2016中国的航天文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/1477.html
China’s Space Activities in 2016文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/1477.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/1477.html
中华人民共和国国务院新闻办公室文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/1477.html
The State Council Information Office of the People’s Republic of China文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/1477.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/1477.html
2016年12月文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/1477.html
December 2016文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/1477.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/1477.html
目录文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/1477.html
Contents
前言
Preamble
一、发展宗旨、愿景与原则
I. Purposes, Vision and Principles of Development
二、2011年以来的主要进展
II. Major Developments Since 2011
三、未来五年的主要任务
III. Major Tasks for the Next Five Years
四、发展政策与措施
IV. Policies and Measures for Development
五、国际交流与合作
V. International Exchanges and Cooperation
结束语
Conclusion
前言
Preamble
航天是当今世界最具挑战性和广泛带动性的高科技领域之一，航天活动深刻改变了人类对宇宙的认知，为人类社会进步提供了重要动力。当前，越来越多的国家，包括广大发展中国家将发展航天作为重要战略选择，世界航天活动呈现蓬勃发展的景象。
Space activities make up one of the most challenging hi-tech fields which exert enormous impact on other fields. Space activities have greatly improved man’s knowledge of space, and provide an important driving force for social progress. Currently, more and more countries, including developing ones, are making the development of space activities an important strategic choice. Thus, space activities around the world are flourishing.
中国政府把发展航天事业作为国家整体发展战略的重要组成部分，始终坚持为和平目的探索和利用外层空间。中国航天事业自1956年创建以来，已走过60年光辉历程，创造了以“两弹一星”、载人航天、月球探测为代表的辉煌成就，走出了一条自力更生、自主创新的发展道路，积淀了深厚博大的航天精神。为传承航天精神、激发创新热情，中国政府决定，自2016年起，将每年4月24日设立为“中国航天日”。
The Chinese government takes the space industry as an important part of the nation’s overall development strategy, and adheres to the principle of exploration and utilization of outer space for peaceful purposes. Over the past 60 years of remarkable development since its space industry was established in 1956, China has made great achievements in this sphere, including the development of atomic and hydrogen bombs, missiles, man-made satellites, manned spaceflight and lunar probe. It has opened up a path of self-reliance and independent innovation, and has created the spirit of China’s space industry. To carry forward this spirit and stimulate enthusiasm for innovation, the Chinese government set April 24 as China’s Space Day in 2016.
“探索浩瀚宇宙，发展航天事业，建设航天强国，是我们不懈追求的航天梦。”未来五年及今后一个时期，中国将坚持创新、协调、绿色、开放、共享的发展理念，推动空间科学、空间技术、空间应用全面发展，为服务国家发展大局和增进人类福祉作出更大贡献。
“To explore the vast cosmos, develop the space industry and build China into a space power is a dream we pursue unremittingly.” In the next five years and beyond China will uphold the concepts of innovative, balanced, green, open and shared development, and promote the comprehensive development of space science, space technology and space applications, so as to contribute more to both serving national development and improving the well-being of mankind.
为进一步增进国际社会对中国航天事业的了解，特发表《2016中国的航天》白皮书，介绍2011年以来中国航天活动的主要进展、未来五年的主要任务以及国际交流与合作等情况。
To enable the world community to better understand China’s space industry, we are publishing this white paper to offer a brief introduction to the major achievements China has made in this field since 2011, its main tasks in the next five years, and its international exchanges and cooperation efforts.
一、发展宗旨、愿景与原则
I. Purposes, Vision and Principles of Development
（一）发展宗旨
- Purposes
探索外层空间，扩展对地球和宇宙的认识；和平利用外层空间，促进人类文明和社会进步，造福全人类；满足经济建设、科技发展、国家安全和社会进步等方面的需求，提高全民科学文化素质，维护国家权益，增强综合国力。
To explore outer space and enhance understanding of the earth and the cosmos; to utilize outer space for peaceful purposes, promote human civilization and social progress, and benefit the whole of mankind; to meet the demands of economic, scientific and technological development, national security and social progress; and to improve the scientific and cultural levels of the Chinese people, protect China’s national rights and interests, and build up its overall strength.
（二）发展愿景
- Vision
全面建成航天强国，具备自主可控的创新发展能力、聚焦前沿的科学探索研究能力、强大持续的经济社会发展服务能力、有效可靠的国家安全保障能力、科学高效的现代治理能力、互利共赢的国际交流与合作能力，拥有先进开放的航天科技工业体系、稳定可靠的空间基础设施、开拓创新的人才队伍、深厚博大的航天精神，为实现中华民族伟大复兴的中国梦提供强大支撑，为人类文明进步作出积极贡献。
To build China into a space power in all respects, with the capabilities to make innovations independently, to make scientific discovery and research at the cutting edge, to promote strong and sustained economic and social development, to effectively and reliably guarantee national security, to exercise sound and efficient governance, and to carry out mutually beneficial international exchanges and cooperation; to have an advanced and open space science and technology industry, stable and reliable space infrastructure, pioneering and innovative professionals, and a rich and profound space spirit; to provide strong support for the realization of the Chinese Dream of the renewal of the Chinese nation, and make positive contributions to human civilization and progress.
（三）发展原则
- Principles
中国发展航天事业服从和服务于国家整体发展战略，坚持创新发展、协调发展、和平发展、开放发展的原则。
China’s space industry is subject to and serves the national overall development strategy, and adheres to the principles of innovative, coordinated, peaceful and open development.
——创新发展。把自主创新摆在航天事业发展全局的核心位置，实施航天重大科技工程，加强科学探索和技术创新，深化体制机制改革，激发创新创造活力，推动航天事业跨越发展。
– Innovative development. China takes independent innovation as the core of the development of its space industry. It implements major space science and technology projects, strengthens scientific exploration and technological innovation, deepens institutional reforms, and stimulates innovation and creativity, working to promote rapid development of the space industry.
——协调发展。合理配置各类资源，鼓励和引导社会力量有序参与航天发展，科学统筹部署各项航天活动，推动空间科学、空间技术、空间应用全面发展，提升航天整体发展质量和效益。
– Coordinated development. China rationally allocates various resources, encourages and guides social forces to take an orderly part in space development. All space activities are coordinated under an overall plan of the state to promote the comprehensive development of space science, space technology and space applications, and to improve the quality and efficiency of overall space development.
——和平发展。始终坚持和平利用外层空间，反对外空武器化和外空军备竞赛，合理开发和利用空间资源，切实保护空间环境，维护一个和平、清洁的外层空间，使航天活动造福全人类。
– Peaceful development. China always adheres to the principle of the use of outer space for peaceful purposes, and opposes the weaponization of or an arms race in outer space. The country develops and utilizes space resources in a prudent manner, takes effective measures to protect the space environment to ensure a peaceful and clean outer space and guarantee that its space activities benefit the whole of mankind.
——开放发展。坚持独立自主与开放合作相结合，在平等互利、和平利用、包容发展基础上，积极开展航天国际交流与合作，致力于推进人类航天事业的共同进步和长期可持续发展。
– Open development. China persists in combining independence and self-reliance with opening to the outside world and international cooperation. It actively engages in international exchanges and cooperation on the basis of equality and mutual benefit, peaceful utilization, and inclusive development, striving to promote progress of space industry for mankind as a whole and its long-term sustainable development.
二、2011年以来的主要进展
II. Major Developments Since 2011
2011年以来，中国航天事业持续快速发展，自主创新能力显著增强，进入空间能力大幅提升，空间基础设施不断完善，载人航天、月球探测、北斗卫星导航系统、高分辨率对地观测系统等重大工程建设顺利推进，空间科学、空间技术、空间应用取得丰硕成果。
Since 2011, China’s space industry has witnessed rapid progress manifested by markedly enhanced capacity in independent innovation and access to outer space, constant improvement in space infrastructure, smooth implementation of major projects such as manned spaceflight, lunar exploration, the Beidou Navigation System and high-resolution earth observation system, and substantial achievements in space science, technology and applications.
（一）航天运输系统
1.Space transportation system
2011年以来，截至2016年11月，长征系列运载火箭共完成86次发射任务，将100多个航天器成功送入预定轨道，发射成功率达到97.67%，运载火箭的可靠性和高密度发射能力持续增强。中国最大运载能力新一代运载火箭“长征五号”成功首飞，实现中国液体运载火箭直径从3.35米到5米的跨越，大幅提升“长征”系列运载火箭运载能力，低轨运载能力达到25吨级，高轨运载能力达到14吨级，成为中国运载火箭升级换代的重要标志。120吨级液氧煤油发动机完成研制，应用该型发动机的“长征六号”“长征七号”新型运载火箭实现首飞，“长征十一号”固体运载火箭成功发射，运载火箭型谱进一步完善。
From 2011 to November 2016, the Long March carrier rocket series completed 86 launch missions, sending over 100 spacecraft into target orbit with a success rate of 97.67 percent, indication of increasing effectiveness and high-density launching capability of carrier rockets. The Long March 5 (CZ-5), China’s newest generation of carrier rockets with a maximum carrying capacity, made its maiden flight, and increased the diameter of liquid fuel rocket from 3.35 m to 5 m, with a maximum payload capacity of about 25 tons to low earth orbit and about 14 tons to geostationary transfer orbit, significantly improving the carrying capacity of the Long March rocket family and becoming a symbol of the upgrading of China’s carrier rockets. The development of the 120-ton liquid oxygen and kerosene engine was test fired, which powered Long March 6 and Long March 7 on their maiden flights. The Long March 11, a solid-fuel carrier rocket, also made a successful maiden launch, further enriching the Long March rocket family.
（二）人造地球卫星
- Man-made satellites
1、对地观测卫星。“风云”“海洋”“资源”“高分”“遥感”“天绘”等卫星系列和“环境与灾害监测预报小卫星星座”进一步完善。“风云”系列气象卫星已形成极轨卫星上、下午星组网观测，静止卫星“多星在轨、统筹运行、互为备份、适时加密”的业务格局。“海洋二号”卫星实现对海面高度、海浪和海面风场等海洋动力参数的全天时、全天候、高精度综合观测。“资源一号”02C星成功发射、“资源三号”01、02立体测绘卫星实现双星组网和业务化运行。高分辨率对地观测系统建设全面推进，“高分二号”卫星实现亚米级光学遥感探测，“高分三号”合成孔径雷达卫星分辨率达到1米，“高分四号”卫星是中国首颗地球同步轨道高分辨率对地观测卫星。“环境与灾害监测预报小卫星星座”C星投入运行。采用星箭一体化设计的“快舟一号”“快舟二号”成功发射，提升了空间应急响应能力。“吉林一号”高分辨率商业遥感卫星成功发射并投入商业运营。
(1) Earth observation satellites. The function of the Fengyun (Wind and Cloud), Haiyang (Ocean), Ziyuan (Resources), Gaofen (High Resolution), Yaogan (Remote-Sensing) and Tianhui (Space Mapping) satellite series and constellation of small satellites for environment and disaster monitoring and forecasting has been improved. The Fengyun polar orbit meteorological satellite has succeeded in networking observation by morning and afternoon satellites, while its geostationary earth orbit (GEO) meteorological satellite has formed a business mode of “multi-satellites in orbit, coordinated operation, mutual backup and encryption at the appropriate time.” The Haiyang-2 satellite is capable of all-weather, full-time and high-accuracy observation of marine dynamic parameters such as sea height, sea wave and sea surface wind. The Ziyuan-1 02C satellite was launched, the Ziyuan-3 01 and 02 stereo mapping satellites have achieved double star networking and operating. The China High-resolution Earth Observation System program has been fully implemented; the Gaofen-2 is capable of sub-meter optical remote-sensing observation, the Gaofen-3 has a Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) imaging instrument that is accurate to one meter and the Gaofen-4 is China’s first geosynchronous orbit high-resolution earth observation satellite. Satellite C of the environment and disaster monitoring and forecasting small satellite constellation has been put into use. The successful launching of the Kuaizhou-1 and Kuaizhou-2, which adopted integrated design of the satellite and the launch vehicle, has improved China’s emergency response capability in space. The Jilin-1, a high-resolution remote-sensing satellite for commercial use has been launched and put into service.
2、通信广播卫星。全面推进固定通信、移动通信、数据中继卫星系统建设。“亚太”“中星”等系列通信卫星成功发射，固定业务卫星通信保障体系基本建成，覆盖中国国土及全球重点地区。首颗移动通信卫星“天通一号”成功发射。建成由三颗“天链一号”卫星组成的第一代数据中继卫星系统。星地激光链路高速通信试验取得圆满成功。“东方红五号”超大型通信卫星平台研制进展顺利。
(2) Communications and broadcasting satellites. China has comprehensively advanced the construction of fixed, mobile and data relay satellite systems. The successful launch of communications satellites such as Yatai and Zhongxing represented the completion of a fixed communications satellite support system whose communications services cover all of China’s territory as well as major areas of the world. The Tiantong-1, China’s first mobile communications satellite, has been successfully launched. The first-generation data relay satellite system composed of three Tianlian-1 satellites has been completed, and high-speed communication test of satellite-ground laser link has been crowned with success. In addition, the development of the DFH-5 super communications satellite platform is going smoothly.
3、导航卫星。北斗二号系统全面建成，完成14颗北斗导航卫星发射组网，正式向亚太地区用户提供定位、测速、授时、广域差分和短报文通信服务。北斗全球系统建设正在顺利推进。
(3) Navigation and positioning satellites. The Beidou Navigation Satellite System (Beidou-2) has been completed, with the networking of 14 Beidou navigation satellites, officially offering positioning, velocity measurement, timing, wide area difference and short-message communication service to customers in the Asia-Pacific region. Beidou’s global satellite navigation system is undergoing smooth construction.
4、新技术试验卫星。成功发射“实践九号”系列卫星等技术试验卫星，为新技术验证提供了重要手段。
(4) New technological test satellites. China has launched the Shijian-9 satellite series for technological experiments, providing an important way to test new technologies.
（三）载人航天
- Manned spaceflight
2012年6月和2013年6月，“神舟九号”和“神舟十号”载人飞船先后成功发射，与“天宫一号”目标飞行器分别实施自动和手控交会对接，标志着中国全面突破了空间交会对接技术，载人天地往返运输系统首次应用性飞行取得圆满成功。2016年9月和10月，“天宫二号”空间实验室和“神舟十一号”载人飞船先后成功发射，形成组合体并稳定运行，开展了较大规模的空间科学实验与技术试验，突破掌握了航天员中期驻留、地面长时间任务支持和保障等技术。目前，中国已突破掌握载人天地往返、空间出舱、空间交会对接、组合体运行、航天员中期驻留等载人航天领域重大技术。
In June 2012 and June 2013, the Shenzhou-9 and Shenzhou-10 manned spacecraft were launched to dock with the target spacecraft Tiangong-1. They used manual and automatic operations respectively, symbolizing breakthroughs for China in spacecraft rendezvous and docking technology and full success in its first operation of a manned space transportation system. In September and October 2016, the Tiangong-2 space laboratory and Shenzhou-11 manned spacecraft were launched and formed an assembly that operates steadily, with the mission of carrying out science and technology experiments in space, indicating that China has mastered technologies concerning astronauts’ mid-term stay in orbit, and long-term ground mission support. Currently, China has mastered major space technologies such as manned space transportation, space extravehicular activity, space docking, operating in assembly and astronauts’ mid-term stay in orbit.
（四）深空探测
- Deep space exploration
2012年12月，“嫦娥二号”月球探测器成功实施图塔蒂斯小行星飞越探测。2013年12月，“嫦娥三号”月球探测器首次实现中国航天器在地外天体软着陆，完成月球表面巡视探测。2014年11月，月球探测工程三期再入返回飞行试验圆满成功，标志着中国完全掌握航天器以接近第二宇宙速度再入返回的关键技术。
In December 2012, the Chang’e-2 lunar probe made a successful observation trip over asteroid 4179 (Toutatis). In December 2013, the Chang’e-3 realized the first soft landing on the surface of an extraterrestrial body by a Chinese spacecraft and completed patrol and exploration on the surface of the moon. In November 2014, China achieved success in the reentry and return flight test of the third-phase lunar exploration engineering, indicating that China has mastered the key technology of spacecraft reentry and return flight in a speed close to second cosmic velocity.
通过月球探测工程任务的实施，获取了高分辨率全月球影像图和虹湾区域高清晰影像，开展了月球形貌、月球结构构造、月面物质成分、月表环境和近月空间环境等研究以及月基天文观测等。
The Lunar Exploration Program helped mankind to acquire a high-resolution map of the moon and a high-definition image of Sinus Iridum, and conducted research of lunar surface morphology, lunar structure, elemental composition of the lunar surface, lunar surface environment, lunar space environment and moon-based astronomical observation.
（五）航天发射场
- Space launch sites
2016年6月，文昌航天发射场首次执行航天发射任务，标志着中国自主设计建造、绿色生态环保、技术创新跨越的新一代航天发射场正式投入使用。开展酒泉、太原、西昌三个发射场适应性改造，基本形成沿海内陆相结合、高低纬度相结合、各种射向范围相结合的航天发射场布局，能够满足载人飞船、空间站核心舱、深空探测器以及各类卫星的发射需求。
In June 2016, the Wenchang Launch Site held its first launch, marking a new-generation launch site designed and built by China. The site is environmentally friendly and made breakthroughs in innovation. Renovations have also been accomplished in the Jiuquan, Taiyuan and Xichang launch sites, forming a launch site network covering both coastal and inland areas, high and low altitudes, and various trajectories to satisfy the launch needs of manned spaceships, space laboratory core modules, deep space probes and all kinds of satellites.
（六）航天测控
- Space Telemetry, Tracking and Command (TT&C)
“天链一号”数据中继卫星系列实现全球组网运行，“远望七号”航天远洋测量船成功首航，深空测控站建成使用，中国航天测控布局不断优化，形成陆海天基一体、功能多样、规模适度的航天测控网，航天器飞行控制综合能力不断提升，圆满完成“神舟”系列飞船、“天宫一号”目标飞行器、“嫦娥”系列月球探测器以及地球轨道卫星等为代表的各项航天测控任务。
The Tianlian-1 data relay satellite series have achieved global networking and operating. The Yuanwang-7, a spacecraft tracking ship has made its maiden voyage. Deep space TT&C stations have been built and put into use. China is constantly improving its space telemetry, tracking and command setups, and established a multi-functioning TT&C network featuring space, marine and ground integration with a proper scale. The flight control ability of spacecraft has been gradually improved, completing the TT&C missions of the Shenzhou spacecraft series, Tiangong-1 target spacecraft, Chang’e lunar probe series and earth orbit satellites.
（七）空间应用
- Space applications
1、对地观测卫星应用。对地观测卫星地面系统和应用体系不断完善，应用领域深化拓展，应用水平日益提升，应用效益持续提高。陆地、海洋、大气卫星数据地面接收站基本实现统筹建设与运行，形成高低轨道相结合、国内外合理布局的卫星数据地面接收能力；统筹建设地面数据处理系统、共性应用支撑平台、多层次网络相结合的数据分发体系，数据处理、存档、分发、服务和定量化应用能力大幅提升。行业应用系统建设全面推进，基本建成18个行业和2个区域应用示范系统，设立26个省级数据与应用中心。建立高分辨率对地观测系统应用综合信息服务共享平台，对地观测卫星数据已广泛应用于行业、区域、公众服务等领域，为经济社会发展提供重要支撑。
(1) Application of earth observation satellites. The ground system and applications of earth observation satellites are improving, the fields and levels in which these satellites are used are expanding and the application benefits are growing. The ground stations receiving data from land, ocean and meteorological observation satellites are operating based on comprehensive planning, a satellite data ground network with the capacity of receiving data from high- and low-orbit satellites and reasonable arrangement at home and abroad. China has also established, based on comprehensive planning, a ground data processing system for earth observation satellites, common application supporting platform, and multi-level network data distribution system, greatly increasing its ability in data processing, archiving, distribution, services provision and quantitative applications. Industrial application system building is in full swing, having completed 18 industrial and two regional application demonstration systems, and set up 26 provincial-level data and application centers. An integrated information service sharing platform for a high-resolution earth observation system has been built. Earth observation satellite data is now widely used in industrial, regional and public services for economic and social development.
2、通信广播卫星应用。通信卫星测控站、信关站、上行站、标校场等地面设施不断完善，建成一定规模、能够满足相关业务需要的卫星通信网和卫星广播电视传输网，卫星通信服务能力进一步增强，在广播电视、远程教育、远程医疗等领域发挥重大作用，卫星应急通信为防汛抗旱、抢险救灾、重大突发事件处置提供重要支撑。
(2) Application of communications and broadcasting satellites. The ground facilities such as TT&C station, gateway station, uplink station and calibration field of communications satellites have been improved. A satellite communications network and satellite radio and TV network of adequate scale to meet the needs of certain services have been built, further improving the communications service ability. These applications play an important role in radio and television services, distance education and telemedicine. The emergency satellite communications system has provided important support for the fight against flood and drought, for rescue and relief work, and for handling major emergencies.
3、导航卫星应用。北斗系统服务精度和可靠性大幅提高，构建形成自主可控、完整成熟的北斗产业链以及北斗产业保障、应用推进和创新三大体系，广泛应用于交通运输、海洋渔业、水文监测、气象预报、测绘地理信息、森林防火、通信时统、电力调度、救灾减灾、应急搜救等领域，逐步渗透到人类社会生产和人们生活的方方面面，为全球经济和社会发展注入新的活力。
(3) Application of navigation and positioning satellites. The Beidou Navigation Satellite System has significantly improved its accuracy and reliability, bringing into play an independent, controllable, complete and mature Beidou industrial chain and the three systems of Beidou industrial guarantee, application promotion and innovation. The Beidou Navigation System is widely used in transportation, maritime fisheries, hydrological monitoring, weather forecasting, surveying and mapping, forest fire prevention, time synchronization of communication, power dispatching, disaster reduction and relief and emergency rescue, influencing all aspects of people’s life and production, and injecting new vitality into global economic and social development.
4、航天技术成果转化应用。“互联网+卫星应用”新业态孕育发展，为大众生活提供更加优质便利的服务。通过航天技术成果的二次开发和转化应用，为国民经济相关行业提供优质产品和服务，支撑和带动新材料、智能制造、电子信息等相关领域发展。
(4) Transformation and application of space technology. A new business model featuring the Internet plus satellite applications is coming into being, providing more convenient and high-quality services to the public. Secondary development, transformation and applications of space technology make possible the provision of high-quality products and services to relevant industries, and help to support and propel the development of new materials, intelligent manufacturing and electronic information, among others.
（八）空间科学
- Space science
1、空间科学卫星。成功发射暗物质粒子探测、“实践十号”、量子科学实验等空间科学卫星，为前沿科学研究提供重要手段。
(1) Space science satellites. China has successfully launched the Dark Matter Particle Explorer, Shijian-10 and Quantum Science Experiment Satellite, offering important means for frontier scientific research.
2、空间环境下的科学实验。利用空间科学卫星、“嫦娥”探测器、“神舟”系列飞船和“天宫一号”目标飞行器等，开展一系列空间科学实验研究，深化了空间微重力和强辐射条件下生物生长、材料制备等机理的认识，取得了一批有影响力的研究成果。
(2) Space environment scientific experiments. China has carried out a series of space science experiments using space science satellites, Chang’e lunar probe, Shenzhou spacecraft series and Tiangong-1 target aircraft, deepening the understanding of the mechanism of biological growth and materials preparation under the conditions of space microgravity and intense radiation, and achieving some influential research findings.
3、空间环境探测与预报。利用空间科学卫星、“神舟”系列飞船等，积累空间环境主要参数及其效应数据，为航天器安全运行提供空间环境监测与预报服务。
(3) Space environment detection and forecast. China has identified the space environment’s major parameters and effects using space science satellites and the Shenzhou spacecraft series to provide space environmental monitoring and forecasting services for the safe operation of spacecraft.
（九）空间碎片
- Space debris
空间碎片监测、预警、减缓及防护技术体系逐步完善，标准规范体系不断健全。空间碎片监测预警实现业务化运行，为在轨航天器安全运行提供有力保障；防护设计技术取得突破，开展航天器空间碎片防护工程应用；全面实施“长征”系列运载火箭末级钝化，对废弃航天器采取有效离轨处置措施，切实保护空间环境。
China has improved the monitoring and mitigation of and early warning and protection against space debris. It has also enhanced standards and regulations in this regard. The monitoring of and early warning against space debris have been put into regular operation, ensuring the safe operation of spacecraft in orbit. China has also made breakthroughs in protection design technologies, applying them to the protection projects of spacecraft against space debris. In addition, all Long March carrier rockets have upper stage passivation, and discarded spacecraft are moved out of orbit to protect the space environment.
三、未来五年的主要任务
III. Major Tasks for the Next Five Years
未来五年，中国将加快航天强国建设步伐，持续提升航天工业基础能力，加强关键技术攻关和前沿技术研究，继续实施载人航天、月球探测、北斗卫星导航系统、高分辨率对地观测系统、新一代运载火箭等重大工程，启动实施一批新的重大科技项目和重大工程，基本建成空间基础设施体系，拓展空间应用深度和广度，深入开展空间科学研究，推动空间科学、空间技术、空间应用全面发展。
In the next five years, China plans to expedite the development of its space endeavors by continuing to enhance the basic capacities of its space industry, strengthen research into key and cutting-edge technologies, and implement manned spaceflight, lunar exploration, the Beidou Navigation Satellite System, high-resolution earth observation system, new-generation launch vehicles and other important projects. Furthermore, the country is to launch new key scientific and technological programs and major projects, complete, by and large, its space infrastructure system, expand its space applications in breadth and depth, and further conduct research into space science, promoting the integrated development of space science, technology and applications.
（一）航天运输系统
- Space transport system
研制发射无毒无污染中型运载火箭，完善新一代运载火箭型谱，进一步提升可靠性。
We will develop and launch medium-lift launch vehicles which are non-toxic and pollution-free, improve the new-generation launch vehicle family, and enhance their reliability.
开展重型运载火箭关键技术攻关和方案深化论证，突破重型运载火箭总体、大推力液氧煤油发动机、氢氧发动机等关键技术，启动重型运载火箭工程实施。
Endeavors will be made to research key technologies and further study the plans for developing heavy-lift launch vehicles. Breakthroughs are expected in key technologies for the overall system, high-thrust liquid oxygen and kerosene engines, and oxygen and hydrogen engines of such launch vehicles. Thereafter the heavy-lift launch vehicle project will be activated.
开展低成本运载火箭、新型上面级、天地往返可重复使用运输系统等技术研究。
China will conduct research into the technologies for low-cost launch vehicles, new upper stage and the reusable space transportation system between the earth and low-earth orbit.
（二）空间基础设施
- Space infrastructure
提升卫星系统水平和基础产品能力，构建形成卫星遥感、卫星通信广播、卫星导航定位三大系统，建设天地一体化信息网络，基本建成空间基础设施体系，形成连续稳定的业务服务能力，促进卫星及应用产业发展。
China is to improve its satellite systems and their basic related items, develop the three major satellite systems of remote-sensing, communications and broadcasting, and navigation and positioning, and build a space-ground integrated information network. In this way, a space infrastructure system capable of providing steady and sustained services will take shape, boosting the satellite and related applications industrial sector.
1、卫星遥感系统。按照一星多用、多星组网、多网协同的发展思路，发展陆地观测、海洋观测、大气观测3个系列，研制发射高分辨率多模式光学观测、L波段差分干涉合成孔径雷达、陆地生态碳监测、大气环境激光探测、海洋盐度探测、新一代海洋水色观测等卫星，逐步形成高、中、低空间分辨率合理配置、多种观测手段优化组合的综合高效全球观测和数据获取能力。统筹建设和完善遥感卫星接收站网、定标与真实性检验场、数据中心、共享网络平台和共性应用支撑平台，形成卫星遥感数据全球接收服务能力。
(1) Satellite remote-sensing system. In accordance with the policy guideline for developing multi-functional satellites, and creating networks of satellites and integrating them, we will focus on three series of satellites for observing the land, ocean and atmosphere, respectively. China is to develop and launch satellites capable of high-resolution multi-mode optical observation, L-band differential interferometric synthetic aperture radar imaging, carbon monitoring of the territorial ecosystem, atmospheric Lidar detection, ocean salinity detection and new-type ocean color observation. We will take steps to build our capabilities of highly efficient, comprehensive global observation and data acquisition with a rational allocation of low-, medium- and high-spatial resolution technologies, and an optimized combination of multiple observation methods. China will make overall construction and improvement on remote-sensing satellite receiving station networks, calibration and validation fields, data centers, data-sharing platforms and common application supporting platforms to provide remote-sensing satellite data receiving services across the world.
2、卫星通信广播系统。面向行业及市场应用，以商业模式为主，保障公益需求，发展固定通信广播、移动通信广播、数据中继卫星，建设由高轨宽带、低轨移动卫星等天基系统和关口站等地基系统组成的天地一体化信息网络，同步建设测控站、信关站、上行站、标校场等地面设施，形成宽带通信、固定通信、电视直播、移动通信、移动多媒体广播业务服务能力，逐步建成覆盖全球、与地面通信网络融合的卫星通信广播系统。
(2) Satellite communications and broadcasting system. This system is oriented toward industrial and market applications, and mainly operates through business models while meeting public welfare needs. China will develop both fixed and mobile communications and broadcasting as well as data relay satellites, build a space-ground integrated information network consisting of space-based systems such as high-earth-orbit broadband satellite systems and low-earth-orbit mobile satellite systems, and ground-based systems such as satellite-access stations. TT&C stations, gateway stations, uplink stations, calibration fields and other satellite ground facilities are to be built synchronously. These efforts are expected to bring about a comprehensive system capable of providing broadband communications, fixed communications, direct-broadcast television, mobile communications and mobile multimedia broadcast services. A global satellite communications and broadcasting system integrated with the ground communications network will be established step by step.
3、卫星导航系统。持续提升北斗二号系统服务性能。继续开展北斗全球系统建设，计划于2018年面向“一带一路”沿线及周边国家提供基本服务；2020年前后，完成35颗卫星发射组网，为全球用户提供服务；持续统筹推进北斗地基、星基增强系统建设，为各类用户提供更高精度、更为可靠的服务。
(3) Satellite navigation system. China is to continuously enhance the service capacities of the Beidou-2. With sustained efforts in building the Beidou global system, we plan to start providing basic services to countries along the Silk Road Economic Belt and 21st-century Maritime Silk Road in 2018, form a network consisting of 35 satellites for global services by 2020, and provide all clients with more accurate and more reliable services through advancing the ground-based and satellite-based augmentation systems in an integrated way.
（三）载人航天
- Manned spaceflight
发射“天舟一号”货运飞船，与在轨运行的“天宫二号”空间实验室进行交会对接，突破和掌握货物运输和补给等关键技术，为空间站建造和运营积累经验。
China plans to launch the Tianzhou-1 cargo spacecraft to dock with the earth-orbiting Tiangong-2 space laboratory, and research and master key technologies for cargo transport and replenishment to accumulate experience in building and operating a space station.
完成空间站各舱段主要研制工作，开展空间站在轨组装建造和运营。
We aim to complete the main research and development work on the space station modules, and start assembly and operation of the space station.
开展关键技术攻关和相关技术试验验证，提升载人航天能力，为载人探索开发地月空间奠定基础。
We strive to acquire key technologies and conduct experiments on such technologies to raise our manned spaceflight capacity, laying a foundation for exploring and developing cislunar space.
（四）深空探测
- Deep-space exploration
继续实施月球探测工程，突破探测器地外天体自动采样返回技术。2017年年底，发射“嫦娥五号”月球探测器，实现区域软着陆及采样返回，全面实现月球探测工程“三步走”战略目标。2018年前后，发射“嫦娥四号”月球探测器，实现人类探测器在月球背面首次软着陆，开展原位和巡视探测，以及地月L2点中继通信。通过月球探测工程的实施，开展月表形貌探测和地质勘察，对月球样品进行实验室研究；开展月球背面着陆区地质特征探测与研究，以及低频射电天文观测与研究，深化对月球成因和演化的认知。
China will continue its lunar exploration project, and strive to attain the automated extraterrestrial sampling and returning technology by space explorers. We plan to fulfill the three strategic steps of “orbiting, landing and returning” for the lunar exploration project by launching the Chang’ e-5 lunar probe by the end of 2017 and realizing regional soft landing, sampling and return. We will launch the Chang’e-4 lunar probe around 2018 to achieve mankind’s first soft landing on the far side of the moon, and conduct in situ and roving detection and relay communications at earth-moon L2 point. Through the lunar exploration project, topographic and geological surveys will be implemented and laboratory research conducted on lunar samples; geological survey and research as well as low-frequency radio astronomy observation and research will be carried out targeting the landing area on the far side of the moon for a better understanding of the formation and evolution of the moon.
实施中国首次火星探测任务，突破火星环绕、着陆、巡视探测等关键技术。2020年发射首颗火星探测器，实施环绕和巡视联合探测。开展火星采样返回、小行星探测、木星系及行星穿越探测等的方案深化论证和关键技术攻关，适时启动工程实施，研究太阳系起源与演化、地外生命信息探寻等重大科学问题。
China intends to execute its first Mars exploration operation, and grasp key technologies for orbiting, landing and roving exploration. It plans to launch the first Mars probe by 2020 to carry out orbiting and roving exploration. It will conduct further studies and key technological research on the bringing back of samples from Mars, asteroid exploration, exploration of the Jupiter system and planet fly-by exploration. When conditions allow, related projects will be implemented to conduct research into major scientific questions such as the origin and evolution of the solar system, and search for extraterrestrial life.
（五）航天新技术试验
- Experiments on new space technologies
开展新技术试验验证，为航天发展提供技术支撑。
China is to perform experiments on new space technologies to provide solid technological support for its space industry.
研制发射“实践十三号”、“实践十七号”、“实践十八号”、全球二氧化碳监测等技术试验卫星，开展新型电推进、激光通信、新一代通信卫星公用平台等关键技术试验验证。启动空间飞行器在轨服务与维护系统建设，利用多种资源，开展新原理、新技术、新产品在轨试验验证。
China will develop and launch technology experiment satellites, including the Shijian-13, Shijian-17 and Shijian-18, and a global carbon dioxide monitoring satellite, and conduct experiments on key technologies for new electric propulsion, laser communications and common platforms of new-generation communications satellites. It plans to build in-orbit servicing and maintenance systems for spacecraft and make in-orbit experiments on new theories, technologies and products by tapping various resources.
（六）航天发射场
- Space launch sites
完善现有航天发射场系统，统筹开展地面设施设备可靠性增长、适应性改造和信息化建设，增强发射场任务互补和备份能力，初步具备开展多样化发射任务的能力。探索推进开放共享的航天发射场建设，形成分工合理、优势互补、有机衔接、安全可靠的新型航天发射体系，持续提升发射场综合能力和效益，满足各类发射任务需求。
China will improve its existing space launch sites by raising the reliability and IT application level and conducting adaptive improvements to ground facilities and equipment, and increasing the complementarity of mission enforcement and backup capacities of space launch sites, equipping them with basic capacities to carry out various launch missions. It will explore and advance the building of space launch sites that are open to cooperation and sharing, form a new space launch system featuring rational division of work, mutual complementarity, smooth coordination, security and reliability. The integrated capacities and functions of space launch sites will be enhanced and exploited to meet various needs.
（七）航天测控
- Space TT&C
完善现有航天测控系统，建设运行第二代中继卫星系统，提高航天器测定轨精度，提升在轨航天器测控管理能力，加强测控资源综合运用，提升航天测控资源运行使用效益，构建安全可靠、响应迅速、接入灵活、运行高效、服务广泛的天地一体化航天测控体系。探索发展商业航天测控系统，创新服务模式，加强国际合作和测控联网，构建开放共享的航天测控服务新格局。
China will enhance its existing space TT&C systems. It aims to build and operate a second-generation relay satellite system, raise the accuracy of the orbit determination process for spacecraft, improve its TT&C capabilities in managing in-orbit spacecraft, and strengthen integrated and efficient utilization of TT&C resources, to build a space-ground integrated TT&C network featuring security, reliability, quick response, flexible access, efficient operation and diverse services. It plans to explore the development of commercial TT&C systems, seek new service modes, and intensify international cooperation and networking in the field of TT&C, forming a new TT&C service pattern marked by openness and sharing.
（八）空间应用
- Space applications
健全空间应用服务体系，面向行业、区域和公众服务，大力拓展空间信息综合应用，加强科技成果转化和市场推广，提高空间应用规模化、业务化、产业化水平，服务国家安全、国民经济和社会发展。
China will improve its space application service system oriented toward industries, regions and the public, expand integrated application of space information, and improve the application and marketing of scientific and technological results. Consequently, the scale, operational standards and industrialization level of space applications will be raised to serve national security and national economic and social development.
1、行业应用。围绕全球测绘地理信息资源获取、资源开发与环境保护、海洋开发管理与权益维护、防灾减灾与应急反应、全球气候变化治理、粮食安全、社会管理与公共服务等需求，强化空间基础设施综合应用，提供及时、准确、稳定的空间信息服务，提升业务化服务能力。
(1) Industrial applications. In view of the need for global land surveying and geographic information acquisition, resource development and environmental protection, maritime development and management, and the protection of related rights and interests, natural disaster prevention and reduction and emergency response, global climate change control, food security, social management and public services, China plans to consolidate the integrated application of space infrastructure, and enhance its ability to provide timely, accurate and steady services.
2、区域应用。面向区域城市规划、建设、运行管理和社会服务需求，开展新型城镇化布局、“智慧城市”“智慧交通”等卫星综合应用，服务东、中、西、东北地区协调发展、京津冀协同发展、长江经济带建设，以及其他区域经济社会发展。加强与国家精准扶贫、精准脱贫工作的衔接，针对“老少边穷”地区和海岛等开展空间信息服务。
(2) Regional applications. In view of the need for regional urban planning, construction, operation management and social services, China will develop comprehensive satellite applications, such as new urbanization layout, and smart towns and smart transport applications, to serve the coordinated development of the eastern, central, western, northeastern parts of the country, collaborated development of Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei, building of the Yangtze River Economic Belt, and economic and social development of other regions in China. In addition, China will intensify its services oriented toward the nationally targeted poverty alleviation and eradication, and operate space information services targeting old revolutionary base areas, ethnic minorities regions, frontier areas, poverty-stricken areas and islands in the sea.
3、公众服务。面向智慧旅游、广播电视、远程教育、远程医疗、文化传播等大众信息消费与服务领域，开发卫星应用智能终端、可穿戴电子设备等，加强空间信息融合应用，大力推进空间应用产业化发展，培育新的经济增长点。
(3) Public services. Aiming at public information consumption and services, including smart tourism, broadcasting and TV, distance learning, telemedicine, and cultural communication, China is determined to develop smart terminals of satellite applications and wearable electronics, improve space information fusion applications, and advance the industrialization of space applications, fostering new growth points for the national economy.
（九）空间科学
- Space science
面向重大科技前沿，遴选并启动实施一批新的空间科学卫星项目，建立可持续发展的空间科学卫星系列，加强基础应用研究，在空间科学前沿领域取得重大发现和突破，深化人类对宇宙的认知。
Targeting major frontier areas of space science and technology, China will implement a series of new space science satellite programs, establish a series of space science satellites featuring sustainable development, and reinforce basic application research. Major discoveries and breakthroughs are expected in the frontier areas of space science to further mankind’s knowledge of the universe.
1、空间天文与空间物理。利用暗物质粒子探测卫星，探测宇宙高能电子及高能伽马射线，探寻暗物质存在的证据。发射硬X射线调制望远镜，研究致密天体和黑洞强引力场中物质动力学和高能辐射过程。综合利用相关资源，开展太阳风与磁层大尺度结构和相互作用模式、磁层亚暴变化过程响应等研究。
(1) Space astronomy and space physics. China will seek evidence of the existence of dark matter by using dark matter particle exploration satellites to detect high-energy electrons and high-energy gamma rays in the universe. It plans to launch a hard X-ray modulation telescope to study the matter dynamics and high-energy radiation processes in the strong gravitational field of compact celestial bodies and black holes. Relevant resources will be brought into play for research into large-scale structure and interaction models of solar wind and the magnetosphere, and response to magnetospheric substorm change process.
2、空间环境下的科学实验。利用“实践十号”返回式科学实验卫星、“嫦娥”探测器、“神舟”系列飞船、“天宫二号”空间实验室、“天舟一号”货运飞船等平台，开展空间环境下的生物、生命、医学、材料等方面的科学实验和研究。
(2) Scientific experiments in space. The Shijian-10 recoverable satellite, Chang’e probes, Shenzhou spacecraft, Tiangong-2 space laboratory and Tianzhou-1 cargo spacecraft are to be used to implement scientific experiments and research in biology, life sciences, medicine and materials in the space environment.
3、量子科学空间实验。利用量子科学实验卫星，开展空间尺度上的量子密钥传输、量子纠缠分发及量子隐形传态等量子科学实验和研究。
(3) Quantum experiments in space. Quantum experiment satellites are to be used to conduct experiments and research in the fields of quantum key transmission, quantum entanglement distribution, and quantum teleportation.
4、基础理论及科学应用研究。开展日地空间环境、空间天气、太阳活动及其对空间天气影响等领域基础研究。开展空间科学交叉学科研究。发展基于X射线属性特征、高能电子和伽马射线能量与空间分布、空间物理环境、地外天体、地球电磁场及电离层等科学探测数据综合分析技术，促进空间科学成果转化。
(4) Basic and applied research. China will carry out basic research into sun-earth space environment, space climate, and solar activity and its impact on space climate, and implement space-related interdisciplinary research as well. Comprehensive techniques will be developed for analyzing data from space observations on the properties of X-rays, the energy spectrum and spatial distribution of high-energy electrons and high-energy gamma rays, space physics, extraterrestrial celestial bodies, and the earth’s electromagnetic field and ionosphere, to promote the application of space research findings.
（十）空间环境
- Space environment
完善空间碎片、近地小天体和空间天气相关标准规范体系。建立完善空间碎片基础数据库和共享数据模型，统筹推进空间碎片监测设施、预警应急平台、网络服务系统建设，强化资源综合利用。进一步加强航天器防护能力。完善空间环境监测系统，构建预警预报平台，提升空间环境监测及灾害预警能力。论证建设近地小天体监测设施，提升近地小天体监测和编目能力。
China will improve the standardization system for space debris, near-earth objects and space climate. It will enhance the space debris basic database and data-sharing model, and advance the development of space debris monitoring facilities, the early warning and emergency response platform and the online service system, through reinforcing integrated utilization of resources. The protection systems of spacecraft will be further strengthened. Furthermore, efforts will be made to improve the space environment monitoring system and to build a disaster early warning and prediction platform to raise our preventative capability. It will conduct studies on the building of facilities for monitoring near-earth objects, and put the plan into operation to elevate our capability to monitor and catalog such objects.
四、发展政策与措施
IV. Policies and Measures for Development
中国政府积极制定实施发展航天事业的政策与措施，提供有力政策保障，营造良好发展环境，推动航天事业持续健康快速发展。
The Chinese government has formulated policies and measures to support the space industry and create favorable conditions for its sustainable, sound and rapid development.
中国国家航天局是中华人民共和国负责民用航天管理及国际空间合作的政府机构，履行政府相应的管理职责。
The China National Space Administration is the government agency in charge of China’s civil space activities and international space cooperation, and performs corresponding functions of administration.
（一）科学部署各项航天活动
- Space activities rationally arranged
优先安排空间基础设施建设及应用，积极支持空间探索和空间科学研究，持续提升进入和利用空间能力，不断增强空间安全保障能力。
Priority is given to the construction and application of space infrastructure, alongside support for space exploration and space science research, in China’s ongoing efforts to expand its capacity to enter and utilize space and enhance guarantee for space security.
（二）大幅提升航天创新能力
- Space innovation greatly enhanced
实施一批航天重大工程和重大科技项目，推动航天科技跨越发展，带动国家科技整体跃升。
A number of major projects and scientific and technological programs have been implemented to promote significant progress of space science and technology, and enhance the overall level of China’s science and technology.
明确各类创新主体功能定位，建立政产学研用一体的航天协同创新体系，构建航天技术创新联盟和产业创新联盟，围绕产业链打造创新链。
The roles of various players are clearly defined in the formation of a framework of innovation featuring the coordinated efforts of the government, enterprises, universities, research institutions and consumers, and the creation of technical and industrial innovation partnerships, so as to shape a chain of innovation to match the overall industrial chain.
推动建设航天领域研究基地（平台），超前部署战略性、基础性、前瞻性科学研究和技术攻关，大幅提升原始创新能力，打造国家科技创新高地。
Efforts are being made to build a space research base and plan in advance strategic, fundamental and forward-looking research projects to tackle key technical problems, so as to substantially increase China’s capacity for original innovation and create a state-of-art platform in this field.
加强航天技术二次开发，推动航天科技成果转化应用，辐射带动国民经济发展。
The customization development of space technologies has been enhanced to put research findings into industrial production and lead national economic development.
（三）全面推动航天工业能力转型升级
- Space industry capacity transformed and upgraded
构建基于系统集成商、专业承包商、市场供应商和公共服务机构，根植于国民经济、融合开放的航天科研生产组织体系。
Efforts are constantly being made to build an integrated and open system comprising system integrators, specialized contractors, market suppliers and public service providers, based on the national economy and covering all links from scientific research to production.
实施强基工程，突破关键材料、核心零部件、先进工艺等基础瓶颈，强化标准、计量等体系建设。
A project to reinforce space science infrastructure has got off the ground with the goal of removing the basic bottlenecks and obstacles concerning key materials, core spare parts and advanced technology, and improving such systems as standards and measurements.
加快推进工业化与信息化的深度融合，实现航天工业能力向数字化、网络化、智能化转型。
Information technology has been further applied to make space industry capacity more digitalized, Internet- and artificial intelligence-based.
（四）加快发展卫星应用产业
- Satellite application industry accelerated
完善卫星应用产业发展政策，健全国家标准与质量体系，建立健全卫星数据共享等配套机制，完善卫星数据和资源共享平台，实现卫星数据和资源共享共用，形成卫星应用产业发展的良好环境，提升卫星应用整体效益。
Industrial policies related to satellite application, and national standards and quality systems have been improved. Supportive mechanisms for satellite data sharing have been established and improved, and platforms for sharing satellite data and resources upgraded to create a satisfactory environment for the satellite application industry and boost the overall performance of satellite application.
培育卫星应用产业集群和应用市场，完善卫星应用产业链。加强卫星融合应用技术开发，推动卫星应用与互联网、大数据、物联网等新兴产业融合发展，打造新产品、新技术、新业态，培育新的经济增长点，助力“大众创业、万众创新”。
Industrial clusters and markets for satellite application are being cultivated to improve the industrial chain. Development for integration application of satellite technologies is being encouraged to promote the integrated development of satellite application with the Internet, big data, Internet of Things and other emerging industries, so as to create new products, new technologies, new modes of business and new points of growth, and give impetus to the mass entrepreneurship and innovation.
（五）着力加强法律法规体系建设
- Relevant legislative work strengthened
加快推进以航天法立法为核心的法制航天建设，研究制定空间数据与应用管理条例、宇航产品与技术出口管理条例等法规，完善航天发射项目许可管理、空间物体登记管理、科研生产许可管理等法规，依法指导和规范各类航天活动，为航天强国建设提供有力法制保障。
Efforts have been made to accelerate the formation of a legal system centering on the legislation of a national law to govern the space industry, including studying and formulating regulations on space data and their application management, the management of the export of astronautic products and technologies. The regulations in force on permits for space launch projects, registration of space-related items, and permits for scientific and technological research and production have been improved to guide and regulate various space-related activities in accordance with the law, which provides legal guarantee for building China’s space industry.
加强国际空间法研究，积极参与外空国际规则制定。
China has undertaken studies of international space law, and actively participated in the formulation of international rules regarding outer space.
（六）健全完善航天多元化投入体系
- System of diverse funding improved
进一步明确政府投资范围，优化政府投资安排方式，规范政府投资管理，保持政府对航天活动经费支持的持续稳定。
The scope of government investment is being clearly specified, the way in which such investment is arranged is optimized and investment management is regulated, and sustainable and steady government financial support for space activities is guaranteed.
进一步完善准入和退出机制，建立航天投资项目清单管理制度，鼓励引导民间资本和社会力量有序参与航天科研生产、空间基础设施建设、空间信息产品服务、卫星运营等航天活动，大力发展商业航天。
The mechanism for market access and withdrawal has been improved. A list of investment projects in the space industry has been introduced for better management in this regard. Non-governmental capital and other social sectors are encouraged to participate in space-related activities, including scientific research and production, space infrastructure, space information products and services, and use of satellites to increase the level of commercialization of the space industry.
推动政府与社会资本合作，完善政府购买航天产品与服务机制。
The government has increased its cooperation with private investors, and the mechanism for government procurement of astronautic products and services has been improved.
（七）加快建设高水平航天人才队伍
- Training of professionals for the space industry strengthened
完善人才培养、评价、流动、激励等机制，依托重大工程和重大项目，加强战略科学家、科技领军人才、企业家人才和高技能人才队伍建设，培养国际合作专业人才，形成一支结构合理、素质优良的航天人才队伍。
The mechanisms related to the training, assessment, flow of and incentives for professional personnel are being improved in an effort to form a well-structured contingent of highly qualified personnel in the course of construction of important projects and major programs, which consists of strategic scientists, leading researchers and technicians, entrepreneurs and high-caliber professionals, as well as experts in international cooperation.
（八）大力开展航天科普教育
- Knowledge about space science disseminated
积极组织开展“中国航天日”系列活动，并充分利用“世界空间周”“全国科技活动周”等平台，大力开展航天科普教育，普及航天知识，宣传航天文化，弘扬航天精神，激发全民尤其是青少年崇尚科学、探索未知、敢于创新的热情，吸引更多的优秀人才投身航天事业。
Events have been organized around “China Space Day,” “World Space Week” and “Science and Technology Week” to disseminate knowledge and culture about space, promote the “Spirit of the Manned Space Program,” inspire the nation, especially its young people, to develop an interest in science, explore the unknown and make innovations, and attract more people into China’s space industry.
五、国际交流与合作
V. International Exchanges and Cooperation
中国政府认为，和平探索、开发和利用外层空间及其天体是世界各国都享有的平等权利。世界各国开展外空活动，应有助于各国经济发展和社会进步，应有助于人类的和平与安全、生存与发展。
The Chinese government holds that all countries in the world have equal rights to peacefully explore, develop and utilize outer space and its celestial bodies, and that all countries’ outer space activities should be beneficial to their economic development and social progress, and to the peace, security, survival and development of mankind.
国际空间合作应遵循联合国《关于各国探索和利用包括月球和其他天体在内外层空间活动的原则条约》及《关于开展探索和利用外层空间的国际合作，促进所有国家的福利和利益，并特别要考虑到发展中国家的需要的宣言》中提出的基本原则。中国主张在平等互利、和平利用、包容发展的基础上，加强国际空间交流与合作。
International space cooperation should adhere to the fundamental principles stated in the Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, Including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies, and the Declaration on International Cooperation in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space for the Benefit and in the Interests of All States, Taking into Particular Account the Needs of Developing Countries. China maintains that international exchanges and cooperation should be strengthened on the basis of equality and mutual benefit, peaceful utilization and inclusive development.
（一）基本政策
- Fundamental policies
中国政府在开展国际空间交流与合作中，采取以下基本政策：
The Chinese government has adopted the following fundamental policies with regard to international space exchanges and cooperation:
——支持在联合国系统内开展和平利用外层空间的各项活动。
– Supporting activities regarding the peaceful use of outer space within the framework of the United Nations;
——支持政府间、非政府间空间组织为促进航天事业发展所开展的各项活动。
– Supporting all inter-governmental and non-governmental space organizations’ activities that promote development of the space industry;
——加强基于共同目标、服务“一带一路”建设的双边和多边合作。
– Strengthening bilateral and multilateral cooperation which is based on common goals and serves the Belt and Road Initiative;
——支持亚太空间合作组织在区域性空间合作中发挥重要作用，重视在金砖国家合作机制、上海合作组织框架下开展空间合作。
– Supporting the Asia-Pacific Space Cooperation Organization to play an important role in regional space cooperation, and attaching importance to space cooperation under the BRICS cooperation mechanism and within the framework of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization.
——鼓励和支持国内科研机构、工业企业、高等院校和社会团体，在国家有关政策和法规的指导下，开展多层次、多形式的国际空间交流与合作。
– Encouraging and endorsing the efforts of domestic scientific research institutes, industrial enterprises, institutions of higher learning and social organizations to develop international space exchanges and cooperation in diverse forms and at various levels under the guidance of relevant state policies, laws and regulations.
（二）2011年以来的主要活动
- Major events
2011年以来，中国与29个国家、空间机构和国际组织签署43项空间合作协定或谅解备忘录，参与联合国及相关国际组织开展的有关活动，推进国际空间商业合作，取得丰硕成果。
Since 2011, China has signed 43 space cooperation agreements or memoranda of understanding with 29 countries, space agencies and international organizations. It has taken part in relevant activities sponsored by the United Nations and other relevant international organizations, and supported international commercial cooperation in space. These measures have yielded fruitful results.
1、双边合作
(1) Bilateral cooperation
——中国与俄罗斯在总理定期会晤委员会航天合作分委会机制下，签署《2013－2017年中俄航天合作大纲》，积极推动在深空探测、载人航天、对地观测、卫星导航、电子元器件等领域合作。
– China and Russia signed the Outline of China-Russia Space Cooperation from 2013 to 2017 through the mechanism of the Space Cooperation Sub-committee during the Prime Ministers’ Meeting between Russia and China. The two countries have actively promoted cooperation in deep space exploration, manned spaceflight, earth observation, satellite navigation, space-related electronic parts and components, and other areas.
——中国与欧洲空间局在中欧航天合作联合委员会机制下，签署《2015－2020年中欧航天合作大纲》，明确在深空探测、空间科学、对地观测、测控服务、空间碎片、教育培训等领域开展合作，启动实施“太阳风与磁层相互作用全景式成像卫星”。圆满完成“龙计划”第三期科技合作。
– China and the European Space Agency (ESA) signed the Outline of China-ESA Space Cooperation from 2015 to 2020 within the mechanism of the China-Europe Joint Commission on Space Cooperation. The two sides have declared their determination to cooperate in deep space exploration, space science, earth observation, TT&C services, space debris, and space-related education and training, and launched the panoramic imaging satellite for solar wind and magnetosphere interaction. The two sides have completed cooperation on the Dragon 3 cooperation program.
——中国与巴西在中巴高层协调与合作委员会航天分委会机制下，持续开展中巴地球资源卫星合作，成功发射中巴地球资源04星，签署中巴地球资源04A星联合研制补充协定以及遥感卫星数据与应用合作协定，保持中巴地球资源卫星数据的连续性。在南非、新加坡升级改造中巴地球资源卫星数据接收站，扩大该卫星数据在区域和全球范围的应用，积极推进中巴空间天气联合实验室建设。
– China and Brazil, through the mechanism of the Space Cooperation Sub-committee of the Sino-Brazilian High-level Coordination Commission, have conducted constant cooperation in the China-Brazil Earth Resources Satellite (CBERS) program. They successfully launched CBERS-4, signed the Supplementary Agreement of China and Brazil on the Joint Development of CBERS-04A and Cooperation Agreement of China and Brazil on Remote-Sensing Satellite Data and Application, maintaining CBERS data consistency. The two countries also updated CBERS data receiving stations in South Africa and Singapore, expanding CBERS data application regionally and globally. They have worked together to set up the China-Brazil Joint Laboratory for Space Weather.
——中国与法国在中法航天合作联委会机制下，持续推进中法天文、中法海洋等卫星工程合作项目，签署关于空间与气候变化的合作意向书，推动空间技术应用于全球气候变化治理。
– China and France, within the mechanism of the Sino-French Joint Commission on Space Cooperation, have engaged in bilateral cooperation on astronomic, ocean and other satellite programs. The two countries have signed a letter of intent on space and climate change, and worked to promote the application of space technology in global climate change governance.
——中国与意大利成立中意航天合作联合委员会，稳步推进中意电磁监测试验卫星工程研制。
– China and Italy set up the Sino-Italian Joint Commission on Space Cooperation, and have steadily carried forward research and development of the China-Italy Electromagnetic Monitoring Experiment Satellite Program.
——中国与英国持续推进中英空间科学技术联合实验室建设，加强航天科技人才交流，启动中英遥感应用合作研究。
– China and Britain have promoted construction of a joint laboratory on space science and technology, upgraded their exchanges in space science and technology personnel, and launched cooperative studies on remote-sensing applications.
——中国与德国推动两国航天企业间对话，加强两国在航天高端制造领域的合作。
– China and Germany have promoted dialogue between their space industry enterprises, and strengthened cooperation in high-end space manufacturing.
——中国与荷兰签署空间合作谅解备忘录，推动农业、水资源、大气环境等领域遥感应用合作，明确在“嫦娥四号”任务实施中搭载荷方有效载荷。
– China and the Netherlands signed a memorandum of understanding on space cooperation, promoting cooperation in remote-sensing applications in agriculture, water resources and atmospheric environment, and stating that Chang’e-4 would carry a Dutch payload in its mission.
——中国与美国在中美战略与经济对话框架下，开展民用航天对话，明确在空间碎片、空间天气和应对全球气候变化等领域加强合作。
– China and the United States, within the framework of the China-U.S. Strategic and Economic Dialogue, carried out a civil space dialogue, stating that the two countries would strengthen cooperation in space debris, space weather, response to global climate change, and related areas.
——中国与阿尔及利亚、阿根廷、比利时、印度、印度尼西亚、哈萨克斯坦等国签署航天合作协定，建立双边航天合作机制，明确在空间技术、空间应用、空间科学、教育培训等领域加强交流与合作。
– China signed space cooperation agreements and established bilateral space cooperation mechanisms with Algeria, Argentina, Belgium, India, Indonesia, Kazakhstan to strengthen exchanges and cooperation in such areas as space technology, space applications, and space science, education and training.
2、多边合作
(2) Multilateral cooperation
——中国积极参加联合国和平利用外层空间委员会及其科技小组委员会、法律小组委员会的各项活动，积极参与外空活动长期可持续性等国际空间规则磋商，签署《中国国家航天局与联合国对地观测数据和技术支持谅解备忘录》，积极推动中国对地观测卫星数据在联合国平台上的共享与合作。
– China takes an active part in activities organized by the United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space and its Scientific and Technical Sub-committee and Legal Sub-committee, and negotiations on international space rules such as the long-term sustainability of outer space activities. It signed the Memorandum of Understanding between the China National Space Administration and the United Nations on Earth Observation Data and Technical Support, actively promoting data sharing and cooperation between China’s earth observation satellites on the UN platform.
——中国积极支持联合国灾害管理与应急响应天基信息平台北京办公室开展相关工作。联合国在北京设立空间科学与技术教育亚太区域中心（中国），促进国际空间领域的人才培养。
– China supports the relevant work of the Beijing office of the United Nations Platform for Space-based Information for Disaster Management and Emergency Response. The UN set up the Regional Center for Space Science and Technology Education in Asia and the Pacific (China) in Beijing to promote personnel training in the international space arena.
——中国在亚太空间组织合作框架下，积极参与推动亚太空间合作组织联合多任务小卫星星座项目，成功举办以“‘一带一路’助力亚太地区空间能力建设”为主题的亚太空间合作组织发展战略高层论坛，并发表北京宣言。
– Within the framework of the Asia-Pacific Space Cooperation Organization (APSCO), China actively participated in the APSCO Joint Small Multi-mission Satellite Constellation Program. It also organized the APSCO Development Strategy Forum with the theme of “the Belt and Road Initiative for Facilitating Regional Capacity Building of the Asia-Pacific Countries,” at which the Beijing Declaration was adopted.
——中国与巴西、俄罗斯、印度、南非等国航天机构共同发起并积极推动金砖国家遥感卫星星座合作。
– China and the space agencies of Brazil, Russia, India, and South Africa co-sponsored and actively promoted cooperation in the BRICS remote-sensing satellite constellation.
——启动实施中国—东盟卫星信息海上应用中心、澜沧江—湄公河空间信息交流中心建设等项目。
– China launched the China-ASEAN Satellite Information Maritime Application Center, and Lancang-Mekong River Spatial Information Exchange Center.
——中国积极参与机构间空间碎片协调委员会、空间与重大灾害宪章、地球观测组织等政府间国际组织的各项活动。成功举办第31届空间与重大灾害宪章理事会、第32届机构间空间碎片协调委员会等国际会议。
– China actively participated in activities organized by the Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee (IADC), International Charter on Space and Major Disasters, Group on Earth Observations, and other intergovernmental organizations. It hosted the 31st Council of the International Charter on Space and Major Disasters, the 32nd Meeting of the IADC and other international conferences.
——中国积极参与全球卫星导航系统国际委员会活动，成功举办第7届全球卫星导航系统国际委员会大会，积极推动北斗系统与其他卫星导航系统兼容与互操作，推广普及卫星导航技术，与多个国家和地区开展卫星导航应用合作。
– China actively participated in activities organized by the International Committee on Global Navigation Satellite Systems (ICG) and held the Seventh ICG Conference. It actively improved the compatibility and interoperability of the Beidou system with other satellite navigation systems, popularized satellite navigation technology, and cooperated with a number of countries and regions in satellite navigation applications.
——中国积极参与国际宇航联合会、国际空间研究委员会、国际宇航科学院、国际空间法学会等非政府间国际组织和学术机构的各项活动，成功举办第64届国际宇航大会、2014年联合国/中国/亚太空间合作组织空间法研讨会、第36届国际地球科学与遥感大会等国际会议。在联合国空间应用项目框架下成功举办首届载人航天技术研讨会。
– China actively participated in activities organized by the International Astronautical Federation, International Committee on Space Research, International Academy of Astronautics, International Institute of Space Law, and other non-governmental international space organizations and academic institutes. It held the 64th International Astronautical Congress, 2014 United Nations / China / APSCO Workshop on Space Law, 36th International Conference on Earth Science and Remote-Sensing, and related international conferences. It also held the First Seminar on Manned Spaceflight Technology within the framework of the United Nations Program on Space Applications.
——中国积极参与全球防灾减灾国际事务协调，通过联合国灾害管理与应急反应天基信息平台、联合国亚洲及太平洋经济社会理事会、空间与重大灾害宪章等机制，为国际重大灾害救援工作提供了卫星数据支持和技术服务。
– China actively participated in the international coordination of global disaster prevention and reduction, and provided satellite data support and technical services for major international disaster-relief efforts through the United Nations Platform for Space-based Information on Disaster Management and Emergency Response, United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, International Charter on Space and Major Disasters, and related mechanisms.
3、商业活动
(3) Commercial activities
中国积极鼓励和支持企业参与空间领域国际商业活动，完成尼日利亚通信卫星、委内瑞拉遥感卫星一号、玻利维亚通信卫星、老挝一号通信卫星、白俄罗斯一号通信卫星等卫星出口和在轨交付，为土耳其蓝突厥2号地球观测卫星提供商业发射服务，成功搭载发射厄瓜多尔、阿根廷、波兰、卢森堡等国的小卫星，积极开展空间信息商业服务。
China encourages and supports Chinese enterprises to participate in international commercial activities in the space field. It has exported satellites and made in-orbit delivery of Nigeria’s communications satellite, Venezuela’s remote-sensing satellite-1, Bolivia’s communications satellite, Laos’ communications satellite-1 and Belarus’ communications satellite-1. In addition, it provided commercial launch service for Turkey’s Gokturk-2 earth observation satellite, and when launching its own satellites took on small satellites for Ecuador, Argentina, Poland, Luxembourg and other countries. It has also provided business services concerning space information.
（三）未来五年重点合作领域
- Key areas for future cooperation
未来五年，中国将以更加积极开放的姿态，在以下重点领域广泛开展国际空间交流与合作：
In the next five years, China will, with a more active and open attitude, conduct extensive international exchanges and cooperation concerning space in the following key areas:
——“一带一路”空间信息走廊建设，包括对地观测、通信广播、导航定位等卫星研制，地面和应用系统建设，应用产品开发等。
– Construction of the Belt and Road Initiative Space Information Corridor, including earth observation, communications and broadcasting, navigation and positioning, and other types of satellite-related development; ground and application system construction; and application product development.
——金砖国家遥感卫星星座建设。
– Construction of the BRICS remote-sensing satellite constellation.
——亚太空间合作组织联合多任务小卫星星座和大学生小卫星项目建设。
– Construction of the APSCO Joint Small Multi-mission Satellite Constellation Program and University Small Satellite Project Development.
——月球、火星等深空探测工程与技术合作。
– The Moon, Mars and other deep space exploration programs and technical cooperation.
——载人航天空间实验室、空间站建设及应用。
– Inclusion of a space laboratory and a space station in China’s manned spaceflight program.
——空间科学卫星、遥感卫星、有效载荷等工程研制。
– Research and development of a space science satellite, a remote-sensing satellite, payloads, etc.
——数据接收站、通信关口站等地面基础设施建设。
– Construction of ground infrastructure such as data receiving stations and communications gateway stations.
——对地观测、通信广播、导航定位等卫星应用。
– Satellite applications, including earth observation, communications and broadcasting, navigation and positioning.
——空间科学探索研究。
– Exploration and research on space science.
——航天发射及搭载服务。
– Launching and carrying services.
——航天测控支持。
– Space TT&C support.
——空间碎片监测、预警、减缓及防护。
– Space debris monitoring, early warning, mitigation and protection.
——空间天气领域合作。
– Space weather cooperation.
——卫星整星、卫星及运载火箭分系统、零部件、电子元器件、地面设施设备等产品进出口和技术合作。
– Import and export of and technical cooperation in the field of whole satellites, sub-systems, spare parts and electronic components of satellites and launch vehicles, ground facilities and equipment, and related items.
——空间法律、空间政策、航天标准研究。
– Research on space law, policy and standards.
——航天领域人员交流与培训等。
– Personnel exchanges and training in the space field.
结束语
Conclusion
当今世界，越来越多的国家高度重视并积极参与航天事业发展，航天技术已广泛应用于人们日常生活的方方面面，对人类社会生产生活方式产生重大而深远的影响。
In the present-day world, more and more countries are attaching importance to and taking an active part in developing space activities. Moreover, space technology is being widely applied in all aspects of our daily life, exerting a major and far-reaching influence on social production and lifestyle.
和平探索和利用外层空间是人类不懈的追求。站在新的历史起点上，中国将加快推动航天事业发展，积极开展国际空间交流与合作，使航天活动成果在更广范围、更深层次、更高水平上服务和增进人类福祉，同各国一道，不断把人类和平与发展的崇高事业推向前进。
It is mankind’s unremitting pursuit to peacefully explore and utilize outer space. Standing at a new historical starting line, China is determined to quicken the pace of developing its space industry, and actively carry out international space exchanges and cooperation, so that achievements in space activities will serve and improve the well-being of mankind in a wider scope, at a deeper level and with higher standards. China will promote the lofty cause of peace and development together with other countries.
