七、妇女社会保障水平不断提高
VII. Social Security for Women Continues to Improve文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/7679.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/7679.html
坚持在发展中保障和改善妇女民生。中国加快建设覆盖全民、城乡统筹、权责清晰、保障适度、可持续的多层次社会保障体系，全面实施全民参保计划，全面推进病有所医、老有所养、弱有所扶，各项社会保障实现了制度性覆盖，妇女的获得感、幸福感、安全感持续增强。文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/7679.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/7679.html
China sticks to ensuring and improving women’s livelihood in the course of pursing development. China works to develop a sustainable multi-tiered social security system that covers the entire population in both urban and rural areas, with clearly defined rights and responsibilities, and support that hits the right level. China will work to see that everyone has access to social security, medical services, elderly care, and social assistance. With social security institutionalized, Chinese women have an ever-stronger sense of fulfillment, happiness and security.文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/7679.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/7679.html
妇女生育保障水平大幅提高。积极推进生育保障制度建设，保障妇女生育权益。从1949年到1992年，相继出台劳动保险条例、公费医疗以及女工产假等政策规定，生育女性享有产假及生育津贴、生育补助和医疗服务费用报销等待遇。1994年出台《企业职工生育保险试行办法》，对生育保险的筹资、待遇等作出规定，标志着城镇职工生育保险制度的全面推行。2010年颁布的《中华人民共和国社会保险法》设生育保险专章，将部门规章上升为国家法律，为保障妇女生育权益提供法律依据。党的十八大以来，生育保障制度不断完善。2019年出台《关于全面推进生育保险和职工基本医疗保险合并实施的意见》，要求整合两项保险基金及管理资源，确保职工生育期间的生育保险待遇不变、确保制度可持续，有利于扩大生育保险覆盖面，使更多生育妇女受益。2018年，参加生育保险人数达两亿，其中女性8927万（图6）。参加城乡居民基本医疗保险的女性，享受生育医疗费用报销待遇，未就业女性的生育权益得到保障。女职工法定产假由90天延长到98天。各地陆续调整相关法规，设置生育奖励假和配偶护理假，一些地方对相关津贴待遇作出明确规定。文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/7679.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/7679.html
The level of maternity protection for women has increased significantly. China has actively developed a maternity protection system to safeguard women’s reproductive rights and interests. From 1949 to 1992, China issued labor insurance regulations, policies of free medical services and regulations on maternity leave for women workers, stating that women who give birth enjoy maternity leave, maternity benefits, childbirth allowances, reimbursement for medical expenses and other services. In 1994, China introduced the Trial Measures for Maternity Insurance for Enterprise Employees which stipulated the financing and treatment of maternity insurance and marked the comprehensive implementation of maternity insurance system for urban employees. The Social Insurance Law of the People’s Republic of China, promulgated in 2010, has a separate chapter for maternity insurance, turning departmental regulations to national laws and providing a legal basis for safeguarding women’s reproductive rights and interests. Since the 18th CPC National Congress, the system of maternity protection has been constantly improved. In 2019, China issued a guideline to combine maternity insurance with basic medical insurance for employees, requiring the integration of the two insurance funds and management resources to ensure that maternity insurance benefits for employees remain sustainable and unchanged during the childbearing, which will help to expand the coverage of maternity insurance and benefit more women who give birth. In 2018, the number of people participating in maternity insurance reached more than 200 million and the number of women was 89.27 million (see Chart 6). Women who participate in basic medical insurance for urban and rural residents enjoy reimbursement for medical expenses for childbirth, and the reproductive rights and interests of unemployed women are protected. China has extended statutory maternity leave from 90 days to 98 days. Relevant laws and regulations have been adjusted gradually in various places and childbirth incentive leave and spouse care leave have also been set up. Some local authorities have explicated provisions on relevant allowance and benefits.文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/7679.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/7679.html
妇女医疗保障实现制度全覆盖。新中国成立之初，建立了医疗保障制度，机关事业单位和企业分别实行公费医疗和劳保医疗，农村依托集体经济建立农村合作医疗，广大妇女享有不同程度的基本医疗保障。改革开放40多年来，中国逐步建立健全职工基本医疗保险制度、新型农村合作医疗和城镇居民基本医疗保险制度，城乡妇女基本医疗保障实现制度全覆盖。党的十八大以来，多层次的医疗保障体系进一步完善，2016年整合城乡居民医疗保险，增强制度的公平性，完善城乡医疗救助和补充医疗保险制度，使更多妇女享有更公平的医疗保障。2018年，据不完全统计，全国基本医疗保险女性参保人数约为5.4亿。
The medical security system for women is fully in place. When New China was founded, a medical security system was established, with government units and public institutions implementing free medical care, enterprises carrying out labor-insurance medical care, and rural areas launching cooperative medical care relying on the collective economy. Women enjoyed different levels of basic medical security. Over the past four decades since the launch of reform and opening up, China has gradually established and improved a basic medical insurance system for workers, a new rural cooperative medical care system and a basic medical insurance system for urban residents. A basic medical insurance system for urban and rural women has been fully implemented. Since the 18th CPC National Congress, the multi-level medical security system has been further improved. In 2016, the medical insurance system for urban and rural residents was consolidated and the fairness of the system was enhanced. The urban and rural medical assistance and supplementary medical insurance system were improved, allowing more women to enjoy equitable medical security. According to incomplete statistics, the number of women under basic health insurance around the country in 2018 was approximately 540 million.
妇女养老保障水平显著提高。中国建立并不断完善城镇职工养老保险制度，改革开放后，加快建立城镇居民养老保险制度，大力推进新型农村社会养老保险，妇女参保人数和待遇水平实现“从无到有、从少到多、从低到高”的可喜变化。党的十八大以来，养老保障制度更加完善，2014年新型农村养老保险和城镇居民社会养老保险合并为城乡居民基本养老保险，使城乡未就业妇女公平享有基本养老保障。2017年，全国近3.8亿妇女参加了基本养老保险。截至2018年底，全国普遍建立了经济困难的高龄、失能等老年人补贴制度，老年妇女生活得到基本保障。
The level of old-age security for women has been significantly improved. China has established and continuously improved an endowment insurance system for the urban working group. Since the launch of reform and opening up, China has accelerated the construction of endowment insurance system for non-working urban residents and vigorously promoted a new social endowment insurance system for rural residents. The number of insured women and the level of their treatment have increased step by step. Since the 18th CPC National Congress, the old-age insurance system has been further improved. In 2014, the new social endowment social security system for rural residents and the social endowment insurance system for non-working urban residents were unified into the basic endowment insurance system for rural and non-working urban residents, making it possible for urban and rural unemployed women to enjoy basic old-age security on an equal footing. In 2017, nearly 380 million women around the country participated in basic old-age insurance. By the end of 2018, a subsidy system for the elderly with financial difficulties resulting from aging and disability was generally established throughout the country. Elderly women’s living standards are basically guaranteed.
妇女参加失业保险和工伤保险的人数不断增加。中国高度重视劳动者的就业和保险权益，保障职工的就业、安全与健康。先后实行失业救济制度、国有企业待业保险制度、下岗职工基本生活保障制度以及现行的失业保险制度，在就业领域处于相对弱势的妇女得到基本保障。2017年，全国参加失业保险的女性7950万，比2005年增加3924万；参加工伤保险的女性8594万，比2005年增加5581万。
The number of women participating in unemployment insurance and workers’ compensation insurance has been increasing. China attaches great importance to the employment and insurance rights and interests of workers to ensure their employment, safety and health. China has implemented the unemployment relief system, the unemployment insurance system in state-owned enterprises, the basic living security system for laid-off workers, and the current unemployment insurance system, generally protecting women who are relatively disadvantaged in employment. In 2017, 79.5 million women around the nation participated in unemployment insurance, and the number of women participating in the work-related injury insurance stood at 85.94 million, an increase of 39.24 million and 55.81 million over 2005, respectively.
国家社会救助制度惠及困难妇女。中国建立并逐步完善社会救助制度体系，为困难妇女提供基本生活保障。从计划经济时期的自然灾害救助、城市单位保障和农村集体救助、农村五保供养，到20世纪90年代逐步建立的最低生活保障、特困人员救助供养、临时救助制度等，妇女都能平等享受。党的十八大以来，社会救助体系逐步完善，有效帮助困难妇女共享改革发展成果。截至2018年底，全国城市低保对象中女性占44.8%，农村低保对象中女性占42.0%。
The national social assistance system benefits women in need. China has established and gradually improved a social assistance system to provide basic living security for women in need. From natural disaster relief, urban unit security, rural collective assistance and rural “Five Guarantees” in the planned economy period to the minimum living security, relief support for the extremely poor and the temporary assistance system established in the 1990s, women can enjoy equal rights. Since the 18th CPC National Congress, the social assistance system has been gradually improved, effectively enabling women in need to share the fruits of reform and development. By the end of 2018, women accounted for 44.8% of the people who have subsistence allowance in urban areas and 42.0% of those in rural areas.
