yield potential and resistance to drought, flooding, high temperature, diseases and pests. It increased subsidies to accelerate the cultivation, reproduction and dissemination of superior crop strains. Currently, more than 95 percent of the farmland used for planting major crops nationwide is sown with superior strains, contributing about 40 percent of the increase in grain output.

　　积极组织节水农业技术模式创新，突出工程、设备、生物、农艺和管理等措施在田间的组装集成，总结提出了区域性骨干技术模式。示范推广了全膜双垄集雨沟播、膜下滴灌、测墒节灌等九大节水技术模式，建设节水农业示范基地，水分生产力比“十一五”之前提高10%～30%，促进了旱区粮食稳定增产、农民持续增收。

The ministry has proactively advanced innovation in water-saving agricultural technology, focusing on the integration of engineering, infrastructure, biology, agronomy and management techniques, and the promotion of regionally-applicable core technology. Nine water-saving technologies were demonstrated and promoted, including full plastic film mulching on double ridges and planting in catchment furrows, under-mulch drip irrigation and soil moisture-based on-demand irrigation. Water-saving agricultural demonstration bases were constructed around the country, and water productivity increased by 10-30 percent over the period prior to the implementation of the 11th Five-Year Plan (2006-2010). These efforts have helped ensure a steady increase of grain output in drought-stricken areas and continuous income growth for farmers.

（二）林业及生态系统

(II) Forestry and the Ecosystem

　　林业局发布了《林业应对气候变化“十二五”行动要点》，提出了4项林业适应气候变化主要行动，着力加强森林抚育经营和森林火灾、林业微生物防控，优化森林结构，改善森林健康状况。贯彻落实《国务院办公厅关于做好自然保护区管理有关工作的通知》，严格限制自然保护区内的开发建设活动，强化监督管理，进一步加强国家重要生态区域和生物多样性关键地区保护。加强野生动植物保护和自然保护区建设，截至2011年底，新增国家级自然保护区23处，林业系统自然保护区已达2126处，总面积达1.23亿公顷，占全国国土面积的12.78%。完成了80%以上国土面积的湿地资源调查任务，实施全国湿地保护工程项目39个，建设湿地保护管理站点100多处，新增湿地保护面积33万公顷，恢复湿地2.3万公顷，新增4处国际重要湿地和68处国家湿地公园试点。发布了《中国国际重要湿地生态状况公报》，初步构建了湿地生态系统健康价值功能评价指标体系，进一步加强了湿地恢复与保护。

The State Forestry Administration published the Action Points for China’s Forestry Departments in Response to Climate Change During the 12th Five Year Plan (2011-2015) Period, in which it sets out four major actions to be taken by forestry supervision authorities nationwide to adapt to climate change, including intensified efforts in forest management, prevention of forest fires and control of harmful pests, forest structure optimization, and improvement of forest health. Governments at all levels have fully implemented the Circular of the General Office of the State Council on Strengthening Management of Nature Reserves. Stringent measures have been taken to control development of nature reserves across the country. Supervision and management have been strengthened to better protect major ecological zones and key areas of biological diversity around the country. The government has improved its efforts to protect wild life and ensure the sound construction of nature reserves. By the end of 2011, the country had had 23 new state-level nature reserves. Forestry authorities nationwide had a total of 2,126 nature reserves under management, covering an area of 123 million hectares and accounting for 12.78 percent of the nation’s total land area. The government completed a survey of wetland resources in different provincial-level regions accounting for more than 80 percent of the country’s land area, implemented 39 wetland protection programs nationwide, constructed more than 100 stations for wetland protection and management, brought 330,000 hectares of new wetland under protection, restored 23,000 hectares of existing wetland, established four new wetlands of international importance and developed 68 pilot national wetland parks. The government published the Communiqué on the Biological Status of Chinese Wetlands of International Importance, which includes an index for evaluating the biological health of China’s wetlands that is of great help in strengthening the restoration and protection of the country’s wetlands.

（三）水资源领域

(III) Water Resources

　　国务院发布了《关于实行最严格水资源管理制度的意见》，提出实行最严格的水资源管理制度要求，确立水资源开发利用、用水效率控制、水功能区限制纳污控制的“红线”，严格执行取水许可、水资源有偿使用、水自愿论证制度，全面推行节水型社会建设，成为指导我国今后一个时期水资源管理工作的纲领性文件。国务院批复了《全国江河湖泊水功能区划》、《全国农村饮水安全工程“十二五”规划》和《水利发展规划（2011～2015年）》。水利部完成了《全国地下水利用与保护》等多项水利规划。工业和信息化部大力推进节水型工业体系建设，会同水利部、全国节约用水办公室印发了《关于深入推进节水型企业建设工作的通知》。

The State Council released the Opinions on Implementing the Strictest Water Resources Management System, which has become a major document guiding the country’s water resource management. The document states the necessity of implementing a strict water resources control system, and explicitly specifies the main measures to be taken in three Red Lines – control of the development and use of water resources, control of water use efficiency, and restriction of pollutants in water functional areas. Measures to be taken to boost the construction of a water-saving society in an all-round way include: strictly implementing the permit system for water withdrawal; strictly practicing reimbursable usage system on water resources; strictly implementing planning and enhancement of water resource assessments. The State Council has officially approved the National Water Function Zoning in Major Rivers and Lakes, the National Rural Drinking Water Safety Project for the 12th Five-year Plan Period (2011-2015) and the National Water Resources Development Plan (2011-2015). The Ministry of Water Resources has formulated a number of water resource development plans, including the National Utilization and Protection of Underground Water. The Ministry of Industry and Information Technology has promoted the development of water-saving industrial systems and worked together with the Ministry of Water Resources and the National Water Conservation Office to issue the Notice on Further Promoting the Construction of Water-saving Enterprises.

　　加快推进枢纽水源和大江大河治理等一批骨干工程建设,继续推进大中型病险水库和大中型病险水闸的除险加固,继续对重点中小河流重要河段进行治理,继续进行大型灌区续建配套与节水改造和排水泵站更新改造,启动小型农田水利重点县建设,实施水土流失综合治理以及坡改梯工程,加快生态脆弱河流综合治理,启动实施水资源合理利用与生态保护工程；开展了水电新农村电气化项目和小水电代燃料项目建设。

A number of key engineering projects have been accelerated, including key water conservancy projects, major water resource projects, and the harnessing of large rivers. Urgent measure have been taken to reinforce dangerously defective large and medium-sized reservoirs and sluices, harness the main sections of key small and medium-sized rivers, support major irrigation areas, build supporting facilities, make water-saving renovations and upgrade drainage pump stations. The government has also begun construction of small-scale irrigation and water conservancy facilities in key counties, pushed forward comprehensive control of soil erosion and conversion of farmland slopes into terraces, accelerated the harnessing of ecologically vulnerable rivers, implemented programs to promote conservation and rational use of water resources, and carried out rural electrification projects and the small hydropower station for fuel project.

　　通过上述政策与行动的实施，中国有效地应对了北方冬麦区、长江中下游和西南地区接连发生的大范围严重干旱；通过农村饮水安全工程建设解决了7000万农村人口的饮水安全问题；战胜了“两江一河”严重秋汛，成功防范了7个登陆台风和热带风暴，主要灾害损失指标比多年均值明显降低，其中洪涝灾害死亡人数为新中国成立以来最低。

By carrying out the above policies and actions, China effectively addressed a number of large-scale severe droughts that continued to hit the winter wheat producing areas in north China, as well as areas in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and southwestern China. The country also guaranteed safe supplies of drinking water to 70 million rural residents through the rural drinking water safety project. In addition, it overcame the severe autumn floods on the Yangtze River, Lancang River and the Yellow River, and successfully dealt with the impact of seven typhoons and tropical storms in 2011. The major disaster loss index was far lower than the average level of past years, and the death toll from flooding was the lowest since the foundation of the People’s Republic of China in 1949.