苗圩：加快推进工业转型升级（中英对照）

加快推进工业转型升级

Accelerating the Transformation and Upgrading of Industries

苗圩

Miao Wei

中央经济工作会议明确要求，牢牢把握发展实体经济这一基础。工业是国民经济的基础，是实体经济的主体。“十二五”时期，我们必须坚持以科学发展观为指导，加快推进工业转型升级，在探索新型工业化道路上迈出实质性步伐。

At the Central Economic Work Conference, clear requirements were set forth for steady efforts to develop the real economy, which constitutes the foundation for China’s overall development. Industry is both the foundation of the national economy and the primary component of the real economy. Therefore, during the Twelfth Five-Year Plan, we must take the Scientific Outlook on Development as our guide, accelerate the transformation and upgrading of industries, and seek to make substantive progress in our search for a new approach to industrialization.

一、深刻认识转变工业发展方式的战略意义

I. The strategic significance of transforming the pattern of industrial development

“十一五”时期，我国工业获得了长足发展，工业整体素质明显改善，国际地位显著提升。从总量看，“十一五”时期，我国工业增加值年均增长11.3%，2010年达到16万亿元，约占国内生产总值的40%。截至目前，500多种工业产品中我国有220余种产量位居世界前列，制造业增加值占全球的19.8%，规模位居世界第一，是名副其实的全球制造业基地和世界工厂。从结构看，淘汰落后产能取得积极进展，重点行业产业集中度明显提高，中西部地区工业增加值占全国比重不断加大，规模以上企业单位工业增加值能耗累计下降26%、用水量下降36.7%，工业化学需氧量、二氧化硫排放量分别下降17%、15%。与此同时，我国工业自主创新能力明显提升，载人航天、探月工程、高性能计算机等一批重大装备和关键技术取得突破，为我国抢占全球产业制高点和培育国际竞争新优势创造了条件。特别是在应对国际金融危机中，我们坚决贯彻中央一揽子计划措施，在较短时间实现了工业增速“V”型反转，为保持经济平稳较快发展做出了重要贡献。

China’s industries witnessed considerable development during the Eleventh Five-Year Plan (2006-2010), a period in which the overall quality of our industries was improved and the international status of Chinese industry was enhanced significantly. In terms of overall output, China’s industrial added value grew at an average rate of 11.3% per year during the Eleventh Five-Year Plan, reaching 16 trillion yuan in 2010, which accounted for 40% of the GDP. As of the present, of the 500-plus industrial products that China produces, the output of over 220 has climbed towards the top of the world rankings. The added value of China’s manufacturing industry accounted for 19.8% of global industry value-added, higher than any other country. This shows that China is indeed a global manufacturing base and the world’s factory. In terms of structure, good progress was made in the elimination of backward production capacity, key industries became significantly more concentrated, and the contribution of central and western regions to China’s total industrial added value constantly increased. In addition, energy consumption per unit of added value for large-scale industrial enterprises dropped by a total of 26%, water consumption dropped by 36.7%, and chemical oxygen demand (COD) and the volume of sulfur dioxide emissions dropped by 17% and 15% respectively. At the same time, China’s capacity to engage in independent industrial innovation saw remarkable increases. New breakthroughs were achieved in major equipment and key technologies regarding manned spaceflight, lunar exploration, and high performance computers. These advances have created favorable conditions for China to seize the high ground in global industry and develop new advantages in international competition. Moreover, in response to the international financial crisis, we took resolute action to implement the stimulus package of the central government, achieving a sharp turnaround in industrial growth within a relatively short period of time. By doing so, we made an important contribution to maintaining rapid but stable economic growth.

“十二五”是中国工业发展的关键期。一方面，全球经济正处在大变革大调整中，我国工业发展的国际环境和形势面临着深刻变化。一是世界经济增长模式正在发生重大变化。国际金融危机影响仍在持续，主权债务危机还在蔓延，世界经济增速减缓，贸易保护主义有所抬头，来自发达国家“再工业化”和新兴经济体的同质化竞争压力加大，对工业发展提出了新要求。二是全球产业结构在科技创新推动下正在进行深度调整。近年来，全球科技创新和技术革命步伐加快，信息网络、生物、可再生能源等领域酝酿新的突破，主要国家抓紧培育发展以绿色、低碳、高端为特征的新兴产业，围绕新兴产业的国际竞争将更加激烈。三是工业生产方式加快变革。信息网络技术的广泛应用促进了生产性服务业的迅速发展，柔性制造、虚拟制造成为世界先进制造业的发展方向，全球化生产和组织模式成为控制全球价值链的关键。

The Twelfth Five-Year Plan is a key stage for China’s industrial development. On one hand, the global economy is undergoing great changes and shifts, which will bring about profound changes to the environment and situation in which China’s industries develop. The growth pattern of the world economy is also undergoing major changes. The impact of the international financial crisis has yet to be dispelled, sovereign debt crises are continuing to spread, the pace of global economic growth is slowing down, and trade protectionism has emerged. In addition, China’s industrial development is also under the pressure posed by the trend of reindustrialization in developed countries and homogenous competition among emerging economies. All of these things have presented new requirements for China’s industrial development. Profound changes in the global industrial structure are also being fueled by technological innovation. In recent years, as global technological innovation and the technical revolution have stepped up, new breakthroughs are set to occur in fields such as information networks, biotechnology and renewable energy. Major countries are moving quickly to develop emerging industries that are green, low-carbon and high-tech, and under such circumstances, international competition in emerging industries is set to become increasingly acute. Changes in the mode of industrial production have also accelerated. The wide application of IT and network technologies has driven the rapid development of producer services industries, with flexible manufacturing and virtual manufacturing becoming the next major trend in advanced manufacturing worldwide. Amidst this backdrop, the globalization of production and organization has become the key to controlling the global value chain.

另一方面，我国工业长期积累的深层次矛盾和问题日渐突出，严重制约着工业发展方式转变和转型升级。一是自主创新能力不强，规模以上工业企业研发投入占主营业务收入比重仅为0.69%，关键核心技术及装备主要依赖进口。二是产业结构不合理，部分行业集中度偏低，产能过剩问题突出，产业布局与区域能源资源和环境承载能力不相适应，中小企业发展活力有待增强。三是工业增长过度依靠投资拉动和出口带动，过度依靠资源能源消耗和低成本要素投入，单位国内生产总值能耗过高，生态保护面临巨大压力。四是企业核心竞争力不强，生产效率和经营效益不高，缺乏具有较强国际化经营能力的大型企业集团和具有国际影响力的著名品牌。五是工业行业管理基础薄弱，推进工业节能、淘汰落后、兼并重组等管理手段亟待充实，市场在资源配置中的基础性作用发挥不足。

On the other hand, deep-rooted problems that have built up over time in China’s industries are now becoming increasingly prominent, and are seriously constraining the transformation of our pattern of industrial development and the transformation and upgrading of our industries. The main problems are as follows. Our capacity for independent innovation is insufficient. Our large-scale industrial enterprises spend only 0.69% of their income from major business on R&D, and we are still heavily reliant on imports for key and core technologies and equipment. The structure of our industries is irrational. The degree of concentration in certain industries is low, surplus production capacity is still a major problem, the distribution of industries is unsuited to the carrying capacity of regional environments and resources, and small and medium-sized enterprises lack the impetus for development. We are overly reliant on investment and exports for industrial growth and overly dependent on the consumption of resources and energy and the deployment of low cost factors of production. At the same time, energy consumption per unit GDP remains high, and we are under enormous pressure to protect ecological environments. Our enterprises lack core competitiveness; productivity and efficiency remain low; and China still lacks globally influential brands and large enterprises with a strong capacity for overseas operations. Our foundations in industrial administration are still weak. Management measures pertaining to energy conservation, eliminating backward production capacity, and promoting the merging and reorganizing of enterprises are in urgent need of improvement. We need to give more play to the basic role of the market in the allocation of resources.

尽管我国经济发展方式转变面临着诸多挑战，但总体看，经济长期向好的趋势没有发生根本性改变，工业发展的空间和潜力仍然巨大。“十二五”期间，我国城镇化率将超过54%，内需主导、消费驱动、惠及民生的政策措施将推动居民消费能力扩大和消费结构优化升级，城镇化进程和居民消费结构升级为我国工业转型发展提供了广阔空间。此外，“十二五”期间，随着我国开放型经济体系不断完善，信息化、市场化和国际化持续深入发展，信息化与工业化深度融合，日益成为工业发展方式转变的强大内在动力。

Although we are facing a number of challenges in the transformation of our pattern of economic development, the long-term outlook for China’s economic growth remains favorable, and there is enormous potential for China’s industrial development. During the Twelfth Five-Year Plan, the rate of urbanization in China is set to exceed 54%. Policy measures aimed at expanding domestic demand, stimulating consumption, and improving public well-being will boost the spending power of residents and help to optimize and upgrade the structure of consumption. This will create great potential for the transformation of our pattern of industrial development. In addition, the application of IT, the development of the market, and the process of internationalization are all set to accelerate as China’s open economic system continues to be improved during the Twelfth Five-Year Plan, and will promote the thorough application of IT in the process of industrialization. This trend will provide a strong intrinsic driving force for the transformation of the pattern of industrial development.