曾培炎：写在社会主义市场经济体制改革目标确立20周年之际（中英对照）

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今年是我们党确立社会主义市场经济体制改革目标20周年。改革开放以来，我国成功地实现了从计划经济体制向社会主义市场经济体制的历史性转变。回顾总结实行市场取向改革的伟大历程、辉煌成就和宝贵经验，对于我们站在新的起点上，进一步深化改革开放，促进科学发展，夺取全面建设小康社会新胜利，开创中国特色社会主义事业新局面，具有十分重要的意义。

This year marks the 20th anniversary of the CPC’s decision to establish the creation of a socialist market economy as the goal of China’s economic reforms. Since the launch of the reform and opening up drive, China has successfully realized the historic transition from a planned economy to a socialist market economy. As we stand at a new starting point, looking back over the great process, glorious achievements, and precious experiences of our market-oriented reforms bears great significance for further deepening reform and opening up, promoting scientific development, claiming new victories in the effort to build a moderately prosperous society in all respects, and creating new horizons for the cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics.

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I

在社会主义条件下发展市场经济，是前无古人的伟大创举，是建设中国特色社会主义的必然选择。新中国成立后，我国在相当长的时期内实行计划经济体制。随着实践的发展，计划经济体制的弊端越来越明显，越来越不适应生产力发展的要求，经济体制改革势在必行。建立和完善社会主义市场经济体制经过了艰辛的探索和实践过程。

The development of a market economy under socialism represents an unprecedented undertaking of great proportions and a necessary choice for the development of socialism with Chinese characteristics. China implemented a planned economy for a period of many years following the founding of the People’s Republic of China in 1949. However, the drawbacks of the planned economy eventually became apparent during the course of practice. As the planned economy proved increasingly unsuited to the development of productive forces, the reform of the economic system became imperative. The establishment and improvement of the socialist market economy took place following an arduous process of exploration and practice.

从1978年党的十一届三中全会到党的十四大之前，为确立社会主义市场经济体制改革目标进行了一系列理论和实践探索。改革开放的大幕拉开后，经济体制改革首先从计划经济体制最为薄弱的农村开始，实行家庭联产承包责任制，继而开展了以搞活国有企业、扩大国有企业自主权为重点的城市经济体制改革。1982年党的十二大提出了“计划经济为主、市场调节为辅”，这是在拨乱反正后，第一次肯定了市场在国民经济中的地位。紧接着，1984年党的十二届三中全会提出了“公有制基础上的有计划的商品经济”；1987年党的十三大提出了“计划与市场内在统一的体制”，计划和市场的作用范围都是覆盖全社会的，应当建立“国家调节市场，市场引导企业”的机制；1989年党的十三届五中全会提出了“改革的核心问题，在于逐步建立计划经济同市场调节相结合的经济运行机制”，进一步明确了经济体制改革的市场取向。与此同时，国有企业实行了所有权与经营权分离，商品价格出现“双轨制”。国家逐步缩小指令性计划，扩大了指导性计划和市场调节的范围和比重；打破了“统收统支”的财政管理体制，实行中央和地方“分灶吃饭”。计划、投资、物资、粮棉流通、对外开放等领域的市场取向改革都在不断推进。针对社会上对市场经济“姓资”还是“姓社”的争论，1992 年邓小平同志在南方谈话中指出：“计划多一点还是市场多一点，不是社会主义与资本主义的本质区别。计划经济不等于社会主义，资本主义也有计划；市场经济不等于资本主义，社会主义也有市场。计划和市场都是经济手段。”这一重要论述，解除了人们对市场经济的种种疑虑，打开了人们长期被计划经济禁锢的思想闸门，为实行社会主义市场经济的改革奠定了理论基石。

The decision to identify the creation of a socialist market economy as the goal of reform was preceded by a phase of theoretical and practical exploration that took place between the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China in 1978 and the Fourteenth National Congress of the CPC in 1992. With the curtain of reform and opening up having been lifted, the reform of the economic system began in rural areas, which had been the weakest link in the planned economy. Rural reforms focused on the implementation of a system for the contracting of farmland to farmers on a per-household basis that links remuneration with output. This was followed by economic reforms in urban areas, which focused on invigorating state-owned enterprises and expanding their decision-making powers. In 1982, the Twelfth National Congress of the CPC advanced the policy of “maintaining the primary role of the planned economy whilst giving play to the supplementary role of market forces in economic regulation.” This was the first time since the end of the Cultural Revolution that the Party acknowledged the status of the market in the national economy. In 1984, the Third Plenary Session of the Twelfth CPC Central Committee advanced the policy of “establishing a planned commodity economy on the basis of public ownership.” At the Thirteenth National Congress of the CPC in 1987, the policy of establishing “a system that integrates planning with the market” was adopted. Under this system, planning and market forces would cover the whole of society, and a mechanism whereby “the government regulates the market and the market guides enterprises” was to be established. At the Fifth Plenary Session of the Thirteenth CPC Central Committee in 1989, the Party further clarified the market orientation of China’s economic reforms by stating that “the core of reform lies in gradually establishing a mechanism for economic operation that integrates the planned economy and market forces.” Other reforms that were pursued at this time included the separation of ownership rights from operation rights in state-owned enterprises and the introduction of a dual-track price system for commodities. The scope of mandatory government planning was gradually narrowed to create more space for guideline planning and regulation by market forces. The system of unified state control over fiscal revenue and expenditure was replaced by a system of fiscal delineation between the central government and local governments. Moreover, market-oriented reforms with regard to planning, investment, materials, the circulation of grain and cotton, and the opening up of the economy to the outside world were promoted in succession. During his tour of the south in 1992, Deng Xiaoping pointed out that: “The proportion of planning to market forces is not the essential difference between socialism and capitalism. A planned economy is not equivalent to socialism, because there is planning under capitalism too; a market economy is not capitalism, because there are markets under socialism too. Planning and market forces are both means of controlling economic activity.” This important discourse dispelled the doubts that people had over the market economy. It broke through the ideological barriers that the planned economy had long imposed, and laid down the theoretical foundations for the implementation of the reform to create a socialist market economy.

从1992年党的十四大到本世纪初，建立了社会主义市场经济的基本框架。江泽民同志在党的十四大报告中明确提出，“我国经济体制改革的目标是建立社会主义市场经济体制”，并论述了这一体制的基本内涵和改革的主要任务。这标志着我国经济体制改革进入了新阶段。为了更好地推进社会主义市场经济体制改革，1993年党的十四届三中全会作出了《中共中央关于建立社会主义市场经济体制若干问题的决定》，清晰描绘了我国社会主义市场经济体制的基本框架。党的十五大进一步明确了社会主义初级阶段的基本经济制度和改革的决策部署。这一时期，改革在一些领域取得重大突破。一是建立现代企业制度。国有企业改革从“产权清晰、权责明确、政企分开、科学管理”四个方面整体推进。公有制经济进一步壮大，个体、私营等非公有制经济较快发展。二是加快市场体系建设。全面放开竞争性商品和服务价格，逐步取消生产资料价格“双轨制”，实行资本、劳动力、房地产、技术和信息等生产要素的市场化改革，商品和服务贸易、资本流动规模显著扩大，明显发挥了市场在经济发展中的调节作用。三是改革宏观调控体制。建立计划、金融、财政相互协调配合的调控机制，逐步变直接调控为间接调控。四是基本形成开放性经济格局。不断扩大开放，我国成为吸收外商投资最多的发展中国家。改革外贸管理体制，扩大企业进出口经营权。实行汇率制度改革，国家外汇储备大幅度增加。在加入世界贸易组织与国际规则接轨的过程中，制定、修订、废止了大量不符合市场经济要求的法律、行政法规和部门规章，清理行政审批项目。通过这些年的改革，促进了社会主义市场经济体制基本框架的形成。

The basic framework of the socialist market economy was established during the period from the convening of the Fourteenth National Congress of the CPC in 1992 to the beginning of the new century. In his report to the Fourteenth Congress of the CPC, former General Secretary Jiang Zemin clearly stated that “The target of China’s economic reforms is to establish a socialist market economy.” This was followed by the introduction of the basic connotations of this system as well as the main tasks of reform. This marked a new phase in the reform of China’s economic system. With a view to better promoting China’s socialist market reforms, in 1993, the Third Plenary Session of the Fourteenth CPC Central Committee passed the Decision of the CPC Central Committee Regarding a Number of Issues Concerning the Establishment of a Socialist Market Economy, which clearly defined the basic framework of China’s socialist market economy. The Fifteenth National Congress of the CPC went a step further to clarify China’s basic economic system and reform plans for the primary stage of socialism, paving the way for a series of major breakthroughs in economic reform. The first was the establishment of a modern corporate system. The overall reform of state-owned enterprises was pushed forward in line with the principles of clarifying ownership, rights and responsibilities; separating government administration from the management of enterprises; and implementing scientific management. In addition to the bolstering of the public sector, rapid development was also seen in the non-public sector, which primarily comprised of individual-proprietorship businesses and private enterprises. The second breakthrough was the intensified development of a market system. Prices for competitive commodities and services were liberalized across the board; the dual-track price system for the pricing of means of production was gradually phased out; market-based reforms for real estate and factors of production such as capital, labor, technology and information were introduced; remarkable increases were seen in the scale of trade in both goods and services and in the flow of capital; and the regulatory role of the market in economic development became much more apparent. The third major breakthrough was in the reform of macroeconomic regulation. This involved the gradual transition from direct regulation to indirect regulation through the establishment of a regulatory mechanism integrating planning and the use of fiscal and monetary policies. The fourth breakthrough was the establishment of a framework for an open economy. With the constant opening up of the economy to the outside world, China began to attract more foreign investment than any other developing country. The system for the management of foreign trade was reformed to give enterprises more extensive rights to engage in import and export trade. The foreign exchange rate system was also reformed, which led to the significant expansion of China’s foreign exchange reserves. Moreover, during the process of China’s entry into the World Trade Organization and alignment with international rules, a large number of laws, administrative regulations, and departmental regulations were formulated, amended, and repealed to ensure conformity with the requirements of the market economy. In addition, the number of items that required administrative approval was also streamlined. The reforms that were initiated during this period promoted the formation of the basic framework of China’s socialist market economy.

从党的十六大到现在，社会主义市场经济体制不断完善。2002年党的十六大明确提出了完善社会主义市场经济体制的任务。2003年，胡锦涛同志在党的十六届三中全会上提出了进一步深化改革的目标和主要任务。全会通过了《中共中央关于完善社会主义市场经济体制若干问题的决定》。近10年来，社会主义市场经济体制改革在一系列重要领域和关键环节不断取得新进展。在完善基本经济制度方面，进一步调整国有经济布局与结构，加快国有企业股份制改革，不断改善非公有制经济发展的体制环境。在现代市场体系建设方面，进一步规范和发展资本市场，不断完善生产要素价格体系，加大知识产权保护力度。在加强和改善宏观调控方面，建立宏观经济预测监测体系，逐步健全财政转移支付制度和公共财政制度，深化投资体制改革，推进商业银行股份制改造，进一步转变政府职能。在加强社会服务和文化建设方面，加快建立和完善社会保障体系，积极稳妥推进医药卫生体制改革，深化文化、科技、教育等社会各领域的体制改革。

China’s socialist market economy has been improved on a constant basis since the holding of the Sixteenth National Congress of the Communist Party of China. In 2002, the Sixteenth National Congress of the CPC clearly advanced the task of further improving the socialist market economy. At the Third Plenary Session of the Sixteenth CPC Central Committee in 2003, General Secretary Hu Jintao set out the objectives and the major tasks for the deepening of reform. The session also saw the passage of the Decision of the CPC Central Committee on a Number of Issues Concerning the Improvement of the Socialist Market Economy. New progress has been achieved in a number of important areas and vital aspects of socialist market reform over the past decade. With respect to the improvement of the basic economic system, we have made further adjustments to the layout and structure of the public sector, accelerated the introduction of shareholding systems in state-owned enterprises, and improved the institutional environment for the development of the non-public sector. With respect to the building of a modern market system, we have further regulated and developed the capital market, continuously improved the price system for factors of production, and intensified the protection of intellectual property rights. With respect to strengthening and improving macroeconomic regulation, we have established a system for economic forecasting and monitoring at the macroscopic level, progressively improved institutions for transfer payments and public finance, deepened the reform of the investment system, promoted the transformation of commercial banks into joint-stock companies, and further transformed the functions of the government. With respect to strengthening social services and cultural development, we have accelerated the establishment and development of social safety nets, promoted the active yet steady reform of the health care system, and deepened institutional reform in social spheres such as culture, science, technology, and education.