双语：关于2020年国民经济和社会发展计划执行情况与2021年国民经济和社会发展计划草案的报告

关于2020年国民经济和社会发展计划执行情况与2021年国民经济和社会发展计划草案的报告文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/10944.html

REPORT ON THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE 2020 PLAN FOR NATIONAL ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT AND ON THE 2021 DRAFT PLAN FOR NATIONAL ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/10944.html

 文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/10944.html

——2021年3月5日在第十三届全国人民代表大会第四次会议上文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/10944.html

Delivered at the Fourth Session of the 13th National People’s Congress on March 5, 2021文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/10944.html

 文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/10944.html

国家发展和改革委员会文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/10944.html

National Development and Reform Commission文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/10944.html

 文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/10944.html

各位代表：文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/10944.html

Esteemed Deputies,

受国务院委托，现将2020年国民经济和社会发展计划执行情况与2021年国民经济和社会发展计划草案提请十三届全国人大四次会议审查，并请全国政协各位委员提出意见。

The National Development and Reform Commission has been entrusted by the State Council to deliver this report on the implementation of the 2020 plan, and on the 2021 draft plan for national economic and social development to the present Fourth Session of the 13th National People’s Congress (NPC) for your deliberation and approval. The Commission also invites comments from members of the National Committee of the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC).

一、2020年国民经济和社会发展计划执行情况

I. Implementation of the 2020 Plan for National Economic and Social Development

2020年是新中国历史上极不平凡的一年。面对严峻复杂的国际形势、艰巨繁重的国内改革发展稳定任务特别是新冠肺炎疫情的严重冲击，以习近平同志为核心的党中央统揽全局，保持战略定力，准确判断形势，精心谋划部署，果断采取行动，付出艰苦努力，及时作出统筹疫情防控和经济社会发展的重大决策。各地区各部门坚持以习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想为指导，全面贯彻党的十九大和十九届二中、三中、四中、五中全会精神，按照党中央、国务院决策部署，认真执行十三届全国人大三次会议审议批准的《政府工作报告》、2020年国民经济和社会发展计划，落实全国人大财政经济委员会审查意见，沉着冷静应对风险挑战，坚持高质量发展方向不动摇，统筹疫情防控和经济社会发展，扎实做好“六稳”工作，全面落实“六保”任务，我国经济运行逐季改善、逐步恢复常态，在全球主要经济体中唯一实现经济正增长，脱贫攻坚战取得全面胜利，决胜全面建成小康社会取得决定性成就，交出一份人民满意、世界瞩目、可以载入史册的答卷。

Last year was an extraordinary year in the history of the People’s Republic of China (PRC). Faced with a grave and complex international situation, the challenging tasks of advancing reform and development and ensuring stability at home, and the severe impact of the Covid-19 epidemic in particular, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China (CPC) with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core, while keeping overall national interests in mind, maintained a strategic focus, judged situations accurately, formulated meticulous plans, took decisive action, made arduous efforts, and promptly adopted the major policy of coordinating epidemic prevention and control with economic and social development.

Under the guidance of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, all regions and departments fully implemented the guiding principles of the 19th CPC National Congress and the second, third, fourth, and fifth plenary sessions of the 19th CPC Central Committee. In accordance with the decisions and plans of the Party Central Committee and the State Council, we faithfully implemented the Report on the Work of the Government and the 2020 Plan for National Economic and Social Development approved at the Third Session of the 13th NPC, and adopted the NPC Financial and Economic Affairs Committee’s suggestions based on its review of the 2020 plan.

We responded to risks and challenges with composure, and continued to pursue high-quality development. We coordinated the Covid-19 response with economic and social development, and took solid steps to ensure stability on six key fronts and maintain security in six key areas.

China’s economy saw a quarter-on-quarter improvement and gradually returned to normality, constituting the sole major economy to have realized positive growth. We achieved a complete victory in the battle against poverty, and scored decisive achievements in securing a full victory in building a moderately prosperous society in all respects, delivering a globally-acclaimed performance that satisfied the needs of the people and that will be recorded in the annals of history.

（一）坚持把人民生命安全和身体健康放在第一位，抗疫斗争取得重大战略成果。面对突如其来的新冠肺炎疫情带来的严峻考验，习近平总书记亲自指挥、亲自部署，团结带领全国各族人民迅速打响疫情防控的人民战争、总体战、阻击战，用1个多月的时间初步遏制疫情蔓延势头，用2个月左右的时间将本土每日新增病例控制在个位数以内，用3个月左右的时间取得武汉保卫战、湖北保卫战的决定性成果，此后又有效处置多起局部地区聚集性或散发疫情。

1. We put the health and safety of our people before all else and saw major strategic achievements in the fight against Covid-19.

Faced with the sudden and severe challenges posed by Covid-19, General Secretary Xi Jinping personally took charge, planned our response, and unified the Chinese people of all ethnic groups in rapidly launching an all-out people’s war to contain the virus. In just over a month’s time, we had largely contained the spread of the virus in China. In roughly two months, we had reduced the daily number of new local cases to single digits. And in approximately three months, we had secured a decisive victory in the battle to defend Hubei Province and its capital city Wuhan. After this, we effectively dealt with a number of local outbreaks and sporadic cases.

一是全力以赴做好疫情防控救治工作。按照坚定信心、同舟共济、科学防治、精准施策的总要求，坚持全国一盘棋，迅速成立中央应对疫情工作领导小组，向湖北派出中央指导组，充分发挥国务院联防联控机制作用，举全国之力开展武汉保卫战、湖北保卫战，快速阻断本土疫情传播。明确“四早”、“四集中”要求，费用全部由国家承担，着力提高收治率和治愈率、降低感染率和病亡率。开展联防联控和群防群控，各省（区、市）相继启动重大突发卫生事件一级响应，组织干部力量下沉抓好社区防控，引导各类社会组织、专业社会工作者和志愿服务力量依法有序参与疫情防控和社会服务。扎实做好医疗物资保障和生活必需品保供稳价工作，快速实现口罩等医疗防护物资、医疗救治设备、医治床位从严重短缺到基本满足疫情防控需要；千方百计协调解决重点物资生产核心岗位用工，保障粮油与肉禽蛋菜奶等食品的市场供应和价格基本稳定，多措并举确保能源供应安全稳定，有效保障医疗废物、废水安全处置。注重科研攻关和临床救治、防控实践相协同，第一时间研发出核酸检测试剂盒，加快有效药物筛选和疫苗研发，国产疫苗接种正式启动，充分发挥科技对疫情防控的支撑作用。针对境外疫情扩散蔓延，加强输入性风险防控，做好对境外我国公民关心关爱，开辟临时航班有序接回我国在外困难人员。

1) No effort was spared to control the epidemic and treat patients.

We coordinated the efforts of the whole country in accordance with the general requirement to stay confident, stand united, and adopt both a science-based approach and targeted measures. A central leading group for coordinating the epidemic response was established and a central guidance team was dispatched to Hubei. Full play was given to the functions of the State Council interdepartmental task force. The entire country was mobilized in the fight to protect Hubei and Wuhan and to curb local transmission of the virus. We gave clear guidelines for the early detection, reporting, isolation, and treatment of cases, and mandated that patients be treated in designated facilities where the best doctors and medical resources were concentrated. We ensured that all treatment-related costs were borne by the state, and worked to raise hospital admission and recovery rates and to bring down infection and mortality rates.

We carried out an interdepartmental and society-wide epidemic prevention and control effort. One after another, provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities directly under the central government activated level-one responses to this major public health emergency. Officials were dispatched to communities to ensure effective local epidemic control, and social organizations of all kinds, specialized social workers, and volunteers received the guidance required to provide epidemic control and social services in accordance with the law and in an orderly manner.

We took firm steps to guarantee medical supplies and to stabilize the supply and prices of daily necessities. We quickly ramped up the production of face masks and other medical protective materials and medical equipment, and added more hospital beds, thereby ensuring that epidemic control needs were essentially met. We did everything possible to ensure the well-coordinated allocation of labor in key production areas to guarantee stability in the supply and prices of grain, cooking oil, and other foods such as meat, eggs, vegetables, and milk. Various measures were taken to maintain the security and stability of energy supplies, and to ensure safe medical waste and wastewater disposal.

We coordinated scientific research with clinical treatment and prevention and control work, speedily developed nucleic acid testing kits, accelerated both the selection of effective medicines and vaccine development, and began vaccination using domestically produced vaccines. In so doing, we fully leveraged the role of science and technology in our efforts to contain the epidemic.

In response to the rapid spread of the epidemic around the world, and while still guarding against the risk of inbound cases, the Chinese government provided care and support for overseas Chinese nationals and arranged temporary flights to support the orderly transit of Chinese citizens facing difficulties abroad back to China.

二是毫不放松抓好常态化疫情防控。适时将全国总体防控策略调整为“外防输入、内防反弹”，推动防控工作由应急性超常规防控向常态化防控转变，健全及时发现、快速处置、精准管控、有效救治的常态化防控机制。充分利用现代信息技术，广泛应用健康码识别，持续提升常态化疫情防控精准性，有效保障企业正常生产和居民正常生活。面对局部点状疫情反弹，坚持分区分级防控，有针对性调整区域疫情风险等级，及时开展流行病学调查和大数据追踪溯源。着力查补薄弱环节，持续提升新冠病毒核酸检测能力，盯紧冷链物流等重点行业加强防控。

2) There was no let-up in routine epidemic control efforts.

As the situation evolved, we shifted the focus of our national response to guarding against inbound cases and domestic resurgence, and changed from an emergency response mode to one of routine epidemic control. We developed routine mechanisms for rapidly detecting and handling cases, for taking targeted measures to suppress resurgence, and for providing effective treatment. Substantial utilization of modern information technologies and the widespread introduction of health code verification allowed for continuous improvement in the precision of routine control work, thus helping to maintain regular production and daily household activities.

Faced with a domestic resurgence characterized by sporadic local outbreaks, we continued to apply differentiated response measures tailored to different localities. Targeted adjustments were made to the risk levels of different regions, while epidemiological investigations and the use of big data for tracing infections were launched as rapidly as possible. We focused on discovering and strengthening weak links, continuously improved our nucleic acid testing capacity, and strengthened prevention and control in key areas such as cold-chain logistics.

三是深入推进疫情防控国际合作。本着公开、透明、负责任的态度，认真履行国际义务，最早向世界通报疫情，第一时间发布新冠病毒基因序列等信息，第一时间公布诊疗方案和防控方案，坚定支持世界卫生组织发挥领导作用。开设疫情防控网上知识中心并向所有国家开放，公开发布8版诊疗方案、7版防控方案，毫无保留同各方分享防控和救治经验。发起新中国成立以来规模最大的全球人道主义行动，向世界卫生组织和联合国全球人道主义应对计划提供支持，为有需要的34个国家派出36支医疗专家组，向150个国家和13个国际组织提供抗疫援助。发挥抗疫物资最大供应国优势，全年向200多个国家提供了超过2200亿只口罩、23亿件防护服、10亿人份检测试剂盒。积极推进药物、疫苗研发合作和国际联防联控，帮助发展中国家克服疫情带来的困难。

3) International cooperation in combating the epidemic was promoted.

China has acted in an open, transparent, and responsible manner, and has earnestly fulfilled its international obligations. The Chinese government reported the outbreak of the epidemic to the world at the first opportunity, released the genome sequence of the virus to the world as soon as it was determined, immediately shared China’s diagnostic and therapeutic protocols and containment measures, and firmly supported the World Health Organization (WHO) in playing its leading role. We set up an online Covid-19 knowledge center open to all, and published eight versions of diagnostic and therapeutic protocols and seven versions of containment protocols, unreservedly sharing our prevention, control, and treatment experiences with all.

We launched the largest global humanitarian assistance campaign since the founding of the PRC, provided assistance both to the WHO and for the Covid-19 Global Humanitarian Response Plan launched by the United Nations, dispatched 36 teams of medical experts to 34 countries in need of them, and provided assistance in combating the epidemic to 150 countries and 13 international organizations. Giving full play to our strengths as the world’s largest supplier of epidemic prevention materials, over the course of the year we provided more than 200 countries with over 220 billion face masks, 2.3 billion protective gowns, and 1 billion testing kits. We actively pushed forward cooperation on drug and vaccine R&D as well as global joint prevention and control. We also helped developing countries to overcome the challenges brought by the epidemic.

（二）围绕市场主体的急需制定和实施宏观政策，经济运行持续稳定恢复。面对历史罕见的冲击，我们在“六稳”工作基础上，明确提出“六保”任务，特别是保就业保民生保市场主体，以保促稳、稳中求进。立足国情实际，既及时果断又保持定力，坚持不搞“大水漫灌”，科学把握规模性政策的平衡点，加大宏观政策应对力度，经济发展的内生动力、平衡性和可持续性进一步增强。

2. We formulated and implemented macro policies to meet the urgent needs of market entities, and facilitated a stable and sustained economic recovery.

Confronted with the impact of Covid-19, the severity of which has rarely been seen in history, we made ensuring stability on the six fronts the foundation of our efforts, and clearly defined the tasks required for maintaining security in the six areas, with a particular emphasis on securing employment, meeting basic living needs, and protecting market entities. We remained committed to maintaining security in order to deliver the stability needed to pursue progress. Taking into account China’s national conditions and realities, we took prompt and decisive action while maintaining our resolve, and refrained from resorting to a deluge of strong stimulus policies. Instead, we balanced large-scale economic policies and intensified our macro policies to counteract the negative impacts of Covid-19, thereby strengthening the internal forces driving economic growth and ensuring more balanced and more sustainable development.

一是主要指标好于预期。2020年，国内生产总值达101.6万亿元，增长2.3%。城镇新增就业1186万人，年末城镇调查失业率为5.2%。居民消费价格指数上涨2.5%。国际收支基本平衡，外汇储备保持在3万亿美元以上。

1) Major indicators were better than expected.

China’s gross domestic product (GDP) in 2020 reached 101.6 trillion yuan, an increase of 2.3%. A total of 11.86 million urban jobs were created and the year-end surveyed urban unemployment rate was 5.2%. The consumer price index (CPI) rose by 2.5%. A basic equilibrium was maintained with regard to the balance of payments, and foreign exchange reserves were kept at over US$ 3 trillion.

二是助企纾困政策有效实施。减税降费红利深度释放，实施阶段性大规模减税降费，阶段性减免小规模纳税人增值税，阶段性减免养老、失业、工伤三项社会保险单位缴费部分，减半征收职工医疗保险单位缴费部分，落实住房公积金阶段性支持政策，全年为市场主体减负超过2.6万亿元。创新宏观政策实施方式，中央财政对新增2万亿元资金建立直达机制，省级财政加大资金下沉力度，共同为市县基层落实惠企利民政策及时补充财力。通过降低存款准备金率、中期借贷便利、公开市场操作、再贷款再贴现、创新直达实体经济的货币政策工具等方式，共推出9万多亿元的货币支持措施。通过贷款市场报价利率（LPR）改革推动社会融资成本下降。大型商业银行普惠小微企业贷款增长50%以上，全年金融系统向实体经济让利1.5万亿元。阶段性对部分服务业小微企业和个体工商户减免缓收房屋租金。

2) Epidemic relief policies for enterprises were effectively implemented.

We implemented large-scale tax cuts and fee reductions on a time-limited basis in order to help enterprises. We reduced or eliminated VAT on small-scale taxpayers in the current stage, temporarily reduced or waived enterprises contributions to basic old-age insurance, unemployment insurance, and workers’ compensation schemes, halved enterprises contributions to basic medical insurance for urban workers, and implemented time-limited supportive policies on the housing provident fund, saving market entities more than 2.6 trillion yuan over the course of the year.

We developed new methods for implementing macro policies. The central government established mechanisms for ensuring that the additional two trillion yuan of government bonds went directly to prefecture and county governments, and provincial-level governments channeled more financial resources to lower-level governments. These combined measures supported prefecture and county governments in implementing policies to benefit both enterprises and the people.

We introduced supportive monetary measures with a value of over nine trillion yuan by means such as required reserve ratio reductions, medium-term lending facilities, open market operations, re-lending and rediscounts, and by developing new monetary policy instruments that directly serve the real economy. We also implemented the loan prime rate (LPR) mechanism to reduce the cost of financing. Large commercial banks increased inclusive loans to micro and small enterprises (MSEs) by more than 50%. Over the year, the financial sector saved enterprises 1.5 trillion yuan via measures to boost the real economy. Rental payments for certain MSEs and self-employed individuals in the service sector were reduced, waived, or postponed for a certain period of time.

三是市场主体预期稳定向好。迅速建立并不断完善全国疫情信息发布机制，实事求是、公开透明发布疫情权威信息，有效保障企业正常生产和居民正常生活。充分发挥宏观政策协调机制和重点省市“六稳”、“六保”会商机制作用，中央与地方之间、部门之间的政策联动协调不断增强，宏观经济治理体系更加完善，政策稳定性、可预期性和透明度进一步提升。解读形势和政策更加及时，回应社会关切更加积极，有效稳定市场主体发展信心。

3) The expectations of market entities remained stable and positive.

We promptly put in place and constantly improved nationwide epidemic information-sharing mechanisms, released authoritative epidemic information in an accurate and transparent manner, and effectively ensured the continuation of normal production and daily life activities.

We gave full play to the role of macro-policy coordination mechanisms and consultation mechanisms between major provinces and cities in order to ensure stability on the six fronts and security in the six areas. Policy coordination between central and local authorities and between departments was also strengthened. The macroeconomic governance system was improved, and our policies became more stable, predictable, and transparent. We offered timely explanations of developments and policies, actively responded to public concerns, and maintained the confidence of market entities.

（三）坚决打好三大攻坚战，主要目标任务如期完成。瞄准突出问题和薄弱环节狠抓政策落实，脱贫攻坚战取得了全面胜利，污染防治力度不断加大，重大风险得到有效防控。

3. We made solid progress in the three critical battles², and achieved the main targets and accomplished the main tasks on schedule.

We implemented policies to solve prominent problems and strengthen weak links, completed all goals and tasks for fighting poverty, stepped up efforts to address pollution, and effectively prevented and controlled major risks.

一是脱贫攻坚战取得了全面胜利。实施挂牌督战，项目资金向“三区三州”等深度贫困地区倾斜。针对疫情、汛情对脱贫攻坚带来的不利影响，优先支持贫困劳动力务工就业，多渠道扩大以工代赈实施规模，加大产业扶贫和就业扶贫力度，强化产销对接和科技帮扶，开展消费扶贫行动，及时落实兜底保障等帮扶措施。出台易地扶贫搬迁后续扶持若干政策措施，“十三五”960多万人易地扶贫搬迁建设任务全面完成。着力巩固“三保障”成果，统筹运用基本医保、大病保险和医疗救助等制度保障，有效减轻贫困人口就医费用负担，脱贫攻坚农村危房改造扫尾工程按期完成，全面解决现行标准下的贫困人口饮水安全问题。开展国家脱贫攻坚普查，建立防止返贫监测和帮扶机制。现行标准下9899万农村贫困人口全部脱贫，全国832个贫困县全部摘帽，12.8万个贫困村全部出列，绝对贫困和区域性整体贫困得到解决。

1) We won a complete victory in the battle against poverty.

We listed all the counties and villages which had not yet eliminated poverty in order to oversee their poverty-alleviation efforts, and channeled poverty-alleviation funds toward deeply impoverished areas such as the three regions and the three prefectures.³ To offset the impact of Covid-19 and flooding on poverty alleviation, we prioritized efforts to support impoverished workers in finding jobs, and expanded work-relief programs through multiple channels. We increased support for poverty alleviation by boosting local industries and employment, ensured better linkage between production and sales, strengthened science and technology-based assistance, launched programs to boost the consumption of goods produced in poor areas, and promptly implemented measures to ensure that people’s basic living needs are met. We rolled out follow-up support policies and measures for relocated families, and completed the task of relocating over 9.6 million people from inhospitable areas during the 13th Five-Year Plan period.

We worked to consolidate the progress already achieved in guaranteeing access to compulsory education, basic medical services, and housing for rural poor populations. We coordinated the development of basic medical insurance, major disease insurance, and medical assistance programs to ease the burden of medical expenses for poor populations. Final-phase projects to renovate dilapidated rural houses were completed on schedule. All people who were formerly living below the current poverty line now have access to safe drinking water. We conducted a nationwide poverty reduction survey, and improved monitoring and support to prevent people from falling back into poverty.

The 98.99 million rural residents formerly living below the current poverty line were successfully lifted out of poverty, and poverty has been eliminated in all of the 832 impoverished counties and the 128,000 poor villages. Both extreme poverty and regional poverty have therefore been eradicated.

二是污染防治攻坚战圆满完成阶段性目标。扎实推进节能减排，单位国内生产总值能耗和单位国内生产总值二氧化碳排放量继续下降，非化石能源占能源消费总量比重达15.9%。继续打好蓝天、碧水、净土保卫战，持续实施重点区域秋冬季大气污染综合治理，开展夏季臭氧（O₃）污染防治攻坚，积极稳妥推进北方地区冬季清洁取暖，有序推进钢铁行业超低排放改造，扎实推进柴油货车污染治理，积极推进“公转铁”、“公转水”，全国地级及以上城市空气质量优良天数比率达87%。长江、黄河等大江大河重点流域及渤海等重点海域环境质量加快改善，饮用水水源保护和城市黑臭水体治理力度加大，地表水质量达到或好于Ⅲ类水体比例达83.4%，劣Ⅴ类水体比例降至0.6%。深入实施国家节水行动，万元国内生产总值用水量预计下降1.9%。推动受污染耕地和污染地块安全利用。持续实施农业农村污染治理攻坚，全面开展“无废城市”建设试点，扎实推进污水资源化利用、塑料污染治理、医疗废物处置，推动资源循环利用基地和大宗固体废弃物综合利用基地建设，基本实现固体废物零进口目标。加快构建现代环境治理体系，实现全国固定污染源排污许可全覆盖。扎实推进国家生态文明试验区建设。强化生态保护修复，持续开展大规模国土绿化行动，深入推进三江源、祁连山等重点区域综合治理，森林草原防灭火、湿地保护等重要生态系统保护管理能力有效提升。深入推进生态保护红线监管工作。创建绿色产业示范基地，推广先进绿色技术。积极应对气候变化，提高国家自主贡献目标，参与和引领全球气候治理。开展全国碳排放权交易市场第一个履约周期配额分配。

2) We achieved the current-stage objectives for pollution prevention and control.

We made steady progress in promoting energy conservation and emissions reduction, and saw a continued decline in energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions per unit of GDP. The share of non-fossil fuels in the total energy consumption reached 15.9%.

We pushed ahead with the campaign to keep our skies blue, our waters clear, and our land pollution-free. We continued to comprehensively address air pollution in key areas during autumn and winter, launched initiatives to prevent and control ozone (O3) pollution in summer, and moved forward with the adoption of clean energy sources for winter heating in northern China in an active yet prudent manner. We steadily advanced upgrading in the steel industry in order to achieve ultra-low emissions. We curbed pollution caused by diesel trucks, and continued to bring about a shift in freight transportation from highways to railways and waterways. As a result of these efforts, air quality of cities at and above the prefectural level was good or excellent for 87% of the year.

We accelerated work to improve the quality of key water basins of major rivers and lakes, including the Yellow River and the Yangtze River, along with water quality in key sea areas such as the Bohai Sea. We stepped up protection of drinking water sources and the treatment of black, malodorous water bodies in urban areas. The proportion of surface water with a quality rating of Grade III or higher stood at 83.4% while the proportion of that lower than Grade V dropped to 0.6%. As the nationwide water conservation campaign unfolded, water consumption per 10,000 yuan of GDP is estimated to have fallen by 1.9%.

We worked to ensure that cropland and other plots of land that have been polluted are utilized in a safe manner. We continued to control pollution in agriculture and rural areas and carried out comprehensive trials for building waste-free cities. We made solid progress in recycling sewage, addressing plastic pollution, and disposing of medical waste. We stepped up the building of resource recycling centers and centers for the comprehensive use of massive solid waste, and essentially achieved the goal of zero solid waste imports. We accelerated the establishment of a modern environmental governance system, and ensured that the emissions permit system covers all fixed pollution sources in the country.

We took strong measures to develop national ecological conservation pilot zones. We strengthened the protection and restoration of ecosystems, moved forward with large-scale afforestation, and stepped up environmental protection in the Yangtze, Yellow, and Lancang river sources, the Qilian Mountains area, and other key areas through comprehensive measures. We enhanced our ability to protect and manage major ecosystems, including the prevention and fighting of forest and grassland fires and the conservation of wetlands. We intensified oversight of ecological conservation red lines. We developed green industry demonstration centers and promoted advanced green technologies.

As an important participant and a leading nation in global climate governance, we proactively responded to climate change and raised the targets for the intended nationally determined contribution. We allocated quotas for trading carbon emission rights for the first compliance cycle of the national market.

三是防范化解重大风险取得良好成效。稳妥化解地方政府债务风险，持续推进结构性去杠杆，坚决遏制地方政府隐性债务增长。及时处置一批重大金融风险隐患，各类高风险金融机构得到有序处置，影子银行风险持续收敛，“精准拆弹”有力有效，互联网金融风险有效防控，逐步建立多元化的债券违约处置机制，初步建立系统重要性金融机构、金融控股公司、金融基础设施等统筹监管框架，防范化解重大金融风险攻坚战取得重要阶段性成果，金融市场运行平稳有序。提升重要材料、关键零部件、核心元器件和关键软件的稳定供应水平，着力保持产业链供应链稳定。

3) We achieved excellent results in forestalling and defusing major risks.

We took prudent steps to defuse local government debt risks, continued to push forward structural deleveraging, and resolutely checked increases in hidden local government debt.

We promptly dealt with a number of major financial risks. All types of high-risk financial institutions were managed in an orderly manner. Shadow banking risks were kept in check, targeted efforts to defuse particular risks proved effective, and steps were taken to effectively prevent and control risks related to internet finance. We gradually developed diverse mechanisms for handling bond defaults, and put in place a framework for the coordinated regulation of systemically important financial institutions, financial holding companies, and financial infrastructures. Initial progress was achieved in efforts to forestall and defuse major financial risks, and the operations of the financial market were stable and orderly.

We ensured the stable supply of important materials, key spare parts, core components, and key software, thus maintaining the stability of the industrial and supply chains.

（四）深入推进创新驱动发展，科技实力进一步提升。创新在我国现代化建设全局中的核心地位不断增强，全国研究与试验发展经费投入强度为2.4%，科技进步贡献率提高至60%以上。

4. We promoted innovation-driven development, and further boosted China’s strengths in science and technology.

We intensified innovation, and consolidated its core role in China’s modernization drive. Nationwide spending on R&D reached 2.4% of GDP, and the contribution made by advances in science and technology is estimated to account for 60.2% of economic growth.

一是创新能力建设进一步加强。重大科技成果持续涌现，“嫦娥五号”任务首次实现我国地外天体采样返回，我国首次火星探测任务“天问一号”探测器成功发射，500米口径球面射电望远镜（FAST）正式开放运行，“北斗三号”全球卫星导航系统正式开通，量子计算原型系统“九章”成功研制，全海深载人潜水器“奋斗者”号完成万米深潜。国家实验室相继挂牌，新一代人工智能、量子通信与量子计算机、脑科学和类脑研究等“科技创新2030－重大项目”加快部署实施，深度参与热核聚变实验堆计划等国际大科学计划。创新平台建设加速推进，在新一代信息技术、生物医药、新能源等战略性领域高水平建设一批国家产业创新中心、工程研究中心、技术创新中心、制造业创新中心和企业技术中心，高能同步辐射光源、硬X射线自由电子激光、未来网络试验设施等国家重大科技基础设施加快建设。

1) China’s innovation capacity was enhanced.

We saw a constant stream of significant scientific and technological advances throughout the year. The successful completion of the Chang’e-5 mission marked China’s first extra-terrestrial sample collection. We saw the successful launch of the Tianwen-1 probe – China’s first mission to Mars. The Five-Hundred-Meter Aperture Spherical radio Telescope (FAST) officially began operation, and the Beidou-3 global navigation satellite system officially became operational. The quantum computer prototype Jiuzhang was successfully developed, and the deep-sea manned submersible Fendouzhe descended to a depth of more than 10,000 meters.

We opened a number of national laboratories, accelerated the deployment and implementation of major projects for the Sci-Tech Innovation 2030 Agenda involving next-generation artificial intelligence (AI), quantum communications and computing, and brain science and brain-inspired research, and fully participated in international Big Science programs such as the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor project.

We accelerated the development of innovation platforms. We advanced the establishment of a number of high-level national industrial innovation centers, engineering research centers, technology innovation centers, manufacturing innovation centers, and enterprise technology centers in strategically important fields such as next-generation information technology, biomedicine, and new energy. We accelerated the construction of national large research infrastructures such as the High Energy Photon Source, the Hard X-Ray Free-Electron Laser, and the China Environment for Network Innovations.

二是关键核心技术攻关深入推进。实施“揭榜挂帅”等机制，积极探索完善社会主义市场经济条件下关键核心技术攻关新型举国体制，打好关键核心技术攻坚战，加快解决“卡脖子”问题。不断创新支持方式，强化企业创新主体地位，激励企业加大研发投入，支持企业联合科研院所和上下游企业开展技术研发。

2) We strove to achieve breakthroughs in core technologies in key fields.

We implemented the open competition mechanism for selecting the best candidates to lead research projects, and actively explored and improved a new system for mobilizing the nation to make technological breakthroughs under the socialist market economy. We worked faster to deal with technological bottlenecks. We strengthened the leading role played by enterprises in innovation, encouraged enterprises to increase spending on R&D, and supported enterprises in carrying out R&D in technology together with research institutes and upstream and downstream enterprises, while we made constant innovations in support mechanisms.

三是新产业新业态逆势成长。国家战略性新兴产业集群发展工程深入实施，推动民用空间基础设施加快建设，5G、数据中心、工业互联网等新型基础设施建设稳步推进，集成电路产业有序发展。推动产业数字化智能化改造，推进国家数字经济创新发展试验区建设，开展数字化转型伙伴行动、中小企业数字化赋能专项行动、数字经济新业态培育行动，带动更多中小微企业“上云用数赋智”。传统产业数字化转型持续推进，电商扶贫力度不断加强。

3) New industries and new forms of business developed despite challenges.

We undertook projects to develop China’s strategic emerging industry clusters, drove forward the construction of civil-space infrastructure, steadily advanced the construction of new types of infrastructure including 5G, data centers, and the industrial internet, and promoted the orderly development of the integrated circuit industry.

We promoted industrial upgrading through the utilization of digital and smart technologies, pressed ahead with the building of national pilot zones for the innovative development of the digital economy, and carried out the digital transformation partnership campaign, the small and medium enterprises (SMEs) digitalization campaign, and the initiatives for cultivating new forms of business in the digital economy, involving more micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) in cloud-based big data and AI initiatives. We continued the digitalization of traditional industries and put more effort into fighting poverty through the promotion of e-commerce.

四是重点区域创新高地建设加快推进。北京、上海、粤港澳大湾区国际科技创新中心建设整体格局初步形成，综合性国家科学中心建设成效显著，产业创新高地建设深入推进，国家自主创新示范区和国家高新技术产业开发区加快建设，生产力布局和创新力量布局实现进一步融合。

4) We accelerated the development of innovation hubs in key areas.

We achieved early successes in developing Beijing, Shanghai, and the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area into international centers for science and technology innovation, made a great leap in the construction of comprehensive national science centers, and continued the development of industrial innovation hubs. We accelerated the development of national innovation demonstration zones and national new- and high-tech industry development parks, thereby further improving the coordinated distribution of productive and innovative forces.

五是创新创业创造新生态持续构建。全国复制推广第三批20项全面创新改革经验。采取线上线下相结合的方式举办2020年全国双创活动周，布局建设第三批双创示范基地。聚焦创业带动就业，开展社会服务领域创业就业示范。加大创业担保贷款政策实施力度。全年日均净增市场主体4.1万户，其中企业1.3万户。

5) We continued to establish a new environment for innovation, business startups, and creativity.

We applied the third batch of 20 practices developed in pilot reforms for making innovations across the board. We held the 2020 National Entrepreneurship and Innovation Week both online and offline, and made plans for building a third group of innovation and business startup demonstration centers. We carried out demonstration programs in the social services sector for job creation via business startups. We further implemented the policy of guaranteeing loans for business startups. In 2020, we saw an average net increase of 41,000 market entities per day, of which 13,000 were enterprises.

（五）坚定实施扩大内需战略，强大国内市场加快形成。着力畅通供需循环，深入挖掘和激发国内市场需求潜力，内需对经济增长的拉动力稳步提升。

5. We firmly pursued the strategy of expanding domestic demand, and facilitated the faster development of a strong domestic market.

We worked hard to maintain dynamic circulation in order to ensure that market supply meets demand. We tapped into and unlocked the demand potential of the domestic market, and steadily stimulated domestic demand as a driver of economic growth.

一是消费基础作用进一步增强。积极支持以新业态新模式引领新型消费加快发展，加快培育建设国际消费中心城市，文化和旅游消费、信息消费试点示范有序推进，养老托育等服务消费扩容提质，电子商务进农村综合示范深入实施。稳定和扩大汽车等大宗消费，提振餐饮消费，农村消费潜力进一步释放。加快废旧家电回收体系建设，推动家电更新消费。全年社会消费品零售总额达39.2万亿元。全国网上零售额达11.8万亿元，增长10.9%，其中实物商品网上零售额增长14.8%，占社会消费品零售总额的24.9%。

1) Consumption played a more fundamental role.

We supported the leading role of new forms and models of business in accelerating the development of new types of consumption. We worked faster to develop a number of cities into international consumption centers. We oversaw the careful implementation of pilot and demonstration schemes to boost the consumption of information goods and services and spending in the cultural and tourism sectors. We improved the quality and expanded the scale of consumption in elderly care and childcare services, and moved forward with comprehensive demonstrations for introducing e-commerce into rural areas.

We both stabilized and expanded the purchase of automobiles and spending on other big-ticket items. We boosted consumption in the catering sector, and further unleashed the consumption potential of rural areas. We stepped up the building of a recycling system for old home appliances to boost purchases of new home appliances. In 2020, total retail sales of consumer goods reached 39.2 trillion yuan, and total online retail sales nationwide reached 11.8 trillion yuan, an increase of 10.9%. Sales of goods online increased by 14.8% and accounted for 24.9% of the total retail sales of consumer goods.

二是投资关键作用进一步发挥。出台推动基础设施高质量发展的意见、推动都市圈市域（郊）铁路加快发展的意见，加大“两新一重”领域投资力度，开工建设川藏铁路等一批重大工程。加快下达中央预算内投资计划，及时调整优化结构，进一步集中力量办好国家层面的大事、难事、急事。重点支持公共卫生等疫情暴露的短板弱项和铁路、公路、水运、机场、重大水利、重大科技和能源基础设施、城镇老旧小区改造等领域建设。扩大地方政府专项债券使用范围，支持国家重大战略项目建设。用好向民间资本推介项目长效机制，支持民间投资参与重大工程建设。启动基础设施领域不动产投资信托基金（REITs）试点，盘活基础设施存量资产。深化投资审批制度改革，积极探索投资项目承诺制，多个审批环节统一受理、同步评估、并联审批有序推进。全年固定资产投资（不含农户）增长2.9%，对经济恢复增长发挥了重要作用。

2) Greater play was given to the key role of investment.

We issued the guidelines on promoting high-quality infrastructure development and the guidelines on accelerating the development of intra-city (suburban) railways for metropolitan areas. We invested more in new infrastructure and new urbanization initiatives and major projects, and began the construction of a number of major projects including the Chengdu-Lhasa Railway.

We sped up releasing the central budgetary investment plan for local governments and improved the structure of investment at pace, pooling more resources to accomplish major, challenging, and urgent national goals. We prioritized public health and other weak areas exposed during the Covid-19 response while emphasizing the development of railways, highways, waterways, airports, and major water conservancy projects, as well as key science, technology, and energy infrastructure. We also gave precedence to the renovation of old residential communities in cities.

We expanded the usage scope for local government special bonds in order to support the construction of major national strategic projects. We successfully implemented the long-term mechanism for opening projects to private capital, and welcomed private investment in major projects. We also launched real estate investment trusts (REITs) trials for infrastructure in order to release the value of idle assets. We deepened reform of the investment approval system, actively explored an investment project commitment system, and made steady progress on ensuring that multiple approval procedures can be initiated, reviewed, and completed simultaneously. The fixed-asset investment for the year (excluding investment by rural households) rose by 2.9%, thus significantly contributing to economic recovery and growth.

三是现代流通体系加快建设。推动现代物流业高质量发展，新布局建设22个国家物流枢纽。优化发展环境促进生鲜农产品流通，面向特色农产品优势产地、集散地布局建设17个国家骨干冷链物流基地，“通道+枢纽+网络”的现代物流运行体系加快形成。创新物流服务模式，鼓励“互联网+”货运物流新业态健康规范发展，促进物流业制造业深度融合、创新发展。统筹降低流通领域制度性交易成本、技术性成本，积极推动物流降本增效。

3) We accelerated the establishment of a modern distribution system.

To advance the development of high-quality, modern logistics, we made plans to build another 22 national logistics hubs. To create an enabling environment for the distribution of fresh agricultural products, we made plans to build 17 national pivotal cold-chain logistics bases which will serve areas producing local specialty agricultural products and agricultural product distribution centers. We also moved faster to create a modern logistics operation system that incorporates logistics gateways, hubs, and networks. To introduce new models for logistics services, we encouraged the healthy and well-regulated development of new forms of Internet Plus freight transportation businesses, and promoted full integration between logistics and manufacturing to boost their innovative development. To lower costs and increase efficiency in the distribution process, we made coordinated efforts to bring down both technology costs and government-imposed transaction costs.

（六）持续深化供给侧结构性改革，产业结构调整迈出新步伐。坚持把发展经济着力点放在实体经济上，经济质量效益和核心竞争力不断提高。

6. Continuous progress was made in supply-side structural reform, and new headway was made in industrial restructuring.

We kept the focus of efforts in economic development on the real economy, and steadily improved the quality, performance, and core competitiveness of our economy.

一是制造业高质量发展扎实推进。实施增强制造业核心竞争力工程。开展先进制造业集群培育试点示范，发挥好先进制造产业投资基金作用。深化新一代信息技术与制造业融合发展，进一步完善工业互联网平台赋能体系。引导企业开展智能化、绿色化、服务化改造，建成一批高水平智能制造示范工厂和绿色制造示范项目，促进传统产业安全、绿色、集聚、高效发展。持续巩固去产能成果，优化重大生产力布局。坚持“上大压小、增优汰劣”，优化煤炭产能结构，全年淘汰落后产能1亿吨以上。完善钢铁项目产能置换和备案办法，全面完成“十三五”期间压减粗钢产能目标任务，积极推进钢铁企业兼并重组。进一步优化石化产业布局，推动重大石化项目建设和城镇人口密集区危险化学品生产企业搬迁改造。促进稀土等战略性矿产资源产业高质量发展，规范资源开发秩序。推动智能汽车创新发展。成功举办云上2020年中国品牌日系列活动。

1) We made solid progress in promoting high-quality development of manufacturing.

We launched projects to enhance the core competitiveness of the manufacturing sector, implemented pilot and demonstration programs for fostering advanced manufacturing clusters, and made effective use of the investment fund for advanced manufacturing. We pushed forward integrated development between next-generation information technology and manufacturing, and continued to improve industrial internet platforms in order to facilitate the development of manufacturing. We encouraged enterprises to transform themselves into smart, eco-friendly, and quality service providers, and established a number of high-quality smart manufacturing demonstration plants and green manufacturing demonstration projects. These initiatives have propelled safe, green, intensive, and efficient development in traditional industries.

We continued to consolidate our achievements in cutting overcapacity and improved the distribution of major productive forces. By approving larger mining projects, suspending smaller ones, and increasing the number of efficient and responsible producers while eliminating those not up to standard, we slashed outdated production capacity last year by more than 100 million tons, thereby optimizing China’s coal production capacity. In the iron and steel industry, we refined the measures for production capacity replacement and registration, accomplished all the targets for cutting crude steel production capacity during the 13th Five-Year Plan period, and encouraged enterprise acquisitions and reorganizations. We optimized the planning for the petrochemical industry, pressing ahead with major projects while advancing the relocation and renovation of hazardous chemical plants in densely populated urban areas.

We promoted the high-quality development of strategic mineral resources such as rare earths, and improved the regulation of resource exploitation. We also boosted the innovative development of intelligent vehicles and successfully organized a series of activities for the 2020 Chinese Brands Day.

二是现代服务业发展迈出坚实步伐。积极构建优质高效、竞争力强的服务产业体系。出台进一步推进服务业改革开放发展的指导意见，组织首批先进制造业和现代服务业融合发展试点，积极推动产业共性技术研发、工业设计、总集成总承包、全生命周期管理、检验检测认证等生产性服务业发展。

2) We pushed forward the development of the modern service industry.

In endeavoring to develop a quality, efficient, and competitive service industry, we formulated the guidelines on advancing reform, opening up, and the development of the service sector. We launched the first group of trials for integrated development between advanced manufacturing and modern services, and stimulated development in producer services, including industrial generic technologies R&D, industrial design, integration management, general contracting, lifecycle management, inspection, testing, and certification.

三是粮食安全和农副产品市场供应得到有力保障。稳定粮食生产，粮食产量连续6年保持在1.3万亿斤以上，实现谷物基本自给、口粮绝对安全。加强粮食供需形势分析研判，进一步完善粮食储备调控体系。完善粮食“产购储加销”协同保障机制，优化储备品种结构和区域布局，建立政府储备规模动态调整机制，支持建设234个粮食仓储物流和应急项目，不断提升粮食仓储能力、提高粮食流通效率，多环节全链条系统化减少粮食产后损失。及时跟踪研判生猪市场形势变化，加强动物防疫基础设施建设，做好非洲猪瘟常态化防控，生猪生产加快恢复，聚焦重要时段投放中央冻猪肉储备，有效保障了猪肉等重要民生商品的供应。“菜篮子”、“果盘子”等产品数量充足，均衡供应能力明显增强。

3) We effectively ensured food security and the adequate market supply of agricultural and sideline products.

We maintained stability in grain output, which exceeded 650 million metric tons for the sixth year in a row. This ensures both our basic self-sufficiency in cereal grains and absolute food security.

Based on a more precise analysis of supply and demand, we further improved the grain reserves regulation system. In an effort to refine the system for coordinating grain production, purchase, storage, processing, and sales, we optimized the types and locations of stockpiled grain varieties, established a dynamic mechanism for adjusting the size of government stockpiles, supported the construction of 234 grain storage, logistics, and emergency response facilities, and steadfastly increased grain storage capacity and distribution efficiency in order to systematically reduce grain loss in all links of the post-production process.

With regard to pork supplies, we tracked, studied, and assessed hog market developments, built up infrastructure for animal epidemic prevention and control, and implemented routine preventative measures against African swine fever. We facilitated the strong recovery of hog production and released frozen pork from central government reserves at key times of the year, thus effectively ensuring the supply of pork and other essential commodities. An adequate quantity of vegetables and fruits is available on the market, indicating a marked improvement in our capacity to provide a balanced food supply.

四是能源安全保障能力持续提升。积极推进煤电油气产供储销体系建设，进一步增强紧缺矿产资源自主保障能力，推动国内油气增储上产，加强油气储备能力和重大电力工程建设。全国大电网基本实现联通，西电东送能力达到2.6亿千瓦。风电、太阳能、水电装机规模保持世界第一，非化石能源发电装机规模增长到9.8亿千瓦。持续开展电力系统灵活性改造，风电、光伏发电和水能利用率均提高到96%以上。

4) We further enhanced China’s capacity to safeguard energy security.

We vigorously developed systems for the production, supply, storage, and sales of coal, electricity, petroleum, and natural gas. We improved China’s ability to ensure self-sufficiency in those mineral resources which are in short supply, increased the reserves, storage capacity and output of petroleum and natural gas, and stepped up work on major electricity projects. Major power grids across the country were largely connected up. The capacity for west-to-east electricity transmission reached 260 million kilowatts. China’s installed capacity for wind power, solar power, and hydropower remained the world’s largest, with its installed capacity for electricity generated from non-fossil energy rising to 980 million kilowatts. We also proceeded with the transformation of power systems to make them more flexible, and raised the utilization rate of wind power, photovoltaic power, and hydropower to over 96%.

（七）深入实施乡村振兴战略，农业农村发展势头持续向好。统筹推进“三农”工作，不断优化现代农业产业体系、生产体系、经营体系，农业农村发展水平明显提高。

7. We fully implemented the rural revitalization strategy, and maintained momentum in the development of agriculture and rural areas.

Work related to agriculture, rural areas, and rural residents was carried out in a coordinated manner, and continuous improvements were made to the industrial, production, and business operation systems for modern agriculture. As a result, agricultural and rural development improved noticeably.

一是农业供给侧结构性改革进一步深化。实施藏粮于地、藏粮于技战略。农业基础设施条件不断改善，完成8000万亩高标准农田年度建设任务。农业科技支撑不断加强，农作物耕种收综合机械化率达到71%。动植物保护能力提升工程深入实施，农业防灾减灾能力不断增强。区域化布局、规模化经营、标准化生产、社会化服务、品牌化营销成为农业发展的新趋势，有效提高了土地生产率、劳动生产率。积极推进土地托管、代耕代种、生产服务外包等规模经营方式，全国农村承包耕地流转达到5.55亿亩。金融支农投入稳步增加，年末涉农贷款余额38.95万亿元，增长10.7%。

1) We deepened supply-side structural reform in the agricultural sector.

We implemented the food crop production strategy based on farmland management and the application of technology. Agricultural infrastructure continued to be improved, with the total area of high-quality cropland increasing by 5.33 million hectares. Scientific and technological support for agricultural development was strengthened, with the overall level of mechanization in plowing, sowing, and harvesting increasing to 71%.

We proceeded with projects to better protect animal and plant resources, and bolstered our capacity to prevent and mitigate natural disasters. Sound regional distribution, scaled-up operations, standardized production, commercial services, and brand marketing constitute the future of agricultural development, as well as the means to boost land and labor productivity. After actively promoting scaled-up operations by means of third-party cultivation, land trusteeship, and production service outsourcing, we saw the volume of contracted land-use right transfers in rural areas reach 37 million hectares.

Financial support for agriculture steadily grew. The outstanding balance of bank loans to agriculture, rural areas, and rural residents stood at 38.95 trillion yuan at the end of 2020, a year-on-year increase of 10.7%.

二是农村产业融合发展深入推进。已认定两批共200个国家农村产业融合发展示范园，探索创新融合发展的有效路径。农产品加工流通业加快发展，农业产业链、价值链不断延伸，农产品产加销一体化进程明显加快。农业农村多种功能得到释放，农村电商、休闲观光农业、乡村旅游等新业态蓬勃发展。

2) We advanced integrated industrial development in rural areas.

We approved two batches of 200 national demonstration parks in total as part of our explorations and innovations for effectively promoting integrated development of industries in rural areas. The development of agricultural product processing and distribution gathered speed, with industrial and value chains extended and integration of the production, processing, and sales of farm products significantly accelerated. As various functions of agriculture and the countryside are unlocked, new types of business are flourishing, including e-commerce, farm-based recreation, and rural tourism.

三是美丽宜居乡村建设全力推进。深入实施村庄清洁行动，制定完善农村厕所革命、生活污水和生活垃圾治理相关标准规范，农村人居环境整治三年行动方案目标任务顺利完成，农村卫生厕所普及率超过68%，农村生活垃圾进行收运处理的行政村比例超过90%。强化水电路等农村基础设施短板领域和薄弱环节建设，推动农村公共基础设施管护体制改革。完成新一轮农网改造，能源普遍服务水平大幅提升。

3) We made an all-out effort to build a beautiful and livable countryside.

Village cleaning initiatives were advanced. We formulated and refined standards and norms for the Toilet Revolution and household waste and sewage treatment, and accomplished the tasks and goals for the three-year campaign to improve rural living environments. More than 68% of rural areas now have access to sanitary toilets, and the proportion of administrative villages where household waste is collected and treated has risen to over 90%.

We intensified efforts to shore up points of weakness in rural infrastructure relating to rural roads and the water and power supply, and advanced reform of the management and maintenance systems for rural public infrastructure. With the completion of a new round of power-grid upgrading, universal energy services in rural areas also markedly improved.

（八）加快构建区域协调发展新机制，区域发展格局进一步优化。更加注重发挥区域比较优势，着力促进城乡融合发展，区域优势互补、协调发展的格局持续优化，主体功能区战略稳步推进，“多规合一”的国土空间规划体系正在形成。

8. We worked faster to build new mechanisms for coordinated regional development and improved the framework for development between regions.

We focused on harnessing the comparative strengths of each region and vigorously promoted integrated urban-rural development. We continued to refine the arrangements for achieving complementarity and coordinated development between regions, and steadily implemented the functional zoning strategy. A system of integrated plans for China’s territorial space is being put in place.

一是以人为核心的新型城镇化扎实推进。户籍制度改革深入推进，城区常住人口300万以下城市基本取消落户限制，1亿非户籍人口落户城镇目标顺利实现。城镇化空间格局持续优化，成渝地区双城经济圈建设规划纲要编制实施，关中平原、兰州－西宁等城市群建立协调推进机制，南京、广佛、长株潭等都市圈同城化水平持续提升。县城补短板强弱项工作稳步推进，国家新型城镇化综合试点顺利收官，一批有效经验在全国复制推广。特色小镇逐步走上规范健康发展轨道。国家城乡融合发展试验区全面启动探索试验。

1) We steadily advanced new, people-centered urbanization.

As part of the deepening reform of the household registration system, we essentially removed all restrictions on permanent residency in cities with permanent urban populations of less than three million and accomplished the goal of granting urban residency to 100 million people. We made further refinements to spatial plans for urbanization, drew up and implemented the general development plan for the Chengdu-Chongqing economic zone, instituted mechanisms to facilitate coordinated development in the Guanzhong Plains, Lanzhou-Xining, and other city clusters, and pushed for higher levels of urban integration in metropolitan areas like Nanjing, Guangzhou-Foshan, and Changsha-Zhuzhou-Xiangtan.

In county towns weaknesses were steadily addressed, and nationwide trials for new urbanization came to a successful close, producing a host of effective practices that were replicated throughout the country. Development in towns with distinctive features was gradually put onto a more robust footing with improved regulation, and extensive explorations and experiments got under way in national pilot zones for integrated urban-rural development.

二是区域重大战略深入实施。纵深推进京津冀协同发展，积极稳妥疏解北京非首都功能，高标准高质量推进雄安新区规划建设，加快北京城市副中心建设，持续实施协同发展重大项目，加大京津冀地区城际铁路规划建设力度。扎实推进长江经济带生态环境系统性保护修复，大力实施城镇污水垃圾、化工污染、农业面源污染、船舶污染以及尾矿库治理“4+1”工程，长江流域重点水域“十年禁渔”全面启动，深入开展绿色发展试点示范，长江保护法正式出台。稳步推进粤港澳大湾区建设，加大科技创新和产业协同力度，深入推进重大合作平台建设，实施粤港澳大湾区城际铁路建设规划，基础设施和规则机制互联互通取得新进展，《深圳建设中国特色社会主义先行示范区综合改革试点实施方案（2020－2025年）》出台实施。扎实推进长三角一体化发展，推进重大平台建设和跨区域合作，积极构建协同创新网络体系，持续深化生态环境共保联治，提升基础设施互联互通水平，加快公共服务便利共享。黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展规划纲要印发实施。

2) We continued to implement major regional development strategies.

We promoted the coordinated development of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region. We relieved Beijing of functions nonessential to its role as China’s capital with proactive and prudent measures, advanced the construction of Xiongan New Area according to high standards and quality requirements, and accelerated the development of Beijing Municipality’s administrative center in Tongzhou. We continued to implement major projects for coordinated development and stepped up the construction of intercity rail in the region.

We advanced systematic environmental protection and restoration along the Yangtze Economic Belt through concrete measures. We carried out a project to treat urban sewage and waste and to tackle pollution from the chemicals industry, ships, agricultural non-point sources, and tailing sites. A 10-year ban on fishing in key waters of the Yangtze River basin came into force, pilot and demonstration programs for green development were launched, and the Yangtze River Conservation Law was promulgated.

We promoted the steady development of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area. We encouraged greater coordination between scientific and technological innovation and industry, developed major cooperative platforms, and implemented a plan for the development of intercity rail. We also made progress in promoting the interconnectivity of infrastructure, regulations, and mechanisms. We issued and carried out the Implementation Plan for the Comprehensive Pilot Reform of Making Shenzhen a Pioneering Demonstration Zone for Socialism with Chinese Characteristics (2020-2025).

We made steady headway in integrating the development of the Yangtze River Delta. We developed major platforms and advanced inter-regional cooperation, established a collaborative innovation network, and promoted joint protection of the environment and ecosystems. We enhanced infrastructure connectivity, and made faster progress in providing convenient and accessible public services across the delta.

We published and began implementing the overall plan for the ecological protection and high-quality development of the Yellow River basin.

三是区域协调发展战略落细落实。持续推进西部大开发形成新格局，支持东北地区全面振兴，促进中部地区加快崛起，出台实施支持湖北省经济社会发展一揽子政策，继续推动东部地区率先发展。有力推进重点领域重点平台建设，支持国家级新区和承接产业转移示范区重点项目建设。革命老区、民族地区、边境地区、生态退化地区、资源型地区、老工业地区振兴发展迈出新步伐。坚持陆海统筹，稳步推进海洋经济发展。

3) We implemented the strategy for coordinated regional development.

We ushered in a new stage in the large-scale development of China’s western region, supported the full revitalization of northeast China, promoted the rise of the central region at a faster pace, and introduced a policy package to support the economic and social development of Hubei Province. We also continued to promote the trailblazing development of the eastern region.

We made a major push to develop key sectors and key platforms, and supported the construction of key projects in state-level new areas and demonstration zones for industrial relocation. We made new strides in the revitalization of old revolutionary base areas, areas with large ethnic minority populations, border areas, those areas affected by ecological degradation and resource dependency, and old industrial areas. We also steadily boosted the marine economy by coordinating development both on land and at sea.

（九）全面深化改革推向纵深，市场主体信心和活力进一步增强。社会主义市场经济体制加快完善，全面深化改革取得新的突破，发展活力和内生动力进一步增强。

9. We furthered reform in all respects, helping to boost the confidence and vitality of market entities.

Faster progress was achieved in improving the socialist market economy. New breakthroughs were made in furthering reform through comprehensive moves. Both the dynamism of development and internal drivers of growth were further enhanced.

一是要素市场化配置体制机制进一步完善。深化土地计划管理方式改革，赋予省级人民政府更多自主权，启动新一轮农村宅基地制度改革试点，调整完善土地出让收入使用范围，优先支持乡村振兴。加快完善技能人才评价制度，民营企业职称评审渠道逐渐打通，区域一体化人才资格互认机制稳步推进。深化科技成果使用权、处置权和收益权改革，开展赋予科研人员职务科技成果所有权或长期使用权试点。开展公共数据资源开发利用试点，推进政务数据有序共享。制定建设高标准市场体系行动方案。

1) We improved the systems and mechanisms for the market-based allocation of production factors.

We reformed land-use planning and management practices. We granted provincial-level governments more decision-making power over the development of land, launched a new round of trial reforms on rural land designated for housing, and adjusted the parameters of use for proceeds from the sale of land-use rights, making rural revitalization a key priority for support.

We worked quickly to improve the system for appraising skilled personnel, gradually opened avenues for awarding professional titles to personnel in private enterprises, and steadily developed integrated mechanisms for the mutual recognition of professional qualifications between regions. We furthered reforms related to the right to use, transfer, and profit from scientific and technological output, and piloted the practice of granting researchers employed in research institutions ownership or permanent use rights over the scientific and technological outputs they produce on the job.

We staged trials for developing and utilizing public data resources and promoted the sharing of government data in an orderly manner. We also developed an action plan for establishing a sound market system.

二是国有企业改革深入推进。大力实施国企改革三年行动，剥离办社会职能和解决历史遗留问题主体任务基本完成，国有企业混合所有制改革积极稳妥深化，国有资产监管的系统性针对性有效性显著增强，市场化经营机制建设迈出新步伐。深化重点行业改革，推动电网企业剥离装备制造等竞争性业务。国家石油天然气管网集团有限公司完成油气管网资产、人员、业务交接，实现并网运行，推动油气管网向社会资本、市场主体公平开放。

2) We promoted the reform of state-owned enterprises (SOEs).

We vigorously implemented the three-year action plan for SOE reform. We essentially completed the tasks of relieving SOEs of their obligations to operate social programs and of resolving other longstanding problems concerning SOEs, prudently yet steadily advanced mixed ownership reform, and ensured that the supervision of state capital became more systemic, targeted, and effective. We also made new strides toward developing market-oriented operating mechanisms.

As part of the reform of key sectors, we relieved power grid enterprises of some of their competitive operations such as equipment manufacturing. The China Oil and Gas Pipeline Network Corporation successfully took charge of China’s oil and gas network assets, personnel, and operations, thus creating an interconnected national network of pipelines that will be opened up in a more equitable manner to non-public capital and market entities.

三是民营企业发展环境持续改善。在放宽市场准入、加强金融支持、营造公平竞争环境、保护企业和企业家合法权益等方面出台一系列政策举措。民营企业进入油气勘探开采的准入限制逐步放开，支持民营企业参与交通基础设施建设发展。商业银行对民营企业“敢贷、愿贷、能贷”的长效机制加快建立，清理拖欠民营企业中小企业账款行动取得重要成果，妨碍统一市场和公平竞争的政策措施清理工作深入推进，涉政府产权纠纷问题专项治理取得积极成效。

3) We continued to improve the development environment for private enterprises.

We introduced a range of policies and measures to ease market access, strengthen financial support, create an environment of fair competition, and protect the legitimate rights and interests of private businesses and their owners. We gradually lifted restrictions on private businesses engaging in the exploration and development of oil and gas resources, and supported the involvement of private businesses in the development of transportation infrastructure.

We worked speedily to set up a long-term mechanism for ensuring that commercial banks have the confidence, willingness, and ability to loan to private enterprises, and achieved significant results with regard to the settlement of overdue payments owed to private, small, and medium businesses. We made progress on abolishing policies and measures that disrupt China’s unified national market and impinge on fair competition, and attained positive results in the campaign to resolve property rights disputes involving the government.

四是营商环境不断优化。“放管服”改革深入推进，全面实施优化营商环境条例，在部分城市开展营商环境评价，《中国营商环境报告2020》正式发布。深入开展工程建设项目审批制度改革，基本建成全国统一的审批和管理体系。招标投标和政府采购领域营商环境持续优化，公共资源全流程电子化交易全面推行。修订印发《市场准入负面清单（2020年版）》，清单事项由131项压减至123项，市场准入限制持续放宽。

4) We made continuous improvements to the business environment.

We pushed ahead with the reform to streamline administration and delegate power, improve regulation, and upgrade services. We fully enforced the Regulations on Improving the Business Environment, and carried out business environment evaluations in some cities. The 2020 Report on China’s Business Environment was published.

We carried out extensive reform of the construction project approval system, and largely completed work on a national unified system for project approval and management. We continued to improve the business environment with regard to public bidding and government procurement and introduced online trading for all public resources. The Negative List for Market Access (2020) was published, with the number of listed items being reduced to 123 from the 131 items on the previous version. Restrictions on market access thus continued to be loosened.

五是财税、金融、价格等重点领域改革步伐加快。生态环境、公共文化、自然资源、应急救援等领域中央与地方财政事权和支出责任划分改革方案印发实施。公开发行企业债券、公司债券全面实施注册制，资本市场韧性增强并延续总体平稳态势，金融业的适应性、竞争力和普惠性稳步提升。修订《中央定价目录》，定价项目缩减近30%，电力、油气、公用事业、农产品等重点领域价格改革不断深化。服务业改革开放发展力度进一步加大，电力、油气体制改革持续深化。

5) We accelerated the pace of reform in key areas such as public finance and taxation, the financial sector, and pricing.

We published and implemented the reform plan for dividing fiscal powers and expenditure responsibilities between the central and local governments in such areas as ecological conservation, public cultural services, natural resources, and emergency relief services. We implemented a registration system for the public issuance of all corporate and company bonds, increased the resilience of the capital market and ensured its continued stability, and made the financial sector more adaptable, competitive, and inclusive. We revised the Central Government Pricing Catalog, shortening it by 30%, and deepened price reforms in key areas such as electric power, oil and gas, public utilities, and agricultural products. Reform and opening up in the service sector was stepped up, and reform of the electric power, oil, and gas systems was expanded.

（十）持续拓展对外开放范围、领域和层次，开放型经济新体制加快构建。有力克服新冠肺炎疫情和外部环境诸多不确定性，坚持实施更大范围、更宽领域、更深层次对外开放。

10. We persistently broadened and deepened opening up, and worked faster to develop new institutions for an open economy.

We took solid steps to cope with the uncertainties of the Covid-19 pandemic and the external environment, and continued to open up more sectors of the economy in a more thorough fashion to more countries.

一是稳外贸稳外资力度加大。全年货物进出口额达32.2万亿元，吸引外资1444亿美元。扩大出口信用保险覆盖范围，增加出口信贷投放，完善出口退税政策，稳定加工贸易，支持边境贸易创新发展。贸易新业态新模式加快发展，增设46个跨境电子商务综合试验区，跨境电商零售进口试点扩大至86个城市和海南全岛，新增17个市场采购贸易方式试点，积极探索保税维修、离岸贸易等新业务。第三届中国国际进口博览会、中国国际服务贸易交易会成功举办，在网上举办第127、128届广交会。共同落实中美第一阶段经贸协议工作稳步推进。全国和自贸试验区外资准入负面清单分别缩减至33条和30条，进一步放宽服务业、制造业、农业领域外资准入。出台2020年版鼓励外商投资产业目录，扩大鼓励外商投资范围。制定海南自由贸易港外资准入负面清单，海南投资自由化便利化水平进一步提高。北京新一轮服务业扩大开放综合试点继续深化。

1) Greater efforts were made to ensure stable foreign trade and foreign investment.

Last year, China’s total volume of trade in goods reached 32.2 trillion yuan, and foreign investment totaled US$ 144.4 billion. We expanded the coverage of export credit insurance, increased export credit supply, and improved the export tax rebate policy. We kept processing trade stable, and supported the innovative development of border trade.

The development of new forms and models of trade picked up pace with the establishment of 46 additional integrated experimental zones for cross-border e-commerce, the expansion of trials on retail import to 86 cities and throughout Hainan Island, and the launching of 17 new market procurement trade trials. We actively explored new forms of business such as maintenance services in bonded areas and off-shore trade. We successfully hosted the third China International Import Expo and the China International Fair for Trade in Services, and held the 127th and 128th China Import and Export Fair online. Steady progress was made in jointly implementing phase one of the China-US economic and trade agreement.

The two editions of the 2020 negative list for foreign investment regarding the whole country and regarding pilot free trade zones were reduced to 33 and 30 items respectively, with restrictions on market access being further relaxed for services, manufacturing, and agriculture. We issued the 2020 edition catalog of industries open to foreign investment, expanding the scope of investment. We formulated a negative list for foreign investment in the Hainan Free Trade Port, and promoted a higher standard of liberalization and facilitation of investment in this area. Beijing saw a new round of comprehensive trials for further opening up the service sector.

二是共建“一带一路”稳步推进。统筹推进疫情防控和“一带一路”境外项目建设，境外投资保持总体平稳。与非洲联盟签署共建“一带一路”合作规划。国际产能合作和第三方市场合作不断深化。中巴经济走廊成功统筹防疫与生产，成为“一带一路”重大项目“两手抓”、“两不误”的标杆。缅甸皎漂经济特区、中阿（联酋）产能合作示范园等取得积极进展，雅万高铁和匈塞、中老、中泰铁路等互联互通项目扎实推进。健康丝绸之路、绿色丝绸之路、数字丝绸之路建设深入推进。中欧班列保持安全稳定畅通运行，开行数量超1.2万列，逆势增长50%，综合重箱率达98.4%。

2) Steady progress was made in advancing the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI).

We coordinated efforts to contain Covid-19 and to develop overseas BRI projects, with outbound investment generally remaining stable. China signed the cooperation plan with the African Union on jointly promoting the development of the BRI. International cooperation on production capacity and third-party market cooperation were continuously enhanced. In developing the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor, the two countries worked together to successfully coordinate epidemic response and economic development, thereby providing a model of coordination for other BRI projects. Positive results were achieved in the building of the Kyaukpyu Special Economic Zone in Myanmar and the China-UAE Demonstration Park for Industrial Production Cooperation, and construction progressed steadily on projects to improve connectivity, such as the Jakarta-Bandung high-speed line and the Hungary-Serbia, China-Laos, and China-Thailand rail lines.

We intensified efforts to advance the healthy, green, and digital Silk Road initiatives. China-Europe freight train services continued to develop smoothly, with over 12,000 trips being made despite difficulties, a year-on-year increase of 50%, and the ratio of loaded containers reached 98.4%.

三是对外开放高地建设取得新成效。海南自由贸易港建设总体方案出台实施，政策制度框架加快建立。增设北京等3个自贸试验区，推动浙江自贸试验区扩区。向全国复制推广自贸试验区37项制度创新成果，累计复制推广260项。新设12个综合保税区，将7个其他形式的海关特殊监管区整合优化为综合保税区。设立广西百色、新疆塔城重点开发开放试验区。

3) Breakthroughs were made in opening-up pacesetter projects.

We issued a comprehensive plan for developing the Hainan Free Trade Port, and worked faster to establish the policy and institutional framework for its development. An additional three pilot free trade zones were set up, including one in Beijing, and the pilot free trade zone in Zhejiang was expanded. Over the course of the past year, 37 institutional innovation practices from pilot free trade zones were applied across the country, bringing the total number of such practices to 260. A total of 12 new integrated bonded areas were established, and another 7 special customs regulation zones were upgraded into integrated bonded areas. Key pilot zones for development and opening up were set up in Baise, Guangxi and Tacheng, Xinjiang.

四是参与全球经济治理迈出新步伐。在联合国、二十国集团、亚太经合组织、金砖国家等重要多边平台积极提出中国主张和中国方案。推动区域全面经济伙伴关系协定、中柬自贸协定、中欧地理标志协定等正式签署，中国－毛里求斯自贸协定按时生效实施。中欧投资协定谈判如期完成，中国－挪威、中国－摩尔多瓦自贸协定谈判加快推进。提出《全球数据安全倡议》，推动数字经济国际合作与交流。积极发展全球伙伴关系，推进大国协调合作，深化同周边国家关系，加强同发展中国家团结合作。

4) New strides were made toward greater participation in global economic governance.

China has actively introduced its stance and approaches through important multilateral platforms including the BRICS, the UN, the G20, and APEC. We made progress toward the formal signing of the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) Agreement, the China-Cambodia Free Trade Agreement (FTA), and the China-EU Geographical Indications Agreement. The China-Mauritius Free Trade Agreement was put into force as scheduled. Negotiations on the China-EU Comprehensive Agreement on Investment were completed on time, and talks on FTAs with Norway and Moldova were accelerated. China proposed the Global Initiative on Data Security, and promoted international cooperation and exchanges with regard to the digital economy. China has worked actively to develop global partnerships, advanced coordination and cooperation with other major countries, strengthened relations with neighboring countries, and enhanced solidarity and cooperation with other developing countries.

（十一）强化民生兜底，人民群众基本生活得到切实保障。针对疫情带来的民生问题，通过加大投入、落实政策、织密扎牢社会保障网，不断提升人民群众获得感幸福感安全感。全国居民人均可支配收入实际增长2.1%。

11. We stepped up efforts to ensure that people’s basic needs were met.

To address the impact that Covid-19 has had on people’s wellbeing, we scaled up investment and ensured full implementation of policies, thereby establishing a more effective social safety net and helping our people live happier and more secure lives. Per capita disposable personal income nationwide increased by 2.1% in real terms.

一是就业优先政策落细落实。就业是最大的民生，保市场主体也是为稳就业保民生。加大减负、稳岗、扩就业支持力度，帮扶受疫情影响的重点行业、中小微企业和个体工商户等市场主体纾困，扩大有效投资增加就业。多渠道做好重点群体就业工作，支持大众创业万众创新带动就业，在家政服务、养老托育、乡村旅游、家电回收等社会服务领域开展双创带动就业示范行动，推进返乡入乡创业高质量发展。支持多渠道灵活就业，扩大个体经营、国有企事业单位招聘、基层项目招聘、升学入伍、就业见习等吸纳就业规模，促进高校毕业生市场化社会化就业。统筹做好退役军人、农民工等重点群体就业工作。支持建设53个区域性公共实训基地，提升重点群体就业技能。

1) The employment-first policy was thoroughly and effectively implemented.

Employment is pivotal to people’s wellbeing. Efforts to protect market entities are also intended to stabilize employment and maintain living standards. We therefore strengthened support for enterprises, lightening their burden and helping them to keep their payrolls stable and create more jobs. We provided support and assistance to market entities including key industries, to MSMEs, and to self-employed individuals affected by the epidemic. We also worked to increase employment by expanding effective investment.

We worked to ensure employment for key groups through multiple channels, and supported innovation and business startups as a way to increase employment. We carried out job creation demonstration initiatives through boosting innovation and entrepreneurship in social services such as domestic services, elderly care, childcare, rural tourism, and home appliance recycling. We continued to support migrant workers and city dwellers in returning home and moving to the countryside to start businesses.

We supported flexible employment through diversified channels. We scaled up recruitment in individually-owned businesses, SOEs, public institutions, and community-level programs, and enlarged graduate education enrollment, military recruitment, and internships. We encouraged college graduates to enter market-based employment. We coordinated efforts to ensure employment for key groups such as demobilized military personnel and migrant workers. We supported the establishment of 53 regional public training centers in order to help members of key groups upgrade their skills.

二是健康中国建设扎实推进。健康中国行动启动实施，深入开展爱国卫生运动，综合防控儿童青少年近视，积极推进“一老一小”健康服务，居民健康素养水平明显提升。区域医疗中心建设启动，医联体建设和县域综合医改稳步推进，84%的县级医院达到二级及以上医院水平。每千人口医疗卫生机构床位数预计6.5张。现代医院管理制度建设持续推进，公立医院耗材加成全面取消。医教协同不断深化，医师区域注册制度建立完善，每千人口执业（助理）医师数预计2.9人，每万人口全科医生数预计2.83人。药品、医用耗材集中采购和使用改革协同推进，短缺药品保供稳价扎实推动，基本药物数量由520种增加到685种。

2) Efforts to build a Healthy China made solid headway.

The Healthy China initiative was launched, and extensive activities to improve public sanitation were carried out. A comprehensive effort was made to prevent and reduce teenage myopia. Elderly care and childcare services were improved, and people’s health literacy has improved markedly.

Construction on regional medical centers got under way, and both the development of medical consortiums and comprehensive reforms in county-level public hospitals proceeded smoothly, with 84% of county-level hospitals either meeting or exceeding standards. It is estimated that the number of beds in medical and healthcare institutions has reached 6.5 per 1,000 people.

Continuous progress was made toward the development of a modern hospital management system, and markups on all consumables sold by public medical institutions were abolished. Coordination between the provision of medical services and medical education was also strengthened. The regional registration system for physicians was improved, with the number of active physicians (physician assistants) and general practitioners estimated at 2.9 per 1,000 people and 2.83 per 10,000 people respectively.

Reforms to centralize the procurement and use of medicines and medical consumables were carried forward in a coordinated way, and solid steps were taken to stabilize the supply and prices of in-demand medicines. The number of essential medicines was increased from 520 to 685.

三是社会保障体系进一步完善。参加城镇职工基本养老保险和城乡居民基本养老保险人数达9.99亿人。企业职工基本养老保险基金中央调剂比例从3.5%提高到4.0%，实现省级统收统支，退休人员基本养老金稳步提高。职工基本医疗保险、城乡居民基本医疗保险和大病保险制度更趋完善，医保扶贫成效显著，医保药品目录动态调整有序推进。通过工伤保险为185万工伤职工及供养亲属提供待遇保障。失业保险保障范围进一步扩大，阶段性实施失业补助资金政策、阶段性扩大失业农民工保障范围，全年共有1337万人领取到不同项目的失业保险。全年向608万户企业发放失业保险稳岗返还1042亿元，惠及职工1.56亿人。加强困难群众兜底保障，适度扩大低保覆盖范围，做到“应保尽保”；出台救助“扩围”政策，及时启动社会救助和保障标准与物价上涨挂钩联动机制，对因疫致困、未参保失业人员加大救助帮扶，实现“应救尽救”，因疫情新纳入低保、特困供养近600万人，实施临时救助超过800万人次。城镇老旧小区改造全面推进，已开工改造城镇老旧小区4.03万个，涉及居民736万户。保障性安居工程建设持续推进，棚户区改造新开工209万套；大中城市公租房继续发展，城镇困难群众住房保障不断加强。有力有序做好防汛抢险救援工作。

3) The social security system was further improved.

The number of people covered by the basic old-age insurance schemes for urban employees and for rural and non-working urban residents reached 999 million. The centrally-regulated share of enterprise employees’ basic old-age insurance funds was raised from 3.5% to 4.0%, and the collection and spending of funds was jointly managed at the provincial level. Basic pension benefits for enterprise retirees were steadily increased.

Basic medical insurance schemes for urban employees and for rural and non-working urban residents along with the major disease insurance system were all improved. Significant results were achieved in guaranteeing medical insurance for poor people, and steady progress was made in making dynamic adjustments to the catalog of medicines covered by medical insurance.

Workers’ compensation benefits were paid out to 1.85 million employees who had suffered work-related injuries and their dependents. We expanded the scope of unemployment insurance, provided temporary unemployment subsidies, and extended such subsidies to more unemployed migrant workers on a time-limited basis. In 2020, 13.37 million unemployed people received unemployment benefits from varying insurance schemes. A total of 104.2 billion yuan from unemployment insurance funds was refunded in order to help 6.08 million enterprises maintain stable employment, benefiting 156 million employees.

We worked harder to ensure that people’s basic needs were met, expanding the coverage of subsistence allowances to all those in need. We introduced the policy on extending the scope of social assistance, promptly increased social security assistance and benefit payments in step with price increases, and stepped up assistance to people who fell into poverty due to Covid-19 and to uninsured workers who had lost their jobs, making sure that assistance could reach all those in need. Subsistence allowances were extended and basic assistance to persons living in extreme poverty was provided to approximately six million people affected by the epidemic, and more than eight million applications for temporary assistance were approved.

We pushed forward with the renovation of old urban residential communities nationwide, and began the renovation of 40,300 communities, involving 7.36 million households. We consistently improved the housing support system, and began renovations on 2.09 million units of housing in run-down urban areas. We continued to develop the housing rental market in medium and large cities, and worked to help disadvantaged urban residents solve their housing problems.

We took effective and orderly steps to prevent floods and provide disaster rescue and relief.

四是公共服务补短板强弱项提质量深入推进。推动出台国家基本公共服务标准。学前教育毛入学率、九年义务教育巩固率、高中阶段教育毛入学率分别达到85.2%、95.2%、91.2%，普通高等教育本专科招生967.5万人，研究生招生110.7万人。基本实现每个县办好1－2所县级公立医院，每个乡镇有1所乡镇卫生院，每个行政村有1所村卫生室。长城、大运河、长征等国家文化公园标志性项目建设统筹推进。预计人均体育场地面积2.2平方米，增长4.8%。城乡社区综合服务设施覆盖率分别达到96.4%和83.7%，每百户居民拥有城乡社区综合服务设施达34.7平方米。继续实施残疾人两项补贴制度，惠及1153万困难残疾人和1433万重度残疾人，为残疾人提供服务设施数预计4403个。家政服务提质扩容深入推进。修订未成年人保护法，妇女儿童权益保障工作不断加强。支持特困人员供养服务设施建设。促进养老托育服务健康发展的意见、建立健全养老服务综合监管制度促进养老服务高质量发展的意见出台，普惠养老专项行动继续实施，各类养老床位数达到823.8万张。普惠托育服务设施建设持续推进。

4) Efforts were redoubled to address inadequacies in public services, strengthen areas of weakness, and improve the quality of services.

We moved forward with the instituting of national standards for basic public services. The gross enrollment ratio for preschool education, the retention rate in nine-year compulsory education, and the gross enrollment ratio for senior secondary education reached 85.2%, 95.2%, and 91.2% respectively. Regular institutions of higher learning enrolled 9.675 million undergraduate students and 1.107 million graduate students.

We worked to ensure that there are at least one or two fully functioning county-level public hospitals in every county, one health clinic in every town and township, and one village clinic in every administrative village.

The development of the Great Wall, Grand Canal, Long March and other signature national cultural parks was advanced in a coordinated manner. The per capita area of sports venues is estimated at 2.2 square meters, an increase of 4.8%. Comprehensive public service facilities covered 96.4% of urban communities and 83.7% of rural communities, with the area of public service facilities reaching 34.7 square meters per 100 households.

We continued to provide living allowances and nursing care subsidies for people with disabilities, benefiting 11.53 million people with disabilities who face financial difficulties and 14.33 million people who suffer from severe disabilities, and put in place an estimated 4,403 service facilities for people with disabilities.

We further improved the quality and expanded the size of the domestic services sector. The Law on the Protection of Minors was revised, and the rights and interests of women and children were more effectively protected. We promoted the development of service facilities for providing assistance to people living in extreme poverty. We issued the guidelines on promoting the healthy development of elderly care and childcare services and the guidelines on the establishment of a sound comprehensive oversight system to facilitate the high-quality development of elderly care services. We continued to carry out special initiatives for public-benefit elderly care, with the number of nursing home beds of all kinds reaching 8.238 million. We also pushed ahead with the development of public-benefit childcare facilities.

综合来看，2020年经济实现正增长，就业物价预期目标较好完成，国际收支保持基本平衡，创新驱动、资源节约、环境保护、民生保障等领域指标继续改善，全年经济社会发展主要目标任务较好完成。

Overall, China achieved positive economic growth in 2020. Projected targets for employment and CPI were satisfactorily met, a basic equilibrium was maintained in the balance of payments, and indicators of innovation, resource conservation, environmental protection, and people’s wellbeing continued to improve. Last year’s major objectives and tasks for economic and social development were accomplished.

经过五年持续奋斗，“十三五”规划目标任务胜利完成，经济发展方式实现重大转型，经济总量越过100万亿元大关，居民收入基本同步增长。人均国内生产总值超过1万美元，165项重大工程项目基本完成，国家发展物质基础更加雄厚。覆盖城乡居民的社会保障体系基本建成，教育公平和质量较大提升，生态文明建设取得重大进展。我国经济实力、科技实力、综合国力和人民生活水平又跃上新的大台阶，全面建成小康社会取得伟大历史性成就，中华民族伟大复兴向前迈出了新的一大步。这是以习近平同志为核心的党中央坚强领导的结果，是习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想科学指引的结果，是各地区各部门贯彻落实党中央决策部署、勇于担当、善于作为的结果，是广大人民群众团结奋进、开拓进取的结果。

As a result of five years of persistent effort, the targets and tasks listed in the 13th Five-Year Plan were achieved. A major transformation was achieved in China’s economic growth model. China’s aggregate economic output exceeded 100 trillion yuan for the first time, and personal income growth stayed generally in step with economic growth. Per capita GDP surpassed US$ 10,000, 165 major projects were essentially completed, and the material foundation for our country’s development was further strengthened. A social security system covering all urban and rural residents was put in place, considerable headway was made in ensuring the provision of equitable, quality education, and ecological conservation also registered significant progress. China’s economic strength, scientific and technological capabilities, composite national strength, and living standards attained new heights. Historic achievements were therefore made in building a moderately prosperous society in all respects, and we have taken a giant stride toward the rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.

We owe all of these achievements to the strong leadership of the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core, to the sound guidance of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, and to the efforts of all localities and departments as they dutifully undertook their responsibilities and effectively implemented the decisions and plans of the Party Central Committee. We also owe all these achievements to the hard work of the Chinese people as they united as one and pressed ahead with a pioneering spirit.

同时也要看到，2021年国内外环境面临深刻复杂变化。世界百年未有之大变局进入加速演变期，新冠肺炎疫情又增添了新的变数；长期存在的结构性矛盾依然凸显，在外部冲击下又出现了一些新问题。一是疫情走势不确定性对经济进一步恢复构成掣肘。新冠肺炎疫情仍在全球蔓延，疫情反弹和长期持续的风险客观存在，国际上推动复工复产和防止疫情扩散面临“两难”。国内疫情防控仍有薄弱环节，我国外防输入和内防反弹的压力始终存在。二是外部环境复杂严峻可能影响我国内经济平稳运行。世界经济有望出现恢复性增长，但复苏不稳定不平衡，主要经济体量化宽松等宏观政策造成外溢效应，全球产业链供应链区域化、本地化特征更趋明显，单边主义、保护主义持续演化，影响我国经济稳定恢复的外部变数依然较多。三是经济恢复基础尚不牢固。国内外市场有效需求仍显疲弱，居民消费仍受制约，投资增长后劲不足，出口持续回稳基础不牢。中小微企业和个体工商户困难较多。不少行业企业还处在疫后恢复期，生产经营还面临不少压力，影响供需良性循环。四是经济动能接续转换面临不少障碍。推动经济转型升级和创新发展仍受到一些制约，保持产业链供应链稳定运行面临挑战，“卡脖子”问题依然突出，传统行业转型升级面临挑战，国内统一大市场仍需完善，要素资源配置、生产力布局等仍需优化。五是重点领域安全风险不容忽视。稳就业压力仍然较大，一些地方财政收支矛盾突出，基层保基本民生、保工资、保运转支出和地方政府债务还本付息压力较大，防范化解金融等领域风险任务依然艰巨，企业债务违约压力加大，保障粮食能源安全面临新的挑战，生态环境质量改善成效并不稳固，教育、医疗、养老、托育等民生领域还有不少薄弱环节。同时，我们在工作中也还存在一些不足，比如，推动经济高质量发展、构建新发展格局的能力和水平还需进一步提升，政策间的协调配合还有待加强，有的政策实施效果还有待提高。

At the same time, we must recognize that there will be profound and complex changes in both the domestic and international landscape in 2021. The world today is undergoing momentous changes of a kind not seen in a century, and such changes are now happening faster and with added complexity due to the Covid-19 pandemic. Long-standing structural problems remain prominent, while new problems arise from the impact of external factors.

First, uncertainties in the epidemic situation will impede further economic recovery. Covid-19 continues to spread globally, and the risk of resurgence and the continuing existence of the virus are objective facts. The international community is faced with the dilemma of choosing between resuming work and production and containing the epidemic. There are still areas of weakness in terms of domestic epidemic control, and the prevention of inbound cases and domestic resurgence has been a constant concern for our country.

Second, a complex and volatile external environment may affect the stability of China’s economy. The global economy is expected to gradually recover, but recovery will be neither stable nor balanced. Macro-economic policies adopted by major economies such as quantitative easing are producing spillovers. Global industrial and supply chains are becoming increasingly region and nation-based, and unilateralism and protectionism are continuing to spread. There is still an array of external variables hindering the steady recovery of China’s economy.

Third, the foundations for our economic recovery have yet to be strengthened. Effective demand both in and outside China remains weak, consumer spending is still constrained, growth in investment needs to be sustained, and the foundations for continued recovery of exports are far from strong. Micro, small, and medium enterprises and self-employed individuals are experiencing many difficulties. Most industries and enterprises are still recovering from the shock of Covid-19, and they face many problems in the resumption of work and production that are impeding market circulation and dynamic equilibrium in supply and demand.

Fourth, there are many issues obstructing the creation of new growth drivers. Economic transformation and upgrading along with innovation-driven development are being held back. Keeping industrial and supply chains stable remains a challenging task, and there are still acute bottlenecks hampering our development. The transformation and upgrading of traditional industries is fraught with challenges, the unified domestic market requires further development, and the distribution of resources, production factors, and production capacity need to be improved.

Fifth, there are security risks in key areas which cannot be ignored. Keeping employment stable remains a challenge. Notable imbalances exist between government revenue and expenditure in some localities. Primary-level governments find it hard to ensure basic living needs, the payment of salaries, and normal functioning. The need to make repayments on local government debts persists. The situation remains challenging with regard to forestalling and defusing financial risks. Enterprises are experiencing greater difficulties in debt repayment. Food and energy security both face new challenges. Improvements in the environment have yet to be consolidated, and there are still quite a few points of weakness in our ability to guarantee people’s wellbeing in terms of education, healthcare, elderly services, and childcare.

In addition, there is still room for improvement in our work. For example, we need to further improve our capacity for promoting high-quality economic growth and for creating a new pattern of development. Our policies need to be better coordinated, and the implementation of these policies can be made more effective.

总的看，虽然挑战前所未有，更具有复杂性、全局性，但机遇也前所未有，更具有战略性、可塑性，机遇大于挑战，我国有中国共产党领导和中国特色社会主义制度的显著优势，经济长期向好的趋势没有改变，我国发展仍处于重要战略机遇期。我们有信心、有底气、有能力危中寻机、化危为机，不断开创我国经济社会发展的新局面。

Overall, although we face unprecedented and significant challenges of ever greater complexity, we are also presented with unprecedentedly promising strategic opportunities, and there are more opportunities than challenges. China possesses the notable strengths of the CPC’s leadership and its system of socialism with Chinese characteristics. Our economy’s long-term positive momentum remains unchanged, and our country is still in an important period of strategic opportunity for development. We have the confidence, foundation, and ability to seek opportunities amid crises and turn challenges into opportunities, and thus to continue to open up new prospects for China’s economic and social development.

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