Francis Bacon - Of Riches 汉译

I cannot call riches better than the baggage of virtue. The Roman word is better, impedimenta; for as the baggage is to an army, so is riches to virtue. It cannot be spared nor left behind, but it hindereth the march; yea, and the care of it sometimes loseth or disturbeth the victory. Of great riches there is no real use, except it be in the distribution; the rest is but conceit. So saith Solomon :Where much is, there are many to consume it; and what hath the owner, but the sight of it with his eyes? The personal fruition in any man cannot reach to feel great riches: there is a custody of them, or a power of dole and donative of them, or a frame of them, but no solid use to the owner. Do you not see what feigned prices are set upon little stones and rarities? And what works of ostentation are undertaken, because there might seem to be some use of great riches? But then you will say, they may be of use to buy men out of dangers or troubles; as Solomon saith: Riches are as a stronghold in the imagination of the rich man. But this is excellently expressed, that it is in imagination, and not always in fact; for, certainly, great riches have sold more men than they have bought out. Seek not proud riches, but such as thou mayest get justly, use soberly, distribute cheerfully and leave contentedly. Yet have no abstract nor friarly contement of them, but distinguish, as Cicero saith well of Rabirius Posthumus; in seeking to increase his fortune it was apparent that he sought not the gratification of avarice, but the means of doing good. Hearken also to Solomon, and beware of hasty gathering of riches: he who maketh haste to be rich shall not be innocent.<?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" />

The poets feign, that when Plutus(which is riches)is sent from Jupite, he limps and goes slowly; but when he is sent from Pluto, he runs and is swift of foot; meaning, that riches gotten by good means and just labour pace slowly, but when they come by the death of others(as by the cours of inheritance, testaments, and the like), they come tumbling upon a man. But it might be applied likewise to Pluto, taking him for the devil; for when riches come from the devil(as by fraud and oppression, and unjust means), they come upon speed. The ways to enrich are many, and most of them foul: parsimony is one of the best, and yet is not innocent, for it withholdeth men from works of liberality and charity. The improvement of the ground is the most natural obtaining of riches, for it is our great mother’s blessing, the earth’s; but it is slow. And yet where men of great wealth do stoop to husbandry, it multiplieth riches exceeding. I knew a noblenan in England that had the greatest audits of any man in my time: a great grazier, a great sheepmaster, a great timbe-man, a great collier, a great corn-master, a great lead-man, and so of iron, and a number of the like points of husbandry; so as the earth seemes a sea to him in respect of the perpetual importation.

It was truly observed by one, that himself came very hardly to a little riches, and very easily to great riches; for when a man’s stock is come to that, that he can expect the prime of market, and overcome those bargains which for their greatness are few men’s money, and be partner in the industries of younger trades and vocation are honest, and furthered by two things chiefly: by diligence, and by a good name for good and fair dealing. But the gains of bargains are of a more doubtful nature, when men shall wait upon others’ necessity, broke by servants and instuments to draw them on, put off others cunningly that would be better chapman, and the like practice, which are crafty and naught. As for the chopping of bargains, when a man buys not to hold, but to sell over again, that commonly gindeth double, both upon the seller and upon the buyer.Sharings do greatly enrich, if the hands be well chosen that are trusted. Usury is the certainest means of gain, though one of the worst; as that whereby a man doth eat his bread in the sweat of another’s brow; and, besides, doth plough upon Sundays. But yet certain though it be, it hath flaws, for that the scriveners and brokers do value unsound men to serve their own turn. The fortune in being the first in an invention or in a privilege doth cause sometimes a wonderful overgrowth in riches, as it was with the first sugar-man in the Canaries. Therefore, if a man can play the true logician, to have as well judgment as invention, he may do great matters, especially if the times be fit. He that resteth upon gains certain shall hardly grow to great riches, and he that puts all upon adventures doth oftentimes break and come to poverty: it is good therefore to guard adventures with certainties that may uphold losses. Monopolies and coemption of wares for resale, where they are not restrained, are great means to enrich, especially if the party have intelligence what things are like to come into request, and so store himself beforehand. Riches gotten by service, though it be of the best rise, yet when they are gotten by flattery, feeding humours, and other servile conditions, they may be placed amongst the worst. As for fishing for testaments and executorships(as Tacitus saith of Seneca: he seized wills and wardships as with a net)it is yet worse, by how much men submit themselves to meaner person than in service.

Believe not much that seem to despise riches, for they despise them that despair of them; and none worse when they come to them. Be not penny-wise have wings, and sometimes they fly away of themselves, sometimes them must be set flying to bring in more. Men leave their riches either to their kindred, or to the public, and moderate portion prosper best of prey round to seize on him, if he be not the better established in years and judgment. Likewise, glorious gifts and foundation are like sacrifices without salt, and but the painted sepulchers of alms, which soon will putrery and corrupt inwardly. Therefore, measure not thine advancements by quantity, but frame them by measure; and defer not charities till death, for certainly if a man weigh it rightly, he that doth so is rather liberal of another man’s than of his own.