世行常务副行长英卓华在2013中国发展高层论坛上的演讲（中英对照）

英文版：Speech at the China Development Forum.doc

中文版：在2013中国发展论坛上的演讲.doc

Deepening of Reforms-the way ahead

深化改革——未来之路

 

--Speech at China Development Forum 2013

——在2013中国发展高层论坛上的演讲

 

Sri Mulyani Indrawati

英卓华

 

Beijing, China

北京，中国

 

March 24, 2013

2013年3月25日

 

Introduction

引言

 

Honorable Ministers, distinguished participants,

 

尊敬的各位部长，各位参会嘉宾，

 

I am pleased to join you today to discuss challenges as China enters into a new phase of reforms.

 

我很高兴能够在中国在进入改革新阶段之际来和大家共同讨论中国面临的挑战。

 

By any standard, China’s economic performance over the last three decades has been impressive.

 

无论以什么标准衡量，中国在过去三十年的经济表现都是令人瞩目的。

 

GDP growth averaged 10 percent a year, and over 500 million people were lifted out of poverty.

 

GDP年均增长10%， 五亿多人摆脱贫困。

 

But there is no time for complacency in a rapidly changing world where global growth rates and global trade are slowing down.

 

但是现在不是自满的时候，世界在快速变化，全球增长率和全球贸易都在放慢速度。

 

Growth has come down in China as well: Government’s prognosis for the current year is 7.5%.

 

中国的增长也已放慢：政府今年的预期是7.5%。

 

In addition, many of the underpinnings for China’s growth are gradually weakening.

 

此外，支撑中国快速增长的很多基本要素也在趋弱。主要原因现已众所周知：

 

The main reasons are well known by now:

 

首先，中国的人口增长率很低而且仍在下降，劳动力人数预计很快会出现下降。

 

First, population growth is low and falling, and the labor force is expected to start declining soon. 

 

首先，中国的人口增长率很低而且仍在下降，劳动力人数预计很快会出现下降。

 

Second, the continued accumulation of capital, while sizable, will inevitably contribute less to growth as the capital-labor ratio rises.

 

第二，资本的持续积累，尽管规模很大，但随着资本劳动力比率的上升，对增长的贡献必然会逐渐减少。

 

Third, total factor productivity growth—a measure of improvements in economic efficiency and technological progress—is also declining.  The economy has exhausted gains from first-generation policy reforms. 

 

第三，作为衡量经济效率和技术进步指标的全要素生产率增长也在下降，经济已经耗尽第一代政策改革的成果。

 

In addition, China’s rapid growth has come with a considerable burden on the environment and rising income inequalities, both of which are socially undesirable.

 

此外，中国的快速增长给环境造成了相当大的负担，也导致收入不平等现象不断增加，这两方面对社会来说都是很不利。

 

The Government has fully recognized this shift in the growth pattern and the need to change course. 

 

中国政府充分认识到需要转变增长方式和改变方针。

 

The 12th five year plan reflects many of the needed policies, but more needs to be done.

 

十二五计划已反映出很多亟待采取的政策，但还有更多的事情要做。

 

Let me focus on three broad areas that promise significant gains in efficiency and productivity and a reduction in imbalances:

 

我想着重谈三个宏观的领域，这三个领域的改革可以带来效率和生产率的大幅提高并缓解失衡问题：

 

First, the enterprise sector needs to facilitate more efficient resource use and to motivate innovation and entrepreneurship.

 

第一，需要促进企业界更有效地利用资源，发挥创新和创业精神。

 

Second, reforms of input markets—land, labor, and capital—needs to overcome severe distortions in factor allocation.

 

第二，需要改革要素市场，包括土地、劳动力和资本，以消除要素分配过程中严重的扭曲现象。

 

Third, the fiscal system needs to help deliver the level and quality of public social and environmental services.

 

第三，需要推进财政体制改革，以助力公共社会服务和环境服务的水平及质量的提升。

 

Increasing competition

加强竞争

 

China’s own past as well as international experience show that increased domestic competition can raise productivity and efficiency and promote innovation.

 

中国的历史经验以及国际经验都表明，加强国内竞争能够提升生产率及效率，促进创新。

 

The rapid growth of the last three decades has been based on the private sector’s significant role, and this has put competitive pressures on State Owned Enterprises (SOE) to reform.

 

China’s accession to the World Trade Organization in 2001 triggered economy-wide improvements in efficiency and spurred technology acquisition and adaptation.

 

中国过去三十年的发展主要得益于民营经济发挥了重要作用，这也给国有企业带来了改革压力。中国在2001年入世之后也实现了整体经济效率的提升，进一步推进了新技术的引进和利用。

 

More recently, the phasing out of incentives stimulated competition by leveling the playing field between foreign and domestically owned firms.

 

从更近期来看，逐步取消优惠条件为中外企业构建公平的竞争环境也刺激了竞争。

 

Relative to the private sector, SOEs consume a large proportion of capital, raw materials, and intermediate inputs to produce relatively small shares of gross output and value added.

 

与民营企业相比，国有企业消耗大量的资本、原材料和中间产品，而在总产出和增加值中占的比重却比较小。

 

“Strategic” sectors or “basic or pillar” industries remain the almost exclusive domain of SOEs.

 

“战略性”部门或者“基础或支柱”产业仍旧几乎全部由国有企业把持。

 

This undermines efficiency of the economy, limits innovation, hampers the transformation to a new growth pattern, and reduces the welfare of China’s people.

 

这种情况削弱了经济效率，限制了创新，影响了向新的增长模式转型，也减少了人民的福祉。

 

Increasing competition requires the following:

 

加强竞争需要具备以下条件：

 

•lowering entry barriers into State dominated business sectors,

 

·降低进入国有企业占主导的行业的壁垒；

 

•dismantling monopolies and oligopolies when competition would yield superior results, for example in petroleum, chemicals, electricity distribution, and telecommunications,

 

·在那些竞争能够带来更好结果的行业如石油、化工、配电和通讯产业取消垄断和寡头垄断；

 

•introducing oversight arrangements where monopolies are considered necessary to ensure that market power is not abused, such as in railways,

 

·在那些认为有必要垄断的行业如铁路行业建立监督机制，以确保市场权力不被滥用；

 

•a review and modernization of the industrial policies that the authorities have used so far.  In countries that have successfully implemented industrial policies, such as Korea and Japan, State intervention was aligned with competition amongst private firms that had to compete for this support.

 

·对当局迄今采取的产业政策进行审议和推进现代化。在那些成功地实施产业政策的国家如韩国和日本，国家干预与民营企业必须竞争以获得这种支持保持一致。

 

The expanded scope for the private sector would have to be complemented by the restructuring of remaining SOEs to mixed ownership enterprises and listed corporations.

 

·在扩大民营部门经营范围的同时，必须辅之以现有国有企业 结构重组构建混合所有制企业及上市公司。

 

China should consider limits on the financial support that its local governments can provide to firms, so that non-competitive firms do not continue to divert resources from more efficient ones.

 

·中国应当考虑限制地方政府对企业提供的支持，从而使无竞争力的企业不能继续与效率高的企业争夺资源。

 

Overhauling factor markets 

改革要素市场

 

Let me turn to the second reform area.

 

我现在谈第二个改革领域。

 

To complete the transition to a market economy and further strengthen growth, China needs to overhaul its factor markets.

 

为了完成市场经济转型和进一步强化增长，中国需要改革生产要素市场。

 

Well-functioning markets of land, capital and labor are also a pre-requisite for efficient and inclusive urbanization, one of the key priorities of the government as Prime Minister Li Keqiang has emphasized.

 

运转良好的土地、资本和劳动力市场也是实现高效率和包容性的城镇化的一个先决条件，是李克强总理所强调的政府的一个关键的优先任务。

 

China’s pace and pattern of urbanization will determine its growth trajectory and its spatial convergence (or lack thereof) in living standards.

 

中国城镇化的速度和模式将决定其增长轨迹和生活水平的空间趋同（或缺乏趋同）。