The Referendum on Europe: Opportunity or Threat?
– Speech by Sir John Major at Chatham House文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/2122.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/2122.html
February 28, 2017文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/2122.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/2122.html
Well, DeAnne, thank you. And good evening, everyone.文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/2122.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/2122.html
Eight…eight months ago, a majority of voters opted to leave the European Union. I believed then – as I do now – that was an historic mistake, but it was one – once asked – that the British nation had every right to make. The Government can’t ignore that decision and must now shape a new future for our country. Some changes may be beneficial; others may not. A hard Brexit – which is where we appear to be heading – is high risk. Some will gain, others will lose. Many outcomes are going to be very different from present expectations. We will find, to take but one example, that – for all the social pressure for immigration control – economically, we will need their skills of immigrants.文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/2122.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/2122.html
The Referendum was probably one of the most divisive votes in all British history. It not only divided the four nations of our United Kingdom, but opened up divisions within those nations, within political parties, within neighbourhoods, within families, between age and income groups, and among friends. It won’t be easy to heal those divisions and unite our nations. Yet that is what we need to do.文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/2122.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/2122.html
In Scotland, I believe a hard Brexit will encourage a second referendum on independence. This may seem improbable at this moment, but it would be reckless to ignore the risk. As we saw last June, emotion and national pride can overcome economic self-interest. If Scotland were to become independent, both Scotland and the whole of the United Kingdom would be diminished. That cannot be ignored as Brexit evolves.
And of course, the same is true of Northern Ireland. Many, many years of painstaking effort went into the Irish Peace Process, which, even apart from Brexit, is now in a fragile moment. Uncertainties over border restrictions between Ulster and the Republic are a serious threat – a threat to the UK, to the peace process, and for Ireland, both North and South. A special deal is going to be necessary. I will return to those important issues on another occasion.
As I voted on the losing side in the Referendum, I have kept silent since last June. This evening, I don’t wish to argue that the European Union is perfect. Plainly, it isn’t. Nor do I deny the economy has been more tranquil than expected since the decision to leave was taken.
But, I do observe that we haven’t yet left the European Union, and I have watched with growing concern as the British people have been led to expect a future that seems to be unreal and over-optimistic. Obstacles are brushed aside as if no consequence, whilst opportunities are inflated beyond any reasonable expectation of delivery.
Now, I am no longer in politics. I have absolutely no wish to re-enter it in any capacity. I do not seek publicity – more often than not, I shy away from it.
But I can’t ignore what I learned in Government. Nor can I forget the people who voted to leave Europe in the belief that it might improve their lives. If events go badly, their expectations will not be met, and whole communities will be worse off. The particular fear I have is that those most likely to be hurt will be those least able to protect themselves.
So, I have two objectives this evening: to offer a reality check on our national prospects; and to warn against an over-optimism that – if it is unachieved – will sow further distrust between politics and the public – at a time when trust needs to be rebuilt. It would be better to underplay rather than overplay expectations.
The post-referendum debate has been deeply dispiriting.
After decades of campaigning, the anti-Europeans won their battle to take Britain out of Europe. But in the afterglow of victory, their cheerleaders have shown a disregard that amounts to contempt for the 48 per cent who believed that future was more secure within the European Union.
Remain voters are of all political persuasions, and of none. Over recent months, many of them have written to me in dismay – even despair.
They are people from every walk of life who have every right to their view, every right to express it, and every right to have their opinion represented and tested in Parliament.
This 48% care no less for our country than the 52 per cent who voted to leave. They are every bit as patriotic. But they take a different view of Britain’s future role in the world, and are deeply worried for themselves, for their families, and for our country.
They simply don’t deserve to be told that, since the decision has been taken, they must keep quiet and toe the line. A popular triumph at the polls – even in a referendum – does not take away the right to disagree – nor the right to express that dissent.
Freedom of speech is absolute in our country. It’s not “arrogant” or “brazen” or “elitist”, or remotely “delusional” to express concern about our future after Brexit. And nor, by doing so, is this group undermining the will of the people: they are the people. Shouting down their legitimate comment is against all our traditions of tolerance. It does nothing to inform and everything to demean – and it is time that it stopped.
Our Parliament exists to scrutinise the Executive. That’s a large part of its job. So, it is depressing to see “Leave” enthusiasts in Parliament acting against their own principles. To win the Referendum, they asserted the sovereignty of our own Parliament: now, they speak and vote to deny that same Parliament any meaningful role in shaping, in overseeing, or in approving the outcome of our negotiations in Europe. Our Parliament is not a rubber stamp – and shouldn’t be treated as if it were.
As a former Parliamentarian, I believe the negotiations to come are so crucial to our nation’s future that the Government would be wise to take frequent account of public opinion through Parliamentary debate.
Now, of course – don’t misunderstand me – of course, neither Parliament nor public can micro-manage the negotiations. We must trust Ministers to do so. And they must have flexibility as they do so.
But Parliament must be free to debate and comment and advise. For it not to do so would be wrong in principle; it would also be unwise politically if – as it might – the will of the people evolves, and the reality of Brexit becomes unpopular.
The hopes of those who favoured leaving the European Union are sky-high. We are told, I quote, that countries “are queueing up to do trade deals with us”; that “our best days lie ahead”.
It all sounds very enticing. And – for the sake of our country – I hope the optimists are proved right. But I’m not sure they will be. My own experience of international negotiations – and the national self-interest that invariably accompanies them – makes me doubt the rosy confidence being offered to the British people.
Negotiations are all about “give” and “take”. We know what the Brexit supporters wish to take, yet we hear nothing about what our country may have to give in return. If anyone genuinely believes that Europe will concede all we wish for – and exact no price for doing so – then they are extraordinarily naïve.
As I consider the complexities that lie ahead, the words of Kipling come to mind:
“I keep six honest serving men
(They taught me all I knew);
Their names are What and Why and When,
And How and Where and Who.”
It is the detail – the what and the why, the when and the how, and the where and the who – that is key to the success of these negotiations. And to avoid later recriminations, the British public needs to be made aware now of the hurdles ahead and what different outcomes will mean for their future.
Let me turn directly to the politics of exit.
Leaving the European Union isn’t just about trade. It will have political consequences as well. For over forty years, British foreign policy has been based upon the twin pillars of our relations with the United States and with the European Union. To be straddled between these two economic and political giants has served our interests well.
Outside the European Union, we become far more dependent upon the United States and – for four and possibly eight years – upon a President less predictable, less reliable and less attuned to our free market and socially liberal instincts than any of his predecessors.
As a boy, I was taught that America was our greatest ally and – throughout my life – I have seen her as so.
But America’s size and power means that we are, by far, the junior partner: mostly we follow – only rarely can we lead. And despite the romantic view of committed Atlanticists, the “special relationship” is not a union of equals. I wish it were, but it isn’t; America dwarfs the United Kingdom in economic and military power. Sadly, that is a fact.
Once we are out of the European Union, our relationship with the United States will change. She needs a close ally inside the European Union: once outside, that can no longer be us.
And that may not be the only change. If we disagree with American policy, we may – I say, may – weaken our ties with them. But if we support it slavishly, we become seen as an American echo – an invidious role for a nation that has broken free from Europe to become more independent.
And – inevitably – such is a life in politics, there will be disagreements with the United States: the US wish to contain China and engage Russia; we wish to contain Russia and engage China.
We seem likely to disagree on refugees, on free trade, on the legality of Jewish settlements, and on climate change. How many disagreements can there be before even the closest of ties begin to fray?
Until now, the world has seen the United Kingdom as a leader within Europe. We are the second largest economy, with hopes of one day – maybe fifteen years away – but one day of overtaking Germany. We are one of only two nations with significant nuclear and military power. We have the widest and deepest foreign policy reach of any European nation.
So, in Europe, we have often set policy: the Single Market; enlargement to the East; restraints upon expenditure – together with a host of less prominent policies. Our role within Europe has magnified the power of our nation state. Once we leave, that will no longer be so.
Now, the Prime Minister knows all this: her policy to maintain a good relationship with Europe after exit is surely the right policy. But, at some time, she will have to face down those who favour total disengagement and who have never accepted our role within Europe.
For some, a total divorce has been a decades-long ambition. I believe they are utterly wrong. And although – today – they may be allies of the Prime Minister, the risk is that – tomorrow – they may not.
I am no dedicated Europhile. As DeAnne told you early, I said “No” to the Euro and “No” to Schengen on open borders. But I have never doubted the importance of cooperation with a successful Europe. And in voting to leave, we have done the European Unioin great harm. For the loss of the UK will weaken the European Union – especially when set against the superpowers of America and China. For the first time, the European Union is contracting and not expanding. It is about to become smaller and less relevant. And, without the United Kingdom, it may also change in character, becoming more protectionist and less of a pillar of free trade. Such a Europe would be damaging to British interests.
Our departure is also adding to domestic political problems across Europe. Britain has rejected the colossus of the European Union. This has energised the anti-European Union, anti-immigrant nationalists that are growing in number in France, in Germany, in Holland, in Italy, in Greece – and in other European countries.
None of these populist groups is sympathetic to the broadly tolerant and liberal instincts of the British. Nonetheless, …said, their pitch is straightforward. If Britain – sober, stable, moderate, reliable Britain, can break free of a repressive bureaucracy in Brussels, why, then “so can anyone”. It is a potent appeal.
I caution everyone to be wary of this sort of populism. It seems to be a mixture of bigotry, prejudice and intolerance. It scapegoats minorities. It is a poison in any political system – destroying civility and decency and understanding. Here in the UK, we should give it short shrift, for it’s not the people we are, nor the country we are.
Whatever grievances exist, the United Kingdom and Europe cannot ignore one another without mutual damage. As the Prime Minister has intimated, our future self-interest is to cooperate on all aspects of security, on terrorism; on crime.
We should take a common position on climate change, on human rights, and on representative democracy. We should continue to cooperate over the migrant surge to Europe and contain Russian misbehaviour.
The plain truth is this: irrespective of Brexit, the UK benefits from engagement with Europe – not isolation from Europe – and both parties have an interest in ensuring that is maintained.
My hunch is that, over the years ahead, the political price of leaving the European Union may turn out to be greater than the economic cost. That said – to protect our interests – the trade negotiations will require statesmanship of a very high order. There is a real risk that the outcome will fall well below the hopes and expectations that have been raised. Regrettably, I see little chance that we will be able to match the advantages of the Single Market in the negotiations to come.
In my own experience, the most successful results are obtained when talks are conducted with goodwill: it’s much, so much easier to reach an agreement with a friend than with a quarrelsome neighbour. But, behind the diplomatic civilities, the atmosphere is already sour. A little more charm, and a lot less cheap rhetoric, would do much to protect the interests of the United Kingdom. The negotiations will begin with the costs of disengagement. These could, could be politically explosive.
During the Referendum, the “Leave” campaign promised to, I quote, “take back control” of huge sums of money, and pay an additional £350 million a week to the NHS.
Many believed this, and yet the bitter irony is that the “divorce settlement” – that is, the costs of leaving Europe – may involve paying out much larger sums of money than this. The European Union Chief Negotiator has estimated that our bill for exit may total between €40 billion to €60 billion. Now, let me say immediately, I find that figure very contentious. But the bill will be substantial: it will billions, not millions, and very unpalatable. It will come as a shock to voters who were not forewarned of this – even in the recent White Paper. One Member of Parliament has referred to the estimated divorce payment as “a threat”, his argument being, I quote, “You pay to join a club but not to leave it”. Now of course, that is true; but when you leave any club, you are obliged to settle your debts, and that is what the European Union is going to expect the United Kingdom to do. There are liabilities to be met: pension costs, legacy costs, contingent liabilities, a proportional share of work-in-progress. The European Union will argue that we have a legal obligation to pay these bills.
They may be right, but the issue, frankly, is not clear-cut. Some of the European Union’s claims seem to me to be highly questionable and – unless there is a political agreement – any dispute may have to be resolved in Court. An agreement would be preferable and, if she sanctions one, the Prime Minister will deserve support against any criticism she may receive.
The European Union Chief Negotiator has also warned that the separation costs must be agreed before any detailed trade negotiations can even begin. I must say I doubt he will be able to sustain such a hard line if we are prepared to engage in constructive talks, but we shall see.
But if there is a stand-off – perhaps because of a backlash against the size of the exit bill – then trade talks may have to await a Court decision, be delayed indefinitely – or scrapped altogether. In either event, the faint hope of a comprehensive trade deal by Spring 2019 will have gone.
Without such a deal, three options arise: we can leave the European Union with a flimsy, inadequate deal hastily cobbled together; or we can seek a transitional relationship – perhaps for 3 to 5 years – for which, as non-members, we would have to pay. A minimum option would involve staying in the Customs Union and submitting to the jurisdiction of the European Court of Justice; or we can trade with the European Union on a WTO basis. The more one examines probabilities, the more contentious becomes the task of leaving. Some of the most committed Brexit supporters wish to have a clean break, and trade only under WTO rules. This would require tariffs on goods – with nothing to help services, and nothing to inhibit non-tariff barriers. This would not be a panacea; for the UK, it would be the worst possible outcome.
But – to those who wish to see us adapt to a deregulated, low-tax enterprise economy – it is an attractive option, and wholly consistent with their philosophy.
However, it has worrying implications for public services such as the National Health Service – and for the vulnerable who, I’m delighted to say, the Government has pledged to help…and I know how personally the Prime Minister is committed to this.
So there is a choice to be made, a price to be paid; we cannot move to a radical enterprise economy without moving away from a welfare state. Such a direction of policy, once understood by the public, would never command support. It would make all previous rows over social policy seem like a minor distraction.
A new trade deal with Europe will be hugely complex. No one should envy the Secretary of State and his negotiators. Some industries – cars, aerospace – hope for special, perhaps industry-to-industry deals for their exports to Europe. The difficulties of this are legion: the chances of success are slim – not least since the German Chancellor is likely to rule out sectoral deals. And even if she does not, WTO rules expect agreements to cover all trade, not just a few handpicked sectors.
Many practicalities arise: even a partial customs deal with Europe would not eliminate the need for country-of-origin certificates, or border checks, or certification that regulations are met, or other frustrations – none of which exist at present. And any deal we reach must be agreed by the other 27 nations of the European Union, each with their own national interests. No one can be certain how long this will take: a conclusion within two years is very, very, very optimistic. Business needs to factor this in to their plans.
And domestic political hurdles arise as well: if cars and aerospace were to get favourable deals, why not textiles and widgets? How would the Government soothe the ire of those not receiving preferential treatment? Nor will free trade deals with third countries be straightforward. Even the most attractive options come with political hazards.
In Washington, the Prime Minister discussed a deal with President Trump. Both Leaders were keen, which is excellent. But the omens are mixed.
Early actions confirm that President Trump has put protectionism at the heart of his trade policy. “America First” is more than a slogan. Tariffs between the US and the UK are already minimal: there is little scope for lowering them further. The UK runs a healthy trade surplus with America: President Trump may wish to narrow – or eliminate – that gap. That being so, British hopes shouldn’t be set too high. Nor will it be easy – or quick – to reach agreement on contentious issues such as medicine, or cars, or beef raised with growth hormones. In comes American beef; out go European subsidies. That isn’t going to be an easy sell to the beef industry.
And that of course, China and India are both attractive candidates for enhanced trade. But, in negotiation, India, for sure, India will seek immigration concessions for students and non-students alike which, prima facie, is in direct conflict with Government plans.
China, as I know from experience, is a tough negotiator, and will strike a hard bargain. As she is the largest trading partner to 120 countries, and the largest export market for 70 of them, a trade agreement with the United Kingdom may not, at this moment, be one of her main priorities.
The Government must also replicate the 53 free trade deals struck on our behalf by the European Union but only for members of the European Union. They must be renegotiated, all 53 of them. So far, after 8 months, only 12 are in play. There is a very, very long way to go, and the question arises: are 65 million Britons likely to get the same favourable outcome as 500 million Europeans?
I set out these difficulties, not because I don’t believe deals can be done – some most certainly can and will be done – but to be realistic about the timescale and the complexity of the huge task…the huge undertaking that lies ahead. It is crucial to business and to the public that our expectations are consistent with what can be delivered. It matters to the Government, too: Ministers must not over-promise.
In two years’ time, the United Kingdom will be the first nation to leave the European Union. This will be a real irony, as the first proposal for a European Union came not – as is generally supposed – from the Frenchman, Jean Monnet, but from an Englishman.
Three and a quarter centuries ago, in 1693, William Penn advocated a European “Dyet or Parliament” as a policy to end perpetual military conflict on the Continent. It took 280 years and two world wars to convince his fellow Britons. 43 years later, the British people reversed that decision. Let us hope – for the futures of our children and grandchildren, that they were right to do so.
Thank you very much.
