美国全国毒品管制政策办公室主任科力考斯基在中国人民公安大学的讲话（中英对照）

Drug Policy and Drug-Related Policing in the 21st Century<?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" />

21世纪的毒品管制政策和涉毒警务

Remarks of ONDCP Director Kerlikowske at the Chinese People’s Public Security University

全国毒品管制政策办公室主任科力考斯基在中国人民公安大学的讲话

September 12, 2012

2012年9月12日

Thank you for that kind introduction.  I’d also like to thank the faculty and University staff for your important work in law enforcement education and training.  Law enforcement is a position of great responsibility and public trust, and I am very proud of my many years of service in law enforcement.  Institutions such as the Public Security University can play a vital role in fostering new ideas in policing, shaping policing practices, and advancing new law enforcement strategies in China and around the world.  I appreciate the opportunity to talk about the U.S. approach to drug policy and to describe what lessons we have learned from our experience in drug-related policing over the past decades.

感谢您友好的介绍。我也想感谢贵校教职员工在执法教育和培训方面所做的重要工作。执法工作蕴含了重要的责任和公众信任。我对自己多年来从事执法工作感到自豪。中国人民公安大学这样的学府对于在中国国内和世界各地培植新的警务理念、制订新的警务规范以及推进新的执法战略方面可以发挥重要作用。我很高兴有机会介绍美国的毒品管制政策，并讲述我们过去几十年里在涉毒警务方面取得的经验。

The White House Office of National Drug Control Policy

白宫全国毒品管制政策办公室

Let me begin by telling you a bit about the Office of National Drug Control Policy (ONDCP).  ONDCP’s primary role is to establish drug-related policies, priorities, and objectives for the Nation.  Our objectives are to reduce illicit drug use, manufacturing, and trafficking, drug-related crime and violence, and drug-related health consequences.  To achieve these goals, we coordinate the Nation's anti-drug efforts and develop guidelines for cooperation among Federal, state, and local entities.  We set budget priorities for every Federal department and agency involved in drug issues, including the Departments of Justice, Health and Human Services, Homeland Security, Transportation, State (our Foreign Ministry), and Defense.

首先，我要介绍一下全国毒品管制政策办公室。全国毒品管制政策办公室的首要任务是在全国范围内制订与毒品相关的政策、优先议题以及目标。我们的目标是减少毒品使用、加工和贩运、涉毒犯罪和暴力以及毒品对健康的危害。为达到这些目标，我们协调全国范围的反毒品努力，并为联邦、州和地方政府的合作制定指导方针。我们为每一个参与毒品管制的联邦部门设定预算优先项目。这些机构包括司法部、卫生与公众服务部、国土安全部、交通部、国务院（即美国的外交部）以及国防部。

In 2010, we released the Obama Administration’s inaugural National Drug Control Strategy – the Administration’s blueprint for reducing drug use and its consequences in the United States.  The 2010 Strategy and subsequent annual Strategies outline a balanced and comprehensive drug control policy recognizing that an effective approach must include prevention, early intervention, treatment, support for those in recovery from addiction, law enforcement, and international partnerships.

2010年，我们首次公布了奥巴马政府的全国毒品管制战略。这是本届政府减少毒品使用及其后果的全国性蓝图。这项战略以及此后的年度战略概述了平衡和全面的毒品管制政策。该政策认识到，有效的毒品管制策略必须包括预防、早期干预、治疗、为有毒瘾者提供戒毒支持、执法以及国际伙伴关系。 

Lessons from My Career in Law Enforcement in the United States

我在美国执法生涯中汲取的经验

Before President Obama appointed me as the Director of National Drug Control Policy in 2009, I’d spent 37 years – my entire professional career – in law enforcement.  Of course I had to deal with all of the challenges faced by law enforcement officials – including domestic disturbances, robberies, acts of violence, gang activity, and drug- and alcohol-related problems. 

在奥巴马总统任命我为全国毒品管制政策办公室主任之前，我的整个职业生涯的37个年头全部是在执法领域。诚然，我必须面对所有执法官员面对的挑战——比如家庭纠纷、抢劫、暴力行为、黑帮活动、以及涉及毒品和酒精的问题等。

As a practitioner of community policing, I also met with community leaders in the cities I served.  Community policing, which I know has a long tradition in China, focuses on problem-solving, being proactive about crime and partnering with citizens, community stakeholders, government agencies and others to create effective solutions.  During community meetings, I heard from many local residents.  One of the issues that came up frequently was the difficulty communities had with drug and alcohol abuse. 

作为社区警务的从业人员，我在任职的城市与社区领袖们进行接触。我知道社区警务在中国历史悠久。这项业务集中于解决问题、主动防范犯罪、并和市民、社区利益攸关者、政府部门以及其他有关各方建立伙伴关系，以求制定有效解决方案。在参加社区会议期间，我聆听很多地方居民的意见。其中一个常常提及的话题就是社区在处理吸毒和酗酒方面遇到的困难。

Individuals who were abusing drugs and alcohol were sometimes arrested for petty crimes, disorderly conduct, or selling small amounts of drugs.  Citizens complained that they did not feel safe on their neighborhood streets or were not comfortable letting their kids use the parks when drug trafficking or drug use was occurring nearby.  So when we got complaints, we arrested the substance abusers.  Arrestees would often go through short-term detox, receive a fine, and be back on the street within a day or two.  I realized that this approach was not solving the problem. 

吸毒和酗酒的人有时候会因为轻微犯罪、扰乱公共秩序、兜售少量毒品等行为被捕。居民常常抱怨说，在附近有人贩毒和吸毒时，他们对于自己的社区缺乏安全感，也不愿意让孩子在社区公园玩耍。所以，在接到投诉后，我们会逮捕这些吸毒和酗酒者。被捕者通常会经过短期的去毒过程，接受罚款，然后一两天内又回到街上。我意识到这种方式并没有解决问题。

For much of my law enforcement career, I thought, like a lot of people do, that drug addiction was primarily a moral failing, and that the cure was a simple matter of willpower; of addicts finding the resolve to stop using drugs.   It was over the years I served as police chief in Seattle that my thinking about drug addiction began to change. Like many of my colleagues around the United States, I was looking for a better, more permanent solution.  An approach that would keep the community safe, make wise use of officers’ time, and produce better results at a reasonable cost.  Not overnight, but gradually, as I listened to researchers and physicians steeped in the latest science, I began to learn about addiction as a disease.

在我执法生涯的大部分时间内，我和其他人想法类似。我认为，毒品上瘾主要是一种道德缺失，治愈毒瘾只是简单的意志力问题。这需要上瘾者有足够的决心停止滥用毒品。但在我担任西雅图市警察局局长期间，我对毒瘾问题的想法开始改变。和美国各地的同事们一道，我也在寻找一个更好的、永久性的解决方案。这个方案将有助于维持社区安全、善用警员的时间、同时以合理的成本取得更好的收效。随着我倾听那些接触最新科学的研究人员和医生们的意见，我逐渐地，而不是突然地，意识到毒瘾是一种疾病。

When President Obama asked me to come to the White House and serve as his top advisor on drug policy, I was committed to combining my experience in law enforcement with the latest research on the disease of addiction to formulate a new approach to drug policy.  There was much to learn, and much had been written about drug use and its consequences by academics, former officials, and representatives of non-governmental organizations.  I met with many experts, including treatment and prevention specialists. We had to learn to work smarter in order to break the wasteful cycle of arrest, incarceration, release, and re-arrest.

在奥巴马总统将我招至白宫并任命我担任他的最高毒品管制政策顾问后，我便致力于将我多年的执法工作经验和最新的毒瘾疾病研究成果结合起来，制定一套新的毒品管制政策。我们要学习的东西很多，而学者、前政府官员、以及非政府组织的代表们在滥用毒品及其后果方面也有诸多论述。我和很多包括治疗和预防专业人士在内的专家进行了接触。我们必须用更为明智的办法开展我们的工作，这样才能打破逮捕、监禁、释放、再逮捕这种浪费性的循环。

I realized that in the United States we had often focused on prisons and not on drug prevention and treatment.  Such an approach is an enormous waste of resources and destined to end in failure.  Incarceration on its own – without treatment– has repeatedly proven to be unsuccessful in reducing drug use among criminal offenders.  Many of my former colleagues who are police chiefs in the United States have become outspoken on the need to support both law enforcement and public health services to address substance abuse.  Law enforcement will always play an integral role in drug policy, but we must broaden our perspective.  We cannot respond to substance abuse only with arrests and incarceration.

我意识到，在美国，我们常常把精力集中在监狱而不是毒品预防和治疗上。这种方式造成极大浪费，并注定以失败告终。事实证明，如果不辅以治疗，仅凭监禁无助于减少罪犯的毒品滥用。我有很多同事目前在美国各地担任警察局长，他们都呼吁在解决物质滥用问题上同时支持执法和公共健康服务。执法永远是毒品管制政策中的关键内容，但我们必须扩展视野。我们不能仅仅凭籍逮捕和监禁来对抗物质滥用。