深化党和国家机构改革是一场深刻变革文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/5925.html
A Profound Transformation: Continuing the Reform of Party and Government Institutions文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/5925.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/5925.html
刘鹤文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/5925.html
Liu He文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/5925.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/5925.html
习近平总书记在党的十九大报告中就深化机构改革作出重要部署，党的十九届三中全会研究深化党和国家机构改革问题并作出决定。《决定》明确指出，“深化党和国家机构改革是推进国家治理体系和治理能力现代化的一场深刻变革”。我们要以习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想为指导，从战略全局和长远发展的高度来认识推动这场深刻变革的必要性，自觉加以贯彻落实。文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/5925.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/5925.html
General Secretary Xi Jinping made important arrangements for furthering institutional reform in the report to the 19th National Congress of the CPC in 2017. In this light, the 19th CPC Central Committee deliberated on this issue and adopted the “Decision of the CPC Central Committee on Deepening the Reform of Party and Government Institutions” (hereinafter referred to as the Decision) at its Third Plenary Session. The Decision explicitly stated that “Furthering the reform of Party and government institutions is a profound transformation aiming to promote the modernization of China’s governance systems and capacity.” Under the guidance of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, we need to realize the necessity of promoting this profound transformation from a strategic and long-term perspective, and consciously implement it.文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/5925.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/5925.html
一、充分认识推动这场深刻变革的历史和现实必然性
I. Fully realizing the historical and practical necessity of this profound transformation
党中央历来高度重视党和国家机构建设和改革。党的十八大以来，以习近平同志为核心的党中央坚持问题导向，突出重点领域，深化党和国家机构改革，在一些重要领域和关键环节取得重大进展，为党和国家事业取得历史性成就、发生历史性变革提供了有力保障。面对新时代新任务提出的新要求，按照党的十九大的战略部署，深化党和国家机构改革，不断推进国家治理体系和治理能力现代化，具有历史和现实必然性。
The CPC Central Committee has always attached great significance to the development and reform of Party and government institutions. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC in 2012, the CPC Central Committee with Xi Jinping at the core has upheld a problem-oriented approach and focused on key areas to continue the reform of Party and government institutions. By doing so, it has made major progress in key areas, and provided strong guarantees for historic achievements and changes in the undertakings of the Party and the country. The new era and our new tasks present us with new requirements; faced with these requirements and in line with the strategic arrangements made at the 19th National Congress of the CPC, it is historically and practically necessary that we continue the reform of Party and government institutions and continuously modernize China’s governance systems and capacity.
（一）深化党和国家机构改革是新时代坚持和发展中国特色社会主义的必然要求。党和国家机构职能体系作为上层建筑，是中国特色社会主义制度的重要组成部分，需要适应社会生产力进步、经济基础变化而不断完善。新中国成立后，在我们党领导下，我国确立了社会主义基本制度，逐步建立起具有我国特点的党和国家机构职能体系，为推进社会主义建设发挥了重要作用。改革开放以来，适应社会主义市场经济发展的需要，我们党积极推进党和国家机构改革，各方面机构职能不断优化、逐步规范，有力推动了改革开放和社会主义现代化建设。中国特色社会主义进入新时代，党和国家机构职能体系必须与新时代中国特色社会主义发展的要求相适应。但要看到，当前党和国家的机构设置和职能配置同统筹推进“五位一体”总体布局、协调推进“四个全面”战略布局的要求还不完全适应，同实现国家治理体系和治理能力现代化的要求还不完全适应，必须按照坚持和发展中国特色社会主义的要求，深化党和国家机构改革。
1. Furthering the reform of Party and government institutions is a necessary requirement for upholding and developing socialism with Chinese characteristics in the new era.
As it forms the superstructure, the system which comprises the functions of Party and government institutions is an important component of socialism with Chinese characteristics, and should be improved constantly in line with the development of productive forces and changes in the economic base. Since the founding of the People’s Republic of China in 1949, China has, under the leadership of the CPC, established the basic socialist system, and gradually developed a unique system which comprises the functions of Party and government institutions. This system has played an important role in advancing China’s socialist development. Since reform and opening up began in 1978, in line with the requirements for developing a socialist market economy, the CPC has actively advanced the reform of Party and government institutions to continually optimize and gradually standardize their functions in all aspects, thus providing a strong boost for reform, opening up, and socialist modernization. As Chinese socialism has entered a new era, the functions of Party and government institutions must conform to the requirements for developing Chinese socialism in this new era. However, it should be noted that, at present, the setup and functions of Party and government institutions do not entirely meet the requirements for the coordinated advancement of the five-pronged overall plan and the “Four Comprehensives” strategy, or for the modernization of China’s governance systems and capacity. Therefore, we must boost the reform of Party and government institutions in accordance with the requirements for upholding and developing Chinese socialism.
（二）深化党和国家机构改革是加强党的长期执政能力建设的必然要求。中国共产党领导是中国特色社会主义最本质的特征。党和国家机构职能体系是我们党治国理政的重要保障，是确保党始终总揽全局、协调各方的重要依托。我们党要顺利推进新时代中国特色社会主义各项事业，更好领导人民进行伟大斗争、建设伟大工程、推进伟大事业、实现伟大梦想，必须从组织机构上发挥党的领导这个最大制度优势，把党的领导贯彻落实到党和国家机关全面正确履行职责的各领域各环节，从制度上保证党的长期执政和国家长治久安。当前，一些领域党的机构设置和职能配置还不够健全有力，保障党的全面领导、推进全面从严治党的体制机制有待完善。加强党的长期执政能力建设、推进全面从严治党，迫切要求深化党和国家机构改革，完善保证党的全面领导的制度安排，改进党的领导方式和执政方式，提高党把方向、谋大局、定政策、促改革的能力和定力。
2. Furthering the reform of Party and government institutions is a necessary requirement for strengthening the Party’s long-term governance capacity.
The leadership of the CPC is the defining feature of Chinese socialism. The system which comprises the functions of Party and government institutions is an important guarantee for our Party’s governance, and an important foundation that ensures our Party exercises overall leadership and coordinates overall initiatives. If our Party is to smoothly carry out all undertakings of Chinese socialism in the new era and better lead the Chinese people in carrying out our great struggle, developing our great project, advancing our great cause, and realizing our great dream, it is essential that we give play to the leadership of the CPC – our greatest institutional advantage – in our organizations and institutions. We must then apply this advantage in all areas and aspects so that Party and government fully and correctly perform their duties and their institutions provide guarantees for the long-term governance of the CPC and lasting stability of the country. At present, the Party’s institutional setup and functions in some areas have yet to be improved and strengthened, and the systems and mechanisms for guaranteeing overall Party leadership and promoting full and strict governance over the Party have yet to be enhanced. In order to strengthen the Party’s long-term governance capacity and ensure full and strict governance over the Party, there is a pressing need to further the reform of Party and government institutions, to improve institutional arrangements for ensuring overall Party leadership, to refine the way our Party leads and governs, and to enhance our Party’s capacity and resolve to chart the direction, exercise overall governance, formulate policies, and facilitate reform.
（三）深化党和国家机构改革是社会主义制度自我完善和发展的必然要求。完善和发展中国特色社会主义制度、推进国家治理体系和治理能力现代化是全面深化改革的总目标。深化机构改革作为全面深化改革的重要内容，对各领域改革发挥着体制支撑和保障作用。党的十八大以来，在以习近平同志为核心的党中央坚强领导下，坚决破除各方面体制机制弊端，重要领域和关键环节改革取得突破性进展，中国特色社会主义制度更加完善。但必须看到，要从根本上解决发展中的许多深层次矛盾和问题，巩固和发展已取得的改革成果，必须将改革深入到机构层面。目前，我国一些领域党政机构重叠、职责交叉、权责脱节问题比较突出；一些政府机构设置和职责划分不够科学，职责缺位和效能不高问题凸显，政府职能转变还不到位；一些领域中央和地方机构职能上下一般粗，权责划分不尽合理等。要解决这些问题，必须深化党和国家机构改革，为经济、社会、政治、文化、生态文明等领域改革持续深化、攻坚克难提供体制支撑和保障。
3. Furthering the reform of Party and government institutions is a necessary requirement for self-improvement and development of the socialist system.
Improving and developing the system of Chinese socialism and advancing the modernization of China’s governance systems and capacity are the overall objectives of comprehensively continuing reform. As an important aspect of this effort, furthering institutional reform serves as an institutional support and guarantee for reforms in various areas. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, under the leadership of the CPC Central Committee led by Xi Jinping, institutional barriers have been removed in all areas and breakthroughs made in key areas, further improving China’s socialist system. However, it should be noted that, it is essential that we take our reform to the institutional level if we are to fundamentally resolve deep-rooted conflicts and problems in development and bolster and build on achievements in reform. At present, problems whereby some Party and government institutions have overlapping responsibilities or their powers and responsibilities are not well matched are relatively prominent. Another prominent issue is that the institutional setup and division of responsibilities in some government institutions are illogical, leading to dereliction of responsibilities and low efficiency, and the transformation of government functions is not yet where it should be. Also at issue is that the functions of some local institutions are exactly the same as their counterparts at the central level, and the division of power and responsibility is irrational. In order to resolve these problems, we must boost the reform of Party and government institutions to provide institutional support and guarantees for continuing reform and overcoming difficulties in the economic, social, political, cultural, and ecological realms.
（四）深化党和国家机构改革是实现“两个一百年”奋斗目标、建设社会主义现代化国家、实现中华民族伟大复兴的必然要求。为实现“两个一百年”奋斗目标，党的十九大作出新时代中国特色社会主义发展的战略安排，即到2020年，全面建成小康社会；到2035年，基本实现社会主义现代化；到本世纪中叶，把我国建成富强民主文明和谐美丽的社会主义现代化强国。实现第一个百年奋斗目标，党和国家机构职能必须为解决突出矛盾，打好防范化解重大风险、精准脱贫、污染防治的攻坚战提供保障；同时，实现第二个百年奋斗目标，又必须注重解决事关长远的体制机制问题。但要看到，目前我国机构设置和职能配置还不适应实现“两个一百年”奋斗目标的要求，特别是基层机构设置和权力配置有待完善，组织群众、服务群众能力需要进一步提高；群团组织政治性、先进性、群众性需要增强等。这就迫切要求深化党和国家机构改革，科学配置机构职能、完善体制机制，为决胜全面建成小康社会、开启全面建设社会主义现代化国家新征程、实现中华民族伟大复兴的中国梦提供有力制度保障。
4. Furthering the reform of Party and government institutions is a necessary requirement for achieving the “Two Centenary Goals,” developing a modern socialist country, and realizing national rejuvenation.
In order to achieve the “Two Centenary Goals,” the 19th National Congress of the CPC made strategic arrangements for developing Chinese socialism in the new era – building China into a moderately prosperous society by 2020, basically realizing socialist modernization by 2035, and developing China into a great modern socialist country that is prosperous, strong, democratic, culturally advanced, harmonious, and beautiful by the middle of the 21st century. To achieve the first centenary goal, the functions of Party and government institutions must provide guarantees that ensure tough steps are taken to forestall and defuse major risks, carry out targeted poverty alleviation, and prevent and control pollution with a view to resolving prominent problems. Meanwhile, to achieve the second centenary goal, we must focus on resolving institutional issues that have a long-term bearing. However, it should be noted that the setup and functions of our Party and government institutions have yet to meet the requirements for achieving the “Two Centenary Goals.” In particular, we have yet to improve the setup and use of power in community-level institutions, and their capacity to organize and serve the general public needs to be raised. Also, people’s organizations need to strengthen their political consciousness, become more advanced, and better represent the people. Thus, we urgently need to boost the reform of Party and government institutions, rationally define the functions of these institutions, and improve relevant systems and mechanisms. Doing so will provide strong institutional guarantees for securing moderate prosperity throughout society, embarking on a new journey to build a thoroughly modern socialist country, and realizing the Chinese dream of national rejuvenation.
二、准确把握这场深刻变革的鲜明特征
II. Accurately grasping the distinctive features of this profound transformation
习近平总书记在十九大报告中明确要求，坚决破除一切不合时宜的思想观念和体制机制弊端，突破利益固化的藩篱，吸收人类文明有益成果，构建系统完备、科学规范、运行有效的制度体系，充分发挥我国社会主义制度优越性。这次深化党和国家机构改革的举措充分体现了习近平总书记的重要要求，具有以下鲜明特征。
In the report to the 19th National Congress of the CPC, General Secretary Xi Jinping made clear the requirements that we get rid of all outdated thinking and ideas and all institutional barriers, break through the blockades of vested interests, and draw on the achievements of other civilizations so as to develop a set of institutions that are well conceived, fully built, procedure based, and efficiently functioning, and do full justice to the strengths of China’s socialist system. Fully embodying the major requirements that General Secretary Xi has set forth, the measures to further the reform of Party and government institutions have the following distinctive features.
（一）加强党的全面领导是核心问题。党政军民学，东西南北中，党是领导一切的。《决定》明确提出，加强党对各领域各方面工作领导，是深化党和国家机构改革的首要任务。为完善坚持党的全面领导的制度，《决定》要求，一是建立健全党对重大工作的领导体制机制。首先要加强党对涉及党和国家事业全局的重大工作的集中统一领导。优化党中央决策议事协调机构。加强和优化党对深化改革、依法治国、经济、农业农村、纪检监察、组织、宣传思想文化、国家安全、政法、统战、民族宗教、教育、科技、网信、外交、审计等工作的领导。其他方面的议事协调机构，要同党中央决策议事协调机构的设立调整相衔接。二是强化党的组织在同级组织中的领导地位，更好发挥党总揽全局、协调各方作用。三是更好发挥党的职能部门作用，加强归口协调职能，统筹本系统本领域工作。四是统筹设置党政机构，党的有关机构可以同职能相近、联系紧密的其他部门统筹设置，实行合并设立或合署办公。五是推进党的纪律检查体制和国家监察体制改革，组建国家、省、市、县监察委员会，实现对所有行使公权力的公职人员监察全覆盖。
1. The core issue of this reform is to strengthen overall Party leadership.
The Party exercises overall leadership over all areas of endeavor in the country. The Decision clarifies that strengthening Party leadership in all areas and aspects of work is the primary task for continuing the reform of Party and government institutions. In order to improve and uphold the system of overall Party leadership, the Decision sets forth the following requirements. First, it requires that we establish and improve the systems and mechanisms for Party leadership over major initiatives. To do so, we should start by strengthening centralized and unified leadership of the Party over major initiatives that have an overall bearing on the undertakings of the Party and the country. The Decision also stipulates that we optimize the CPC Central Committee’s bodies for decision-making, deliberation, and coordination. Further, it requires that we strengthen and optimize the Party’s leadership over tasks regarding the reform, the rule of law, the economy, agriculture and rural areas, disciplinary inspection, organization, communication and culture, national security, the judiciary, the united front, ethnic groups and religion, education, science and technology, the Internet and IT, diplomacy, and auditing. Bodies for deliberation and coordination in other areas should be established or adjusted in conformity with the CPC Central Committee’s structure for decision-making, deliberation, and coordination. Second, it stipulates that we strengthen the leadership role of Party organizations over other organizations at the same level, and better exert the role of the Party in exercising overall leadership and coordinating overall initiatives. Third, it requires that we give better play to the role of the Party’s functional departments in coordinating the work of other institutions in the same sector or area. Fourth, it requires that we coordinate the establishment of Party and government institutions. Party institutions can be established in coordination with other closely related institutions that have similar functions, so that they merge with one another or work together as one office while keeping separate identities. Fifth, it stipulates that we advance reform of the Party’s disciplinary inspection system and the national supervision system, and establish supervisory commissions at the national, provincial, municipal, and county levels, so as to ensure that supervision covers everyone working in the public sector who exercises public power.
（二）改革范围的全面性是突出特点。与以往机构改革主要涉及政府机构和行政体制不同，这次机构改革是全面的改革，包括党、政府、人大、政协、司法、群团、社会组织、事业单位、跨军地，中央和地方各层级机构。除完善坚持党的全面领导的制度外，一是优化政府机构设置和职能配置。要求合理配置宏观管理部门职能，深入推进简政放权，完善市场监管和执法体制，改革自然资源和生态环境管理体制，完善公共服务管理体制，强化事中事后监管。二是统筹党政军群机构改革。要求完善党政机构布局，深化人大、政协和司法机构改革，深化群团组织改革，推进社会组织改革，加快推进事业单位改革，深化跨军地改革。三是合理设置地方机构。要求确保集中统一领导，赋予省级及以下机构更多自主权，构建简约高效的基层管理体制，规范垂直管理体制和地方分级管理体制等。
2. A prominent feature of this reform is its full coverage.
Different from previous institutional reforms that mainly dealt with government institutions and administrative systems, the current institutional reform is comprehensive, covering Party institutions, government institutions, the people’s congresses, the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC), judicial institutions, people’s organizations, social organizations, government-affiliated institutions, military and civilian institutions, and institutions at all levels from central to local. In addition to improving and upholding the system for overall Party leadership, the Decision calls us to focus our efforts on the following three aspects. First, it requires that we optimize the setup and functions of government institutions. To do so, we need to rationally define the functions of departments for macroeconomic management, further streamline government administration and delegate power, improve market oversight and relevant law enforcement systems, reform the systems for managing natural resources and the environment, improve the systems for managing public services, and enhance ongoing and ex-post supervision. Second, it stipulates that we coordinate the reforms of Party, government, military, and public institutions. To do so, we need to improve the setup of Party and government institutions, further reform of the people’s congresses, the CPPCC, judicial institutions, and people’s organizations, advance the reform of social organizations, step up the reform of government-affiliated institutions, and further the reform of military and civilian institutions. Third, it requires the rational setup of local institutions. To do so, we need to ensure centralized and unified leadership, endow institutions at the provincial level and below with greater autonomy, establish community-level management systems that are simple and highly efficient, and standardize the vertical management system and tiered management system at the local level.
（三）改革的深度具有革命性。这次改革之所以具有革命性，就在于不回避权力和利益调整，而是要对现有的传统既得利益进行整合，重塑新的利益格局。《决定》提出，要坚决破除制约使市场在资源配置中起决定性作用、更好发挥政府作用的体制机制弊端，围绕推动高质量发展，建设现代化经济体系，加强和完善政府经济调节、市场监管、社会管理、公共服务、生态环境保护职能，调整优化政府机构职能。如明确要求减少微观管理事务和具体审批事项，最大限度减少政府对市场资源的直接配置，最大限度减少政府对市场活动的直接干预。放宽服务业准入限制，全面实施市场准入负面清单制度。设立国有自然资源资产管理和自然生态监管机构，完善生态环境管理制度，统一行使全民所有自然资源资产所有者职责，统一行使所有国土空间用途管制和生态保护修复职责，统一行使监管城乡各类污染排放和行政执法职责。加快实施政社分开，克服社会组织行政化倾向。实现政事分开，不再设立承担行政职能的事业单位。面向社会提供公益服务的事业单位，逐步推进管办分离，强化公益属性，破除逐利机制。
3. The reform is revolutionary.
As it does not avoid making adjustments regarding power and interests, and instead rebalances existing vested interests to create a new framework of interests, this reform is revolutionary in nature. The Decision points out that we need to resolutely remove institutional barriers that restrain the market from playing the decisive role in resource allocation and the government from better exercising its designated functions. Furthermore, with a view to promoting high-quality development to establish a modern economic system, it pointed out the need to strengthen and improve the role of the government in economic regulation, market oversight, social management, public services, and environmental protection, and adjust and optimize government functions. The following are specific requirements laid out in the Decision document. It explicitly requires reducing micromanagement and the number of items subject to government approval, as well as minimizing the government’s direct allocation of market resources and direct intervention in economic activities. The Decision also requires that we relax restrictions on entry into service industries, and fully implement a market access system based on negative lists. It requires that we establish regulatory agencies to manage state-owned natural resource assets and monitor natural ecosystems, and improve environmental management systems. These agencies will, in a unified way, perform the duties of the owner of public-owned natural resource assets, the duties of regulating the use of all territorial space and protecting and restoring ecosystems, and the duties of monitoring the discharge of all pollutants in urban and rural areas and conducting administrative law enforcement. The Decision requires that we step up the separation of government functions from social organizations, and address the tendency of social organizations becoming quasi-government institutions. It requires that we relieve public institutions of government functions, and no longer establish public institutions that perform administrative functions. As for public institutions that provide services to society, we will let them run their own day-to-day operations while maintaining supervision over them, and see that they focus on serving public interests instead of merely seeking profits.
（四）改革的设计体现了科学性。科学性是关系到整个改革方案是否符合实际需要、是否符合客观规律，从而决定改革成败的关键。针对我国机构编制科学化相对滞后，一些领域权力运行制约和监督机制不够完善等问题，《决定》坚持优化协同高效原则，强调必须优化党和国家机构设置和职能配置。一是坚持一类事项原则上由一个部门统筹、一件事情原则上由一个部门负责，加强相关机构配合联动，避免政出多门、责任不明、推诿扯皮。二是要求精干设置各级政府部门及其内设机构，科学配置权力，减少机构数量，简化中间层次，推行扁平化管理，形成自上而下的高效率组织体系。三是明确要求正确理解和落实党政职责分工，理顺党政机构职责关系，保证党实施集中统一领导，保证其他机构协同联动、高效运行。要求减少多头管理，减少职责分散交叉。四是组建退役军人管理保障机构，协调各方面力量，更好为退役军人服务。五是省、市、县各级涉及党中央集中统一领导和国家法制统一、政令统一、市场统一的机构职能要基本对应；把直接面向基层、量大面广、由地方实施更为便捷有效的经济社会管理事项下放给地方。允许地方因地制宜设置机构和配置职能，既允许“一对多”，也允许“多对一”。
4. The reform boasts rational design.
The rationality of a reform plan determines whether or not it conforms to actual needs and objective laws, and is thus crucial to determining the success of reform. In response to issues such as irrational institutional configurations and ineffective mechanisms for restricting and monitoring the exercise of power in some areas, the Decision maintains the principles of optimization, coordination, and high efficiency, and emphasizes the necessity of optimizing the setup and functions of Party and government institutions. On this matter, it first stipulates that we ensure that, in principle, one matter or one type of matter is dealt with by one department, and that we enhance collaboration between relevant institutions in an effort to prevent one policy from being formulated by multiple institutions, ensure responsibilities of these institutions are clearly defined, and prevent institutions from shirking their duties. Second, it requires that we streamline the establishment of government departments at all levels and their internal institutions, rationally allocate powers, and cut the number of institutions by reducing intermediary levels and promoting horizontal modes of management, thereby creating a top-down, highly efficient organizational system. Third, it requires that we correctly understand and implement the division between Party and government duties, straighten out the relationship between the duties of Party and government institutions, and ensure that the Party exercises centralized and unified leadership with other institutions running efficiently in coordination. It also stipulates that we reduce overlapping in administration and fragmented and overlapping duties. Fourth, it requires that we establish an administration for veterans, and mobilize various sectors to better serve veterans. Fifth, for institutions at provincial, municipal, and county levels, it requires that their functions basically correspond with one another in the following regards: the centralized and unified leadership of the CPC Central Committee, and the unity of the legal system, government directives, and the market. At the same time, it allows for the delegation to local governments of economic and social management of direct concern to local communities in an extensive range of areas which local authorities are better positioned to administer. Local governments are allowed to set up institutions and define their functions in light of local conditions – a given institution may take on tasks assigned by multiple institutions at the upper level, and multiple institutions may report to one institution at the upper level.
（五）改革的成果要法定化。通过法定化把改革成果固化、制度化，是这些年推进改革的成功做法。《决定》指出，机构编制法定化是深化党和国家机构改革的重要保障。针对我国机构编制规范化、法定化相对滞后，机构编制管理方式有待改进等问题，《决定》明确要求推进机构编制法定化。要依法管理各类组织机构，加快推进机构、职能、权限、程序、责任法定化。一是完善党和国家机构法规制度。加强党内法规制度建设，研究制定机构编制法，增强“三定”规定严肃性和权威性。全面推行政府部门权责清单制度，实现权责清单同“三定”规定有机衔接，规范和约束履职行为。二是强化机构编制管理刚性约束。强化党对机构编制工作的集中统一领导，统筹使用各类编制资源，加大部门间、地区间编制统筹调配力度。严格执行机构限额、领导职数、编制种类和总量等规定。严格控制编外聘用人员。三是加大机构编制违纪违法行为查处力度，严肃追责问责。
5. The outcomes of this reform will be codified into law.
Consolidating and institutionalizing reform achievements via codification has been a successful practice in recent years of reform. The Decision points out that the codification of institutional configurations into law is an important guarantee for bolstering the reform of Party and government institutions. Given that our institutional configurations have yet to be standardized and codified into law and that their management has yet to be improved, the Decision explicitly requires that we promote the codification of institutional configurations into law. It stipulates that we manage all types of organizations and institutions in accordance with the law, and work to codify their structure, functions, powers, procedures, and responsibilities into law. On this matter, it first requires that we improve rules and regulations regarding Party and government institutions. This necessitates further developing Party regulations, working on the formulation of a law governing institutional configurations, and enhancing the authority of regulations that designate duties, institutions, and personnel. It also requires that we promote the system for listing the powers and obligations of government departments across the board, and link the list of powers and obligations with the regulations that designate duties, institutions, and personnel in an effort to standardize and restrict the performance of duties. Second, it requires that we intensify constraints on the management of institutional configurations. It raises the need to strengthen the Party’s centralized and unified leadership over tasks concerning institutional configurations, coordinate the use of various resources in this regard, and enhance the coordination and allocation of resources for institutional configurations between different departments and regions. It requires that we strictly implement regulations regarding the specified quotas on institutions, the number of posts for leading official, and the type and total number of staff. It also stipulates that we strictly control the number of auxiliary staff. Third, it requires stronger punishment for unlawful activities and disciplinary violations in institutional configurations, and that we hold those responsible strictly to account.
三、切实保障机构改革的有效推进
III. Feasibly guaranteeing the effective advancement of institutional reform
深化党和国家机构改革是一个系统工程，任务艰巨复杂，组织实施难度大。我们必须坚持稳中求进工作总基调，坚持正确改革方向，把思想和行动统一到习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想上来，统一到党中央关于深化党和国家机构改革的决策部署上来，增强“四个意识”，坚定“四个自信”，坚决维护以习近平同志为核心的党中央权威和集中统一领导，把握好改革发展稳定关系，坚定信心，抓住机遇，有重点地解决阶段性突出矛盾，把工作做深做细，不折不扣把深化机构改革的要求落到实处。
Continuing the reform of Party and government institutions is a systematic project that involves arduous and complex tasks and faces great difficulties in its implementation. With a commitment to the general principle of pursuing progress while ensuring stability, we must stick to the right direction in reform, and align our thoughts and actions with Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era and with the CPC Central Committee’s decisions and arrangements to further the reform of Party and government institutions. We must be more conscious of the need to maintain political integrity, think in big-picture terms, follow the leadership core, and keep in alignment. We also need to strengthen our confidence in the path, theory, system, and culture of socialism with Chinese characteristics, and firmly safeguard the authority and centralized, unified leadership of the CPC Central Committee with Xi Jinping at the core. We need to balance the relationship between reform, development, and stability, solidify confidence and seize opportunities, focus on resolving outstanding problems at the current stage, make in-depth and meticulous efforts, and fully satisfy the requirements for continuing institutional reform.
（一）加强党的领导。深化党和国家机构改革是当前党和国家政治生活中的一件大事。必须充分发挥党在改革发展稳定大局中的领导核心作用，以党的政治优势来引领和推进这项重大改革。党中央统一领导深化党和国家机构改革工作，发挥统筹协调、整体推进、督促落实作用。要增强改革的系统性、整体性、协同性，加强党政军群各方面机构改革配合，使各项改革相互促进、相得益彰，形成总体效应。各地区各部门要坚决落实党中央确定的深化党和国家机构改革任务，党委和政府要履行主体责任，做到敢于负责，敢于碰硬。
1. We need to strengthen CPC leadership.
Currently, carrying forward the reform of Party and government institutions is a major event in the political affairs of the Party and the country. We must give full play to the CPC’s central role as the leader of reform, development, and stability, and use the CPC’s political advantages to lead and promote this major reform. The CPC Central Committee will exercise unified leadership over the initiatives to further the reform of Party and government institutions, and act as a coordinator, overall promoter, and supervisor in the implementation of this reform. We need to make our reform initiatives more systematic, holistic, and coordinated, and enhance the coordination between the reforms of Party, government, military, and public institutions, so that all these reforms are mutually reinforcing and mutually complementary and produce overall effects. All provincial authorities and central departments should firmly implement the reform tasks set out by the CPC Central Committee, and all Party committees and governments should fulfill their principal obligations with the courage to take responsibilities and to tackle tough issues.
（二）依法有序落实改革方案。机构改革的各项要求最终都要体现在改革方案上。各地区各部门要认真落实中央确定的改革方案，做到蹄疾步稳。实施机构改革方案需要制定或修改法律法规的，要及时启动相关程序。各部门在制定“三定”等具体实施方案中，特别是涉及机构职能调整的部门要讲大局，自觉服从中央决定，确保机构职能等按要求及时调整到位，抓紧完成转隶交接，不允许搞变通、拖延改革。在党中央统一部署下启动中央、省级机构改革，省以下机构改革在省级机构改革基本完成后开展，梯次推进。
2. We need to implement reform plans in a law-based and orderly manner.
All requirements for the institutional reform will eventually be manifested in reform plans. All provincial authorities and central departments should earnestly implement the reform plans identified by the CPC Central Committee at a swift and steady pace. When implementing the reform plans, if certain laws or regulations need to be formulated or revised, relevant procedures must be launched promptly. When formulating implementation plans to define duties, institutions, and personnel, all departments, especially those affected by the adjustment of institutional functions, must see the bigger picture, consciously comply with the decisions of the CPC Central Committee, ensure that their institutional functions are adjusted accordingly in a timely and sufficient manner, and promptly complete employee transfers – bending the rules or postponing the reform is not allowed. Institutional reform at central and provincial levels will be launched under unified arrangement of the CPC Central Committee, while reform below the provincial level will be launched in stages after reform at the provincial level is nearing completion.
（三）充分发挥中央和地方两个积极性。我国幅员辽阔、人口众多，各级各地情况千差万别。一方面，要加强中央的集中统一领导，加强顶层设计、整体谋划，条件成熟的加大力度突破，条件暂不具备的先行试点，做好与其他各领域改革的衔接，做到全国一盘棋，行动一致；另一方面，也要充分考虑各地实际，调动和发挥地方积极性和创造性，鼓励地方和基层结合当地实际，因地制宜积极探索。对具有普遍意义的做法，要总结经验，及时在全国推广。
3. We need to give full play to the initiative of both the central and local governments.
China is a vast and populous country with significant disparities between various administrative levels and geographical regions. On the one hand, we need to strengthen the centralized and unified leadership of the CPC Central Committee, enhance top-level design and overall planning, endeavor to make breakthroughs where necessary conditions are ripe, and carry out trials where such conditions are not yet fully in place. We also need to coordinate institutional reform with reforms in other fields, so as to ensure overall planning and nationwide concerted efforts. On the other hand, we need to take into account the actual conditions of different regions, unleash and give play to the enthusiasm and creativity of local governments, and encourage local governments and communities to make active explorations in light of local conditions. As for practices that are universally applicable, we will draw on these experiences and implement them on a nationwide basis as soon as practicable.
（四）做好扎实细致的具体实施工作。深化机构改革涉及部门和个人利益调整，改革方案的具体实施工作富有挑战性。有的机构调整，方案出台后几个月内就要落实到位；有的改革，可能需要一定时间，这都需要把工作做细做实。各级党委和政府要履行对深化党和国家机构改革的领导责任，研究解决机构改革过程中出现的新情况新问题，加强思想政治工作，对涉及的部门和个人，要做好耐心细致的解释教育工作，做到思想不乱、队伍不散、运转正常。有关部门要正确引导社会舆论，做好宣传解读和答疑释惑，营造良好社会环境，确保各项工作平稳有序有效推进。
4. We need to ensure concrete and meticulous efforts in implementing reform plans.
Since furthering institutional reform entails the rebalancing of departmental and personal interests, the implementation of relevant reform plans is a truly challenging job. Some of the institutional adjustments should be fully implemented several months after the reform plan is promulgated, while others may require a longer period of time, and both situations entail meticulous and concrete efforts. Party committees and governments at all levels need to play a leading role in the reform of Party and government institutions, study and resolve new situations and new problems that emerge during the process, enhance political work, and patiently provide explanations for the departments and individuals influenced by this reform. Doing so will ensure that these departments and individuals understand the rationale behind the reforms, that the original staff members do not disperse themselves, and that their operations continue as normal. Relevant departments should exert positive influence on public opinion through effective communication, policy explanation, and clearing up of doubts, with a view to creating a favorable social environment and ensuring all reform initiatives are carried out in a steady, orderly, and effective manner.
